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For What Russians Live in the Usa

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Submitted By brymdushko
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На какие деньги живут русские в Америке
Написано: Никита Покровский
Скопировано: Анастасия Шевчук

Я социолог, москвич. Живу и работаю в России. Но часто бываю в США на конференциях и для преподавания. Обычно с русскоязычной диаспорой тесно не связан. Но однажды в небольшом городке в Индиане на берегу озера Мичиган, рядом с Чикаго, с интересом познакомился с жизнью «русских». Я бы сказал, с профессиональным интересом.
Мы публикуем отклик на «личный опыт» нашего читателя «Москвич в США: грязь, нытье и хамство» . — ред.
Везде в США можно видеть подлинный интернационал бывших соотечественников. Здесь прекрасно уживаются и собственно русские, и украинцы, белорусы и даже прибалты. Главное, советское и русскоязычное прошлое. Несколько в стороне стоят кавказцы и евреи. У них все свое. Также не смешиваются и профессиональные группы русских специалистов, работающих в университетах и Hi-Tech фирмах по контрактам. Вот, по существу, и вся палитра.
Землячества представляют собой практически замкнутые (от внешней американской среды) сообщества. Здесь все «русское»: язык, праздники, проблемы, отношения, продукты питания, церкви, постоянные склоки, непрерывно вещающий из Москвы по необъятных размеров проекционному телевизору телеканал «Россия», глянцевые журналы, скажем, «Семейный доктор» и т.д.
С main land Россией находятся почти что на непрерывающейся сотовой связи (слышимость великолепная), но электронную почту любят сравнительно меньше. (Есть и совсем дешевые способы звонить в Россию буквально за копейки.) Такое ощущение, что ты не в Америке, а в России (или даже в СССР).
Полная иллюзия! К Америке относятся крайне плохо. Ругают ее почем зря. С утра и до вечера.
Возникает вопрос: а зачем тогда здесь жить и зачем сюда приезжать (тем более, что переезд обычно связан с массой испытаний)? А дело в том, что все «русские» сразу же обучаются тому, как вытягивать из Америки все льготы и benefits. Потому в материальном плане живут неплохо. Но в первом поколении до стопроцентных американцев никогда не дотягивают. Поэтому американцев и не любят. И даже презирают их. Это создает внутри сообщества какую-то нездоровую атмосферу озлобленности и чванства.
Внутри диаспоры все услуги (чаще всего нелегальные и не сертифицированные) предоставляют сами же русские. Врачи, протезисты, парикмахеры, строители и ремонтники, автомеханики, юристы — только русские, но без разрешения работать. Зато берут в 2-3 раза меньше, чем американцы. В этом и «фишка» большой системы нелегального бизнеса. Зато все коллективно и солидарно обороняются от американских иммиграционных и налоговых властей.
Считается особой доблестью обдурить американские власти, найти щель в законодательстве, особенно, налоговом. Несколько слов о последнем. Так как основные доходы идут нелегально (наличными за услуги), то как-то надо показывать легальный доход, дабы оставаться на «велфере» (welfare) и не привлекать внимание налоговиков.
Для этого на пару дней в месяце устраиваются на любую временную работу, например, в ночные смены упаковывают коробки с печением на кондитерской фабрике. Полученные гроши заявляют в налоговую службу. Все остальное — внутренние потоки наличности, не оформляемые через банк.
Внутри русскоязычных сообществ своя иерархия (или стратификация, как говорят социологи). На вершине ее — удачливые бизнесмены (иногда с криминальным привкусом), спортсмены и молодые русские жены (иногда содержанки) стареньких американских миллионеров. Следующий уровень ниже — кто угодно, но имеющий легальное американское гражданство. Потом идут иммигранты с грин-кардами. В самом низу нелегалы, оставшиеся по просроченным гостевым визам и работающие за прокорм в качестве сиделок и сидельцев при умирающих стариках.
Смерть каждого такого старика воспринимается сиделкой как личная трагедия. Теперь придется искать нового клиента.
Все без исключения прекрасно знают нюансы иммиграционного законодательства и ориентируются в том, как его обойти. Есть несколько способов получить гражданство и грин-кард. Легче всего через фиктивный брак. Это стоит около 15 тыс.долл. Поэтому нередко супружеские пары, иммигрирующие в США, разводятся (фиктивно, разумеется). Таким образом, каждый из супругов получает возможность получить по 15 тыс. каждый за счет соотечественника, желающего обзавестись гражданством.
Грин-кард через фиктивный брак стоит дешевле. Все это устраивают ловкие дельцы также из числа русскоговорящих. Молодежь остается в США в основном через колледжи и университеты. Учатся с бесконечными академическими перерывами многие годы. Живут, как правило, у русских родственников. Потом всеми правдами и неправдами «зацепляются».
Есть некоторые новые экзотические формы трудоустройства для русских. Среди этих новшеств — house sitting, надзор и пригляд за богатыми домами, принадлежащими русским, живущим в России, но в любой роковой момент готовыми по тем или иным причинам десантироваться в свой теплый и обихоженный дом в курортной зоне в США. В связи с этим еще одно наблюдение.
Складывается впечатление, что даже между небольшим американским городком и main land Россией существует невидимый и постоянно действующий финансовый, коммуникационный и иммиграционный мост. То и дело приезжают какие-то русскоговорящие - не то временно, не то постоянно, не то на разведку: мол, как тут и чем пахнет.
Другие уезжают в Россию и тоже с неясными намерениями: не то на совсем, не то «на отдых». Из США в Россию перебрасываются контейнером всякого рода товары, прежде всего автомобили. Для родственников или на продажу. В один морской контейнер входят два джипа «чероки». Все остальные пустоты заполняются, чем бог послал.
Специальные транспортные фирмы, естественно, сплошь состоящие из русскоговорящих, все это заберут, откуда скажите, и доставят в России точно по адресу без проблем. Правда, иногда контейнеров на дозагрузку на корабле набирается так много, что они при качке слетают с верхотуры штабеля и гробятся об палубу. Но тут уж как повезет. Короче, этот «мост» производит впечатление своей устойчивостью и функциональностью.
Здесь все возможно и все доступно, если платить по прейскуранту.
Особенно это касается русских кварталов в Нью-Йорке, Чикаго, Бостоне (говорю только о тех местах, которые знаю в деталях). Но и в любом небольшом американском городке есть оформившаяся русскоговорящая диаспора. Одно дополнительное ощущение: трудно избавиться от чувства, что российский криминалитет все время где-то рядом. Для него нет преград десантирования в Америке.
При этом, однако, оформление русских сообществ редко происходит в публичных институциональных формах (газеты, культурные программы, центры и пр.). Скорее, это невидимые сообщества.
«Москвичи» - «не москвичи» в иммиграции? Есть ли антагонизм? Проблема существует. Собственно говоря, москвичей во всех этих сообществах практически нет. Подавляющее большинство составляют экс-жители средних и малых российских городов, подчас захолустных.
Что побуждает их к иммиграции? Здесь несколько типовых ситуаций. Прежде всего, экономические причины. Что называется, не от хорошей жизни. По моим наблюдениям, никто не едет в Америку за духом свободы. Иногда, правда, убегают от неясных отношений, сложившихся в бизнесе, невыплаченных долгов. Конечно, приоритет принадлежит тем, кто от природы обладает сверхдинамичностью и даже некоторым авантюризмом. Без этого совершить бросок в другую страну через океан трудно.
Есть и идеалисты, полагающие (вернее, полагавшие вначале), что все сложится и уляжется само собой. Крайне мало тех, кто решил жить и делать свою будущую жизнь по американским законам, в том числе нравственным. Правда, эти замечания касаются старших поколений иммигрантов. Молодые, заканчивающие американские колледжи и университеты, стремятся как можно дальше отплывать от диаспоры и инфильтрировать в американское общество.
Какое все это производит впечатление? В принципе, социологи не должны высказывать оценочные суждения. Социологи ставят диагноз. (Кстати, серьезных социологических исследований современной русской диаспоры в США нет. Думаю, что не случайно. Больно непростой предмет и небезопасный). Но если, что называется, по дружбе, то диаспора выглядит хотя и жизненно, но странновато. Все правы по-своему, никто ни в чем не виноват, но удовольствия мало. Ей богу! И не понятно, причем тут Америка.

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...BRAZIL: Over the past few years, Brazil has moved from a country with great promise 'some time in the future' to being seen as one of the hottest investment opportunities in the world.  A more stable political system and currency, coupled with vast mineral wealth of the country make Brazil a 'must' for all companies with truly global ambitions. With a population of 194 million, Brazil represents the fifth largest market opportunity in the world — after China, India, Indonesia and the USA. It is also the fifth largest country in the world by geographic size. An IMF (International Monetary Fund) report indicates that Brazil leads all other South American countries in terms of infrastructure and technological development. Combine these facts with the stabilising economic and political landscape — (the twin nightmares of corruption and hyper-inflation ravaged the country for decades) — and it is easy to see why Brazil attracts a higher percentage of total global foreign direct investment year on year. However, anybody wishing to do business with Brazil and the Brazilians should be aware of the various cultural and structural barriers which might confront them. Probably the most pervasive barrier encountered by the unwary traveller would be the 'Custo Basil' or the 'Brazil Cost'. This term refers to the very real extra costs of doing business in Brazil — corruption, governmental inefficiency, legal and bureaucratic complications, excessive taxation, poor infrastructure, inflation...

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How Far Do You Agree That the Lives of Peasants Changed to a Large Extent from 1855 to 1964?

...on peasants such as Stolypin and Alexander’s reforms as this was first steps taken to improve peasantry. However their freedom, transportation and the right to own land was very limited, redemption payments were almost impossible and they were still bound to the Mir. Similar to the communist era under Lenin, Stalin and Khrushchev from 1917 peasant working conditions did change as Lenin introduced the new economic policy that improved peasant working conditions financially, but war communism did not benefit the peasants at all, agriculture was very low and caused a huge feminine what effected work life. When Stalin came to power 1924 there was huge transformation in peasant working conditions due to the industrialisation of Russia where machinery and agriculture increased however peasants were practically treated as slave labour during the five-year plans. Khrushchev also changed peasant-working lives as peasants became freer after Stalin’s death, for example they were paid more for grain and the removal of the MTS in 1958 allowed farmers to buy their own machinery. Overall change was very limited in peasant working conditions until 1950’s as the majority of the population were no longer peasants, machinery and new methods of faming became advanced and those who were peasants, they started to get paid a fair amount for their grain. Peasant working conditions in Tsarist Russia changed over 50 years due to the terms of the Edict of Emancipation issued on 19th February 1861....

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