...YÖNEYLEM ARAŞTIRMASI GİRİŞ Doç. Dr. Dilay Çelebi YÖNEYLEM ARAŞTIRMASI 1. Yöneylem Araştırması (ing. Operations Research) kısıtların olduğu bir durumda, belirli bir amaca yönelik en uygun çözümün bulunması için geliştirilmiş bir yöntemdir. 2. Yöneylem araştırması; bir organizasyon içinde operasyonların koordinasyonu ve yürütmesi ile ilgili dünyanın gerçek karmaşık sorunları için fikir üretmede matematiksel modelleme, istatistik ve algoritma gibi bilimsel yöntemleri kullanan disiplinlerarası bir bilimdir. 3. Yöneylem Araştırması ile Yönetim Bilimi (Management Science) modern bilim açısından aynı anlamdadır YA karar verme problemlerini nicel modelleme yöntemlerini kullanarak ele alır. YA’nın kısa tarihçesi 1600’ler Beklenen Değer (Blaise Pascal); Newton’un Minimum bulma metodu (Isaac Newton) • 1700’ler Bayes Kuralı (Thomas Bayes); En küçük kareler yöntemi (Carl F. Gauss) • 1826 Doğrusal Denklemlerin çözümü (Carl F. Gauss) • 1890 Bilimsel Yönetim (Frederick W. Taylor) • 1900 Gantt Çizelgesi (Henry Gantt, Frederick W. Taylor) • 1902 Eşitsizlik sistemlerinin çözümü(J. Farkas) • 1936 “Yöneylem Araştırması” teriminin ilk defa kullanılması • 1939 Kısıtlı problemlerler için optimallik koşulları (W. Karush) • 1941 Ulaştırma Problemi (F. L. Hitchcock) • 1942 BK & ABD’de kurulan YA grupları Doç. Dr. Dilay Çelebi YA’nın tarihçesi II. Dünya Savaşı Doç. Dr. Dilay Çelebi YA’nın tarihçesi • 1944 Fayda Teorisi (John von Neumann,...
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...Ford Pinto: An Ethical Inferno Michael W. Daniels Excelsior College Introduction and Analysis “Pinto crashes caused the death and mutilation of 900 occupants after their cars burst into flames after rear-end collisions,” Robert Sherefkin explains in his article Lee Iacocca's Pinto: A fiery failure. The engineered design of the Ford Pintos resulted in the gas tank rupturing in low speed rear end collisions. The design flaw was recognized early in the Ford Pinto’s production. According to Dowie’s article Pinto Madness. Mother Jones, “Internal company documents in our possession show that Ford has crash-tested the Pinto at a top secret site more than 40 times and that every test made at over 25 mph without special structural alteration of the car has resulted in a ruptured fuel tank.” Dowie then explains how more than a quarter of those tests were performed prior to the initial release of the vehicle. It was estimated that just 11$ upgrade per vehicle would have remedied the problem (Dowie, 1977). On June 10, 1978, almost a decade after the first Pinto was built, Ford eventually agreed to recall the Pinto (Boyce, D, 2012). The decision was made after countless lawsuits over a span of eight years drained the Ford Motor Company of millions of dollars. The company’s President Lee Iacocca could have rectified the design flaw but deemed it too late in production to reconstruct the vehicle. His requirement of the car weighing less than 2000 pounds and cost of under...
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...Ford vs Dell Executive Summary FORDs current method of controlling all aspects of the manufacturing is outdated and is limiting the corporation’s annual results. In order to stay competitive and become efficient again, FORD needs to re-evaluate their current supply chain and implement key portions of DELLs vertically integrated supply chain model. A proper implementation will increase information flow between suppliers, departments and dealers resulting in a reduction of redundant inventory and focus towards just in time inventory. All of these factors will further drive up the already US industry leading profit margin per vehicle. In order to accomplish these goals FORD needs to refocus the Purchasing department’s responsibilities, consolidate and develop suppliers that deliver finished high level components and increase the information flow across all points of the supply chain. These steps will help to introduce a more pull-based system. Contents Issue identification 1 Environmental and root cause analysis 2 Alternatives/Options 3 Recommendations 4 Implementation 5 Monitor & Control 6 Issue identification • Current order to delivery (OTD) is more than 60 days. • Management of large supplier network. • Utilization of IT is lacking. • Purchasing isn’t integrated into Product development. • Independent dealership network has resulted in FORDs loss of control over customer service experiences. This network also...
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...Pagaduan MBA-1 Business Ethics Case Study: The Ford Pinto 1. What moral issues does the Pinto case raise? Answer: The Pinto case raise moral issues in human rights because even there were various ways of making the Pinto’s tank safer they refused technical improvement to prevent gas tanks from leaking. Given that number of people killed by fires from car, how they can value those individuals’ lives? Ford officials decide not to push the modification of the cars because it will be costly for them and not considering human’s life. 2. Supposed Ford officials were asked to justify their decision. What moral principles do you think they would invoke? Assess Ford’s handling of the Pinto from the perspective of each of the moral theories discussed in this chapter. Answer: With the use of risk/benefit analysis required by NHTSA, Ford officials justified in its decision not to change the Pinto model to increase vehicle safety, not considering the balance outlook on company’s perspective and human safeness. The moral principles that should invoke Ford officials is the act utilitarianism because this approach evaluates each action separately and the consequences that arise including any harms and benefits incurred by any people involved in the case. 3. Utilitarians would say that jeopardizing motorists does not by itself make Ford’s action morally objectionable. The only morally relevant matter is whether Ford gave equal consideration to the interests...
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...issues does the Pinto case raise? I think Pinto case raised some serious issue of abusing human rights and not behaving ethically in the world of business. Any business/service should never ever put a value on human life and not take consideration of a known deadly danger. Ford had an option as well as the solution to design the car in a way that prevented cars from exploding; however they refused to implement it. They thought that it was cost effective not to fix dangerous condition than to spend the money to save people in spite of the fact that the only added cost was $ 11 per vehicle. 2. Suppose Ford officials were asked to justify their decision. What moral principles do you think they would invoke? Assess Ford’s handling of the Pinto from the perspective of each of the moral theories discussed in this chapter. I think Ford officials would invoke the principles of utilitarianism. They claimed that they used cost benefit strictly based on data provided by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHSTA). Moreover Ford also quantified a human life as a commodity at cost of approximately $ 200,000. As per their analysis, the $49.5 million benefits and $137.5 million cost suggested that Ford implementation of safety improvements would totally outweighed their benefits. 3. Utilitarian’s would say that jeopardizing motorists does not by itself make Ford’s action morally objectionable. The only morally relevant matter is whether Ford gave equal consideration...
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...SCMP MODULE 1, SESSION 9 FORD MOTOR COMPANY CASE STUDY Prepared by: Christine Godby, Accreditation Candidate Table of Contents Executive Summary Page 2 Issue Identification Page 3 Environmental and Root Cause Analysis Page 5 Alternatives and/or Options Page 9 Recommendations and Implementation Page 10 Monitor and Control Page 11 1|Page Session 9, Ford Case Study by Christine Godby Executive Summary As Director of Supply Chain Systems, I have reviewed the analysis by my esteemed colleagues of our current supply chain and our recently implemented strategies to date. We have made significant changes to our supply chain through Ford 2000 and we should be proud of our achievements! Our use of information technology (IT) has enabled us to work together as a global team, even though we are on different continents. We have successfully reduced our supplier network which and work as a team with our current suppliers as well as enjoy cost savings and a more reliable supplier network. Our development of the Ford Production System (FPS) has resulted in a leaner more responsive and efficient manufacturing operation and our Order to Delivery (OTD) initiative has reduced our order to delivery time from 45-65 days to just 15 days! This being said, the global market is extremely competitive and I believe is challenging us in ways we have not seen before. With emerging technology and the ability to reach global audiences through the...
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...Running head: FORD PINTO CASE STUDY PAPER Ford Pinto Case Study Paper Learning Team B University of Phoenix MGT /216 Organizational Ethics and Social Responsibility SB09BSB10 Leatricia Cash June 2, 2010 The ethical issues surrounding Ford Motors in regard to the company’s production and release of the Ford Pinto brought the integrity of the organization into question by internal and external shareholders in the 1970s (Engineering.com, n.d.). Understanding the various ethical dilemmas faced by personnel who helped with the design and build of the Pinto provides clarification as to why the organization’s reputation as a quality supplier of automobiles was put into question by consumers. Analyzing the Ford Pinto Case Study, the following information will contain an outside viewpoint in regard to the Ford Pinto case that will illustrate viewpoints on the issue based off personal perspective. A recommendation on dealing with the issues Ford Motors faced with the Pinto are provided to illustrate the ethical approach Ford could have used during the production phase and after the vehicle entered the consumer market. The recommendation will be backed by examples of external and internal social pressures that have influenced the decision to recall the Ford Pinto. In addition, the evaluation of this case during 1971 and in current day is illustrated in the readings to compare and contrast the situation based on the...
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...The Case of the Ford Pinto By James Abstract Product harm crisis can be defined as a sudden break in a product’s life cycle (Siomkos, G.J and Kurzbard. J. 1994). In 1971 the Ford Motor Company created a product harm crisis with the introduction of the Ford Pinto. The Ford Pinto is known to be one of the most dangerous vehicles ever produced in automotive history due to several serious design flaws. This paper will identify the factors that contributed to the product harm crisis, compare and contrast the findings of various studies on a product harm crisis and finally synthesis the research findings and provide a post mortem recommendation to the Ford Motor Company on how the Ford Pinto product crisis should have been handled. The Case of the Ford Pinto In 1968 the Ford Motor Company decided to market a vehicle that was small, inexpensive and would appeal to all car buyers. The Vice President of Ford Motor Company at the time was Lee Iacocca. Mr. Iacocca approved the plan for the Ford Pinto based on the parameters of the car weighing 2000 pounds and costing $2,000.00 dollars (Danley J. 2005). By placing these parameters on the car’s designers, they were limited from the beginning and ended up with a failed product. The key factors that contributed to the product crisis included the Ford Pinto being rushed to production in twenty five months, the timeframe to production causing designers and producers of the car to cut corners and finally...
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...Ford Case Study Analysis Assignment 2.1 Ford Analysis PSPR 6208 Strategic Marketing and Communications Fall 1 2013 1. Where would you put Ford in terms of competitive position? Why? By shifting their focus, developing a new marketing strategy and focusing on the Ford brand, Ford has dramatically enhanced their competitive position and turned things around for the company. In doing so, they strategically placed themselves back at the top in terms of competitive position. This was no small feat, especially considering the fact that they were in far worse shape than most car companies as recent as 2008 (Kotler & Armstrong pg 547). Ford with the assistance of new CEO Alan Mulally fought hard against bankruptcy and even harder to gain consumer trust in the company and the brand. This strategy has helped Ford to gain a competitive advantage, especially in terms of customer satisfaction. 2. Is Ford a market-centered company? How can it improve in this area? Considering the fact that Ford currently pays attention to both customers and competitors in designing the company’s marketing strategies, I would say they are definitely a market-centered company. This may not have always been the case, as is evident from reading the case study. At some point, Ford took its eye off the market, loosing focus, especially in regards to customer needs. I think that they were driven to shift their focus by several factors, top of mind being the dire economy. Moving forward...
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...Managing Product Safety: the Ford Pinto Summary: Around 1967 Ford Motor Company decided to design a small size car called the Ford Pinto. The automobile industry at the time (and still is) was highly competitive and very cyclical. In the late 1960's, America began to see the influences of foreign vehicles. Facts Around 1967 Ford Motor Company decided to design a small size car called the Ford Pinto. The automobile industry at the time (and still is) was highly competitive and very cyclical. In the late 1960's, America began to see the influences of foreign vehicles. Prior to that, cars were bigger and less fuel efficient, allowing the Japanese to gain substantial market share with the smaller, more economical vehicles, and the need to react to this pressure was even greater at Ford. Even though they held the number two spot in market share behind General Motors, they only held a 22.3% market share compared to General Motors at 46.4%, a very significant difference. There was strong competition for Ford in the American small-car market from Volkswagen and several Japanesecompanies in the 1960's. In order for Ford to stay competitive and fight off competition, they rushed its newest car the Ford Pinto into production in much less time than is usually required to develop a car. The regular time to producean automobile was 43 months; Ford took only 38 months. Before production, the engineers at Ford discovered a major flaw in the cars' design. In nearly all rear-end crash test...
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...enjoy this case study which also has a powerpoint that goes with it. There's plenty of other useful material on this site - case studies, handouts, powerpoints and summaries, and also I have written a number of books including best-selling revision guides and a useful book on 'How to Write Philosophy Essays". Click here for details. If you're worried about exams you might at least print out my strengths and weaknesses summaries under each moral theory. I deliberately quote only from my five favourite ethics books, click here to find out which they are - because you might like to buy one of them to supplement your study. Of course, it's important to quote the philosophers themselves in their own words - see my handouts, or for what academics say about them - see the key quotes section under the topic area of each moral theory. And if you'd like to blog on anything in the news send it to me - I'd be delighted to read it and - if it fulfils the criterion of good ethical thinking (!), post it!!!!! Utilitarianism is a normative, consequentialist, empirical philosophy which links the idea of a good action to one which promotes maximum pleasure or happiness, found by adding up costs and benefits (or pains and pleasures). It has two classic formulations - Bentham's hedonistic (pleasure-based) act utilitarianism and Mill's eudaimonistic (happiness-based) rule utilitarianism. In this article we make some preliminary comments on Bentham and Mill before analysing a famous case in 1972...
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...Ford Pinto: A Study of Ethics In the 1960s Ford Motor Company, under pressure from stakeholders and the pressures involved in competing with the foreign vehicle market set out to manufacture a vehicle that was smaller, lighter and less expensive than the competition’s product. This vehicle was designed and moved into production within 2 years, much quicker than the 3 ½ year company norm and is still the shortest vehicle production planning schedule in history. The result: The Ford Pinto. While the Pinto was in the design phase it was decided that the fuel tank would be placed under the rear fender instead of over the rear axel to allow for more trunk room in the car. This design however, was quite flawed. The Pinto being smaller than the other American made cars was not built using the same frame design; a design that was manufactured to prevent the fuel tank from exploding upon a rear impact collision. Upon testing a serious defect was found with the placement of the fuel tank. It was determined that if the Pinto was involved in a rear end collision the fuel tank may rupture and burst into flames causing serious injury or death to the passengers. Team A will be examining the ethical dilemmas involved in the case and the solutions that we would recommend today and the solutions that would have been ethically appropriate in 1971. Lee Iacocca was the president of Ford Motor Company in 1971 and was the directive authority behind the creation of the Ford Pinto. He wanted a...
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...CRASHWORTHINESS OF FORD F250® TRUCK “ROLL OVER –INVERTED VEHICLE DROP TEST (SAE J996)” by Pritesh K Shah B.E. Mechanical Engineering, January 2003, Pune University, INDIA A Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING in DESIGN & MANUFACTURING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 2011 [pic] ME-11-0082 CRASHWORTHINESS OF FORD F250® TRUCK “ROLL OVER –INVERTED VEHICLE DROP TEST (SAE J996)” by Pritesh K Shah B.E. Mechanical Engineering, January 2003, Pune University, India A Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING in DESIGN & MANUFACTURING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 2011 Approved By: ___________________________ (Advisor) ___________________________ ABSTRACT A finite element analysis of roof strength for Ford F250®® truck as per SAE J996 standard is performed using LS-DYNA®. A detailed finite element model was taken from NCAC (National Crash Analysis Centre) at George Washington University Virginia. NCAC is one of the prominent leaders in vehicle safety research. Efforts were taken to subject the F250 FEM (finite element model) for roll over impact study with the procedure suggested by...
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...Responsible Commerce (COMM 101) Case 2.3 (The Ford Pinto) Week 4 1. What moral issues does the Pinto case raise? Moral issues that Ford Pinto case raises included producing dangerous products which are not safe to use it without informing the dangerous of the products to the public. In addition, lobbying the NHTSA to delay the safety measure of the products is also one of the moral issues that Ford Pinto case raises. (53 words) 2. Suppose Ford officials were asked to justify their decision. What moral principles do you think they would invoke? Assess Ford’s handling of the Pinto from the perspective of each of the moral theories discussed in this chapter. The theory of egoism is most suitable to describe the Ford Pinto case. Ford is doing things that benefit the organization itself. In addition, Ford only considered the short term benefits and neglected the long term interests of the organization itself. The handling of the Pinto from the perspective of each of the moral theories is as following. Act utilitarianism says that Ford did not produce the greatest possible balance of cost-benefit calculation for everyone affected. According to the Kant’s categorical imperatives, Ford should not place a monetary value on a human life. Based on W.D.Ross’s 7 basic Prima Facie Duties, Ford failed to apply the duties of nonmalefience because they did not produce safe cars. Lastly, Ford is unethical when applying the ethic of caring. Ford not only produced dangerous...
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...THE FORD PINTO CASE The scandal and the trial On August 10, 1978, a tragic automobile accident occurred on U.S. Highway 33 near Goshen, Indiana. Sisters Judy and Lynn Ulrich (ages 18 and 16, respectively) and their cousin Donna Ulrich (age 18) were struck from the rear in their 1973 Ford Pinto by a van. The gas tank of the Pinto ruprured, the car burst into flames and the three teenagers were burned to death. Subsequently an Elkhart County grand jury returned a criminal homicide charge against Ford, the first ever against an American corporation. During the following 20-week trial, Judge Harold R. Staffeld advised the jury that Ford should be convicted of reckless homicide if it were shown that the company had engaged in “plain, conscious and unjustifiable disregard of harm that might result (from its actions) and the disregard involves a substantial deviation from acceptable standards of conduct”. The key phrase around which the trial hinged, of course, is “acceptable standards”. Did Ford knowingly and recklessly choose profit over safety in the design and placement of the Pinto's gas tank? Elkhart County prosecutor Michael A. Cosentino and chief Ford attorney James F. Neal battled dramatically over this issue in a rural Indiana courthouse. Meanwhile, American business anxiously awaited the verdict which could send warning ripples through board rooms across the nation concerning corporate responsibility and product liability. The Pinto controversy In 1977 the...
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