...Introduction: Defined by Keiser-Neilsen in 1970 [1] [2] forensic odontology, or forensic dentistry, is a branch of forensic medicine which in the interest of justice deals with the proper handling and examination of dental evidence and with the proper evaluation and presentation of the dental findings. Teeth are the most durable organs of vertebrates and mankind’s history of evolution depends hugely on remnants of dental evidence found on fossils. Teeth can persist long after other skeletal structures have succumbed to organic decay or destruction by some other agencies, such as fire [3] [4]. Rugoscopy (study of palatal rugae patterns), cheiloscopy (study of lip prints), tooth prints, radiographs, photographic study and molecular methods like Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are various methods used in the study of forensic odontology....
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...After the initial discovery of the bodies, they are processed and taken to the lab. Because of the lack of soft tissue won’t allow for a typical autopsy, Dr. Brennan must analyze the bones to determine the details of the case. In the lab, Dr. Brennan requests an x-ray of the head and macerates the bones by boiling it in water to remove the flesh. Dr. Brennan can determine the race because the victim has red hair, and the remaining skin appears to be Caucasian. To determine the sex, Dr. Brennan analyzes the facial features, and build of the body. Dr. Brennan notes that the facial features were “delicate” (Reichs 28), and then goes on to analyze the pelvis to confirm her hunch that the body was a female. I would agree with her assessment and...
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...Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Managers: Kelley A. Squazzo & Catherine A. Noonan Designer: Doug Smock Compositor: SPi Technologies First Edition © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the abovementioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lambert, Harold Wayne, 1972– Lippincott’s illustrated Q&A review of anatomy and embryology / H. Wayne Lambert, Lawrence E. Wineski ; with special contributions from Jeffery P. Hogg, Pat Abramson, Bruce Palmer. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60547-315-4 1. Human anatomy—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Wineski, Lawrence E. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy—Examination Questions...
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...Human Osteology study of human bones Forensic Anthros * Usually works with decomposed bodies because medical examiner can’t perform autopsy …Forensic Anthros * complete biological profile dental record, medical record, disease, trauma, etc. can get positive ID from dental work, previous x-rays Age at Death * Based on growth, development and degeneration of skeleton * Provide age range = biological age, not chronological age * Subadults = fetal to early 20s * Adults = 20+ Subadults * X axis = birth years * Y axis = length in mm 1. long bone length - works well for new born to 12 year olds 2. fusion of long bones: epiphyses to diaphysis diaphysis = shaft of the bone * works well for 12-25 years olds 3. Fusion of primary growth centers in skull * will work from fetal to about 6 years old 4. Dental development and eruption Adults 1. Pubic symphysis * middle picture young person (under 25 years old) * right picture surface is pitted, eroded (at least 60 years old) 2. Auricular surface * last picture smooth surface, outline is crisp (person no more than 35) * middle picture surface is wavy, outline is rigged (person about 50-60 years old) 3. Cranial suture closure * as you get older, the squiggly lines cannot be seen anymore 4. Palatal sutures * can be helpful for 25-50 year olds Sex Determination * females pelvis adapted for birth (95-97% accuracy) *...
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...Early one day on May 15th, the remains of an individual were found by a young woman who was walking her dog, Sparky on a mountain in Overland Park, Kansas. The skeleton of this individual was found off the trail of the mountain walk. The bones found included the skull, humerus, pelvis, and radius. With these bones the forensic anthropologist were able to make out the height, ethnicity, sex and age. Summary of Findings Sex The sex of the skeleton was analyzed by looking at the skull and the pelvis since both can show a significant difference between males and females. The evidence we acquired lead us in the direction of finding out the bones were from a male. The pelvis helped us acquire most of this information. The pelvis was heart-shaped, suggesting that it belonged to a male. In a male the pelvis is heart-shaped and shows the sacrum and the coccyx, while in a female the pelvis is typically...
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...Forensic science has been around for a long time now. the concept of it is to find evidence to solve a case. I am attracted to this because I like thinking at a new level. I like analyzing things to come up with an explanation. Forensics is a growing industry due to the amount of crimes that are taking place now a day. A forensic technician “…collect, identify, classify, and analyze physical evidence related to criminal investigation.” (Summary." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). they to this in order to find potential suspects in a murder scene or simply to find an explanation on what happened. There’s different fields you can take in forensic science, for example there’s forensic anthropology. Anthropologist have knowledge on the human...
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...WEEK 1- INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCE Quote "Every contact leaves a trace." - Edmond Locard (1877 - 1966) Learning Objective(s) At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Define 'Forensic Science'; 2. Explain the limits of Forensic Science; 3. Identify the types of forensic work; 4. Describe Locard's Exchange Principle; 5. Differentiate Reconstruction & Re-enactment. Synopsis To illustrate the scope and diversity of Forensic Science, place it in its legal context, and describe the various types of forensic work. There will also be a discussion of Comparison leading to Association, Reconstruction versus Re-enactment, Locard's Exchange Principle, and the limits of Forensic Science. Various case studies will also be analysed throughout the lecture. Case Studies Felicia Lee; Walter Dinivan; Madam Jetkor Miang Singh; Roberto Calvi; Buck Ruxton & the Jigsaw Murders; Acid Bath Haigh; 2005 London Bombings; "Brides in the Bath"; Gareth Williams; The Woodchipper Murder WEEK 2- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE Quote "Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea" The act is not culpable unless the mind is also guilty. Learning Objective(s) At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 2A. Atomic Structure & Spectroscopy 1. Explain the structure of the atom and Bohr's model; 2. Differentiate between emission and absorption spectroscopy; 3. Explain the chemistry behind EDX and SEM-EDX; 4. Explain the chemistry in NAA; 2B. Molecular...
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...does not treat the immediate issue of getting a knee evaluated for total joint replacement or arthroplasty. The main causes of body breakdown are poor diet, lack of exercise and not getting treatment early enough for minor injuries, which leads to early onset of arthritis. Screening is available to assess bone loss but this test is only available with an order from a physician. Poor diet and attention to the amounts of food people are consuming is a hot topic in the media and in public schools. The volume of food consumed has risen and people waistlines have expanded as a result. Schools are changing the foods they offer and the number of calories children can eat at lunch. Removing vending machines and extra snacks from their daily choices of food is happening in schools too. There is a diet option that not many people know about that when implemented into children’s diets and an early age and continued throughout life can help with obesity that has a direct link to orthopedic health. Super foods give other nutrients the body needs in addition to calcium to maintain a healthy body. According to The Joint Pain Institute, “Generally, the best foods for healthy bones are fresh fruits and vegetables and other whole foods, organically grown. Foods...
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...Microfracture surgery is not a perfect solution to repairing torn or damage cartilage but it is the preferred method to repair knee cartilage. It has been performed on many professional athletes who have seen their careers continued on with the advancements of medicine. Microfracture is used as a surgical option for a patient who is diagnosed with damaged cartilage and is in need of treatment to correct the deformity. Microfracture is performed in an attempt to stimulate new growth by the cartilage. When it was first used, “Microfracture was originally developed for the treatment of acute traumatic cartilage defects. It is generally indicated for traumatic and degenerative focal high-grade chondral lesions of the weight-bearing femoral condyles, trochlea, patella, and tibia” (Mithoefer, K., & Steadman, R. J. (2006). The Microfracture Technique . Chestnut Hill, MA). There are many factors to assess before a decision is to be made to have microfracture surgery or not. Some of the factors to attribute to the decision but are not limited to whether a patient has limited areas of cartilage, pain or swelling caused by damage to the cartilage and patients who are active participants in sports or activities but are not limited due to their symptoms. Patients who are not active in sports or activities, unwilling to participate with rehabilitation following surgery or have widespread arthritis in joints. It is very important to ensure that a person is thoroughly evaluated and given...
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...N N 19 G I G A N T I S M Across Down 1 A hormone involved in promoting uterine lining growth 2 Produced in response to decreased blood sugar levels 4 A myofibril consisting of repeating units 3 Endocrine gland that is referred to as the “master gland” 5 Produced in response to increased blood sugar levels 4 Type of hormone that can bind to an intracellular receptor 7 A hormone involved in the “fight-or-flight” response 6 Fibrous tissue used to hold together bones at joints 9 Endocrine gland that produces sex hormones 8 Stimulates milk production 12 Stimulates contraction of uterus 10 The body’s natural painkiller 13 Another name for epinephrine 11 Produced in response to increased blood calcium levels 15 Unit of the human skeleton that is made up of the bones of the limbs, shoulders, and pelvis 14 Endocrine gland that produces hormones involved in blood sugar level regulation 17 Type of dietary hypothyroidism 16 Fibrous tissue used to hold muscle to bone 18 A disease characterized by thinning and...
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...Osteoporosis Author's Name Institutional Affiliation Osteoporosis Introduction Osteoporosis is a bone disease whereby the bone is prone to fracture. The name “osteoporosis”comes from a Greek word that means “ bone pore” (Rubenstein, et al 2007). What happens here is the bone mineral density (BMD) starts to reduce. The microarchitecture also reduces in the bone prompting the protein variety to be changed. WHO (1994) defines this condition as having a BMD of 2.5 standard deviation from the normal bone mass. Typically, there two types of osteoporosis namely: type 1 and type 2 .Type 1 osteoporosis mainly occurs in women after menopause. It is also referred to as “postmenopause osteoporosis”. Type 2 often happens after the age of 75. The latter affects men and women in the ratio of 1:2 respectively. There is also secondary osteoporosis which occurs in both men and women of all ages. This type of osteoporosis is rare as it is mostly as a result of lifestyle (Rubenstein, et al. 2007). Lifestyle change is key in the reduction of secondary osteoporosis (Calvert & Old, 2004). Diet change is essential in keeping the disease away. This entails a more healthy diet full of nutrients and loads of water. Exercise is also important but one has to keep in mind that the exercise regime has to be safe. By doing this one avoids fractures. History of Osteoporosis A biologist called Astley Cooper was the first to discover the existence of this condition. Nevertheless, Jean lobstein a...
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...Some tissues that are in this chapter are nervous tissue, muscular tissue, connective tissue and bone tissue . Nerve tissue is the way the organs of the nervous system, which consists of the bodies of nerve cells (neurons) and its extensions, and the glia. This tissue consists of cells called neurons very specialized and glial cells that support and nutrition to the above. Nerve cells or neurons: By stars and with many extensions. Are specialized to transmit nerve impulses. They are the only cells that do not play, and when they die could not be replaced. Glial cells: helper cells are to protect and carry food to neurons. Some features are the reception, conduction and transmission of nerve impulses. To detect, transmit, analyze and use information generated by sensory stimuli represented by heat, light, mechanical energy and changes in the external and internal environment. Organize and coordinate directly or indirectly, the operation of most of the body, including motor function, visceral, endocrine and psychological (Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 134). Its main function for muscular tissues is movement. That will be of three types, movement of all internal structures: it consists of smooth muscle tissue and vessels will encounter, visceral walls and glands. Outward movement, characterized by manipulation and motion in our environment. is characterized by being composed of striated muscle. And automatic movement: it works by itself, is the heart muscle. Striated muscle tissue(Bailey...
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...Holding fast. Gourville JT. Source Harvard Business School, Boston, USA. jgourville@hbs.edu Abstract CEO Peter Walsh faces a classic innovator's dilemma. His company, Crescordia, produces high-quality metal plates, pins, and screws that orthopedic surgeons use to repair broken bones. In fact, because the company has for decades refused to compromise on quality, there are orthopedic surgeons who use nothing but Crescordia hardware. And now these customers have begun to clamor for the next generation technology: resorbable hardware. Resorbables offer clear advantages over the traditional hardware. Like dissolving sutures, resorbable plates and screws are made of biodegradable polymers. They hold up long enough to support a healing bone, then gradually and harmlessly disintegrate in the patient's body. Surgeons are especially looking forward to using resorbables on children, so kids won't have to undergo a second operation to remove the old hardware after their bones heal, a common procedure in pediatrics. The new products, however, are not yet reliable; they fail about 8% of the time, sometimes disintegrating before the bone completely heals and sometimes not ever fully disintegrating. That's why Crescordia, mindful of its hard-earned reputation, has delayed launching a line using the new technology. But time is running out. A few competitors have begun to sell resorbables despite their imperfections, and these companies are picking up market share. Should Crescordia join the...
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...Asian Trek-April 7, 2007: Fossil puts ancient humans in Far East, In 2001 Chinese tree farmers discovered a few bones from an old cave called Tianyuan. The bones belonged to a 40,000 year old human. A Chinese Paleontologist by the name of Hong Shang led an excavation of the site. He found some teeth, a lower jaw bone, and limb bones. But they couldn’t find the gender of the human because Hong couldn’t find a pelvis. There were also no found stone artifacts or other remains. They got the age of the skeleton by measuring the radiocarbon in the bones. The skeleton was a mix of people today and Neanderthals. The jaw, legs, and arms resemble the bones of people today but the teeth and hands are from Neanderthals. That means as the modern humans spread out of East Asia the interbred with other people. But there’s not enough evidence to compare with the new find. This is the second skeleton that they’ve found in East Asia that’s over 35,000 years old. The first was found in Borneo in 1958. The skull was reported by Graeme Barker. Graeme goes to the University of Cambridge in England. He is a journalist for the Journal of Human Evolution. The skull is approximately 39,000-45,000 years old. But since you can’t get an exact age using the Radiocarbon measurements this is what they are estimating the age to be. Now you know about the fossil that scientists believe but ancient humans in East Asia. Thanks for reading. I hope you learned a little about fossils...
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...Adam Williams 04/10/2013 Achondroplasia Achondroplasia is a form of short-limbed dwarfism. It occurs in 1 in 15,000 to 40,000 new borns. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Mutations in the FGFR3 gene cause achondroplasia. The FGFR3 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the development and maintenance of bone and brain tissue. There are two specific mutations in the FGFR3 gene that are responsible for almost every case of achondroplasia. These mutations cause protein to be overly active, which interferes with skeletal development and leads to disturbances in bone growth for people with this disorder. The word achondroplasia literally means “without cartilage formation.” Cartilage makes up most of the skeleton during early development, and for people with achondroplasia, the problem is converting the cartilage to bone especially the longer bones of the arms and legs. All people with achondroplasia have short stature. The average height of an adult male with achondroplasia is 4 feet, 4 inches. And the average height for adult females is 4 feet, 1 inch. The characteristic features of people with achondroplasia include an average sized mid section, short arms and legs, limited range of motion at the elbows, and an enlarged head. Their fingers are usually short as well. They usually have a normal intelligence level, however there...
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