...Communication Networks: Formal vs. Informal Communication Communication skills are essential for everyone in the business organization whether it is for business executives, sales employees or even labor workers. An example would be how sales representatives of the company are required be eloquent and persuasive speakers in order for them to be able to sell the products or how labor workers in the chemical factory also need to communicate effectively in order to avoid delay in production or conflicts or how business executives are able to convey their visions and delegate tasks to their subordinates. However, to reach optimal effectiveness in communication, simply having leaders or employees with good communication skills are not sufficient for business to succeed as it only accounts for small degree of communication effectiveness. Organization needs to develop effective communication networks for employers and employees to communicate throughout the organization structure. To be more specific, it is how organization improves the communication flow within and across each business departments. Communication networks are categorized into two categories: Formal and Informal Communication Networks. However the question remains whether which types of communication networks are more effective. Formal Communication The best way to describe formal communication networks is what is known as organizational chart. It is simply a system designed by management to dictate how communication...
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...Phonostylistics as a branch of phonetics; its linkage with other linguistic disciplines. Extralinguistic factors causing phonetic modifications of speech. Definition and overall info. Pronunciation styles The term phonostylistics stands for the phonological processes conditioned by style, i.e. style-sensitive or style-dependent ones. A scale of styles may be set up in a variety of ways, still it is generally encompassed within the extremes of emphatic vs. informal, with formal in between. Emphatic style is well-exemplified by motherese and citation forms, informal styles include casual, colloquial, intimate, while a speech, a lecture, or a job interview are examples of a formal style. For the purposes of clarity, I will refer to a simplified binary distinction between formal vs. informal only. As far as the informal style is concerned, there exists the whole array of terms in the literature used to refer to approximately the same type of speech: fast, rapid, allegro, casual, connected, informal, real, spontaneous, or conversational. With respect to the primary style-differentiating criteria, the term casual seems to be the most adequate or, indeed, the least narrow or vague. The criteria are: tempo of speech and attention paid to speech. The criteria take on different values depending on the situation in which a speech act takes place (topic, aim, relation to the interlocutor, place of a conversation) and on the individual features of the speaker. Most commonly, exactly...
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...Effective Communication Martin Roth CJA/304 July 24th, 2014 Douglas Campbell Effective Communication What is communication? The term “communication” in a broad sense is how one listens and corresponds with others. Though there are many definitions of the term everyone may have their own general idea what it is to communicate as well as understand what is being communicated to them. In this paper the author will be discussing some major points such as the process of verbal and nonverbal communication, differences between listening and hearing, formal and informal channels of communication associated with criminal justice, barriers in effective communication, and strategies that may be implemented to overcome those barriers. In order for people to communicate effectively there is a process that involves verbal and nonverbal communication. Within this process there are 5 steps that are followed. The first step is transmitting and idea. This is the forming of one or more thoughts. The expression of the idea is an intentional act put forth by the person with the formed idea. The second step is sending the idea through a medium. There are several different ways to send the message and they are as follows: orally, in writing, or by action. Sending a message that is written vs. orally can make a major difference in how it is understood. When sending a message orally the tone of one’s voice can dictate to another how the message should be taken. Thirdly is receiving...
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...MAJOR ERAS OF ORGANIZATIONAL (COMMUNICATION) THEORY IN THE 20TH CENTURY COMMUNICATION 4170: APPLIED ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION DR. KAREN L. ASHCRAFT I. CLASSICAL PERSPECTIVES (1900-1930) • • • • Some general assumptions: A “science” of organization will lead to greater efficiency and production. Organization owners should strive to control all organization resources. Individuals who follow orders and work hard can improve themselves. Workers respond to rational-economic motivation. One “best way” to complete any task Select personnel scientifically Compensate by production, not position Managers plan; workers implement the plan Example #1: Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor) → → → → Example #2: Bureaucracy (Max Weber) → → → → → → • • • • Clear, hierarchical system of authority Division of labor according to specialization Complete, “universal” system of rules re: personnel rights & responsibilities Exhaustive procedures for work performance Selection and promotion based on technical competence Impersonal member relations Status of communication: Viewed as a managerial tool to command and control workers Function: Emphasis on production & maintenance Structure: Formal, hierarchical, & downward Informal, horizontal, & social communication = obstacles that should be squelched II. HUMAN RELATIONS & RESOURCES (1930-1965) Some general assumptions of the Human RELATIONS movement: • • • “A happy worker is a productive worker” (shift from objective...
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...behaviors 3 Communication systems 4 3. Conceptual framework 4 4. Data and Analysis 5 Management style 5 Staff behaviors 7 Communication System 8 5. Managers embarking upon the issues 11 6. Conclusion 11 7. Recommendations 12 8. Personal Experience 12 References 14 Appendix 16 Low vs. high power distance 16 Individualism vs. collectivism 16 Masculinity vs. femininity 16 Long vs. short term orientation 16 1. Introduction Businesses in these times of rapid growth are experiencing globalization and economic development that tends them to expand and grow at international level (Bennis and Nanus, 1985). For the expansion of the business at international level, firms tend to exchange their cultures and during the exchange conflict is natural to arise as the minds of people in different areas differ greatly. Due to the advancement in technology, physical barriers affecting the expansion of the business internationally have been overcome but there exist a number of cultural barriers thereby complicating the cross-cultural management for the managers (Adler and Graham 1989 referring Mishler; 1965, p.517). This study focuses on the cross-cultural management of two companies’ i.e. a Swedish company and its subsidiary in China. The two companies have entirely different cultures and therefore they are facing difficulties in exchanging the cultures (Martinsons & Hempel, 1998). The differences in management styles, communication systems and staff...
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...Culture 1. Introduction to Culture 2. How culture affects managerial approaches 3. Trompenaar’s Cultural Dimensions 4. Geert Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions 5. Cultural challenges when entering a new market 6. Pros and Cons of entering a new market with an adapted/standardized product 7. Characteristics of culture 8. Conclusion 9. Values in Culture 10. Value Similarities and Differences across cultures Introduction to Culture There is no doubt that the international marketing process do face a large set of variables as it take place over different countries and it does act in different environments. One of the most determinant environments to the success of the international marketing process is Culture, which hold the reason for many human acts and behavior. Reaching to that point international marketer should study deeply culture treaties of a country the company is planning to act in. so that special amendments in the organization overall plans and actions is made to act in accordance with the new market variables The role of culture in international business and marketing Culture is a distinctive element of international marketing. While factors besides culture are present, culture could be a key determinant of most overseas relationships. Researchers agree that exchange processes within business networks can only be understood by conducting studies in different countries and cultures. For example, studies...
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...Finally it will analyse the factors which influence individual behaviour at work. Organisational Structure First of all, an organisational structure refers to how an organisation has Hierarchical subordinates of persons concerned to achieve the same goal. The culture of an organisation can be described as the value, attitudes and beliefs of people within an organisation. The structure and the culture of the organisation reflects the aims and strategies to be accomplished. Formal and Informal organisation In order to have control of an organisation’s performance, an organisation would have some type of deliberate organisational structure. This is called a formal organisation; Structures are clearly organised by dividing departments, level of authority, responsibility and communication line. On the other hand, there are informal organisations. An Informal organisation does not have a specific structure or a planned division of responsibility and this type of organisations can be seen within formal organisations. Geographic Structure A structure with one head office who has the power to control all departments, and several regional or territorial departments where they run the production or service. For example, An airline company would have an head office in a country and departments spread all over the world. These departments whether in country A or country B, will have the same structure such as the finance, human resource and marketing and sales, therefore their...
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...Your Name: JEREMY SANDERS Chapter – Structuring Organizations for Today’s Challenges Instructions: Fill in the blanks and turn into Blackboard as indicated by the instructor. Please use full sentences in your answers and correct grammar. You will be providing definitions in the top portion of the document and answers to learning goals in the bottom portion. Word | Definition | Organizing | A management function that includes designing the structure of the organization and creating conditions and systems in which everyone and everything work together to achieve the organization’s goals and objectives. | Division of Labor | Determining what work needs to be done and then dividing up the tasks among the three of you. | Job specialization | Dividing tasks into smaller jobs. | Departmentalization | The process of setting up individual departments to do specialized tasks. | Organizational structure | Consists of devising a division of labor; setting up teams or departments to do specific task; and assigning responsibility and authority to people. It also includes allocating resources, assigning specific tasks, and establishing procedures for accomplishing the organizational objectives. | Economies of scale | The situation in which companies can reduce their production costs if they can purchase raw materials in bulk; the average cost of goods goes down as production levels increase. | Unity of command | Each worker is to report to one, and only one, boss. | Esprit...
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...Organizations and Communication HAZEL L. GOLOCAN - BANDAS The nature of Communication in Organization Methods of Communication The Communication Process What is Communication? The sharing of information between two or more people to achieve a common understanding about an object or situation. Successful communication occurs when the person receiving the message understands it in the way that the sender intended. Importance of Communication The need for communication pervades organizations. Jobs cannot be adequately accomplished, goals cannot be met, sales order cannot be filled, and problems cannot be solved without adequate communication. Communication system in an organization affect numerous outcomes that are central to an organization’s functioning and competitive advantage. These includes: Productivity Quality Services and Products Reduced Cost Creativity Job Satisfaction Absenteeism Turnover The Communication Process The Communication Process ENCODING The process whereby a sender translate the information he or she wishes to send into a message COMMUNICATION MEDIUM OR COMMUNICATION CHANNEL DECODING The manner in which the message is conveyed The process whereby a receiver perceives a sent message and interprets its meaning FEEDBACK The process whereby a receiver encodes the message ...
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...and cultural anthropology, political science, strategic management, and organizational behavior. To become a successful manager in today’s organizations, mangers must understand and adjust to organizational concepts, implementation and management of change within organizations, concepts of systems of theory problem solving and decision making. As a manger in my current organization, this course has taught me how to improve my managerial skills through recognizing and understanding the concepts mentioned above. The following is a complete system analysis of my company based on the Six-Box Model. Within the six-box model I will demonstrate how the following factors: (1) Boundaries and Environments; (2) Organizational Structure; (3) Formal and Informal Systems; (4) Reward Systems; (5) Power; (6) Force Field Analysis, (7) Organizational Interventions; and (8) Reactions to Proposed Changes affect a managers management style. Organizational Boundaries and Environments Boundaries in organizations can be defined as “the umbrella under which rules are implemented to shape their purpose and goals.” (Ware, 2005). Boundaries are in place to determine the sphere of influence for the internal activities of an organization and to govern the reactions to external environments (Ware, 2005). In my organization there are written policies which address the boundaries which are internal to the organization. Some of these internal boundaries include policy’s on sick time, vacation...
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...CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN ELECTRONICBASED COMPANIES 1 Bibi Noraini Bt Mohd Yusuf, 2Zurina Bt Zulkifli, 3Intan Maizura Bt Abd Rashid, 4Syahida Bt Kamil, 1,2,3,4 School of Business Innovation and Technopreneurship Universiti Malaysia Perlis 1 bibinoraini@unimap.edu.my, 2Zurina@yahoo.com, 3Intan Maizura@unimap.edu.my, 4syahida@unimap.edu.my, Abstract Rapid growths in economic development and trade globalization have necessitate the number of firms to expand and extend their businesses abroad. A sizeable number of firms have been opening new plants in other countries or hiring their employees from overseas, creating a diversity of workforce. A diversified workforce will create cross-cultural differences leading to cross-cultural communication. This research aims to analyze the barriers of cross-cultural communication in electronic-based companies. The subjects for this study, comprising company operators and middle to top management were randomly selected from electronic-based companies domiciled in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. This study adopted a quantitative approach method, where questionnaires were distributed among 200 employees. Analysis of data compiled was carried out using the SPSS version 20.0 mode. Through an in-depth analysis and application of this study, there is a bigger impact of multinational firm communication in the cross-cultural communication. In addition, the dimensions of national cultures, high and low context communication, language...
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...My Review Organization: - A collection of people who work together and coordinate their actions to achieve a wide Varity of goals. Organizational Behavior:- Is the study of factors that have an impact on how people and group act, think, feels and respond to work and origination, and how organization respond to their environments. 3 levels of analysis of OB:- 1- Organizational level 2- Group level 3- Individual level. Role: - Is a set of behaviors or tasks a person is expected to perform because of the position she or he holds in a group or organization. Management:- IS the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s human, financial and material resources to increase its effectiveness Personality: - Is the pattern of relatively enduring ways that person feels thinks and behaves. Attraction: - Individuals with similar personalities tend to be attracted to an organization. Selection: - Hired by the organization Attrition: - Individual with other types of personalities tends to leave the organization. The big five personality’s traits:- 1- Extraversion: - (they are the positive people and so social) personality trait that predisposes individuals to experience positive emotional states and feel good about themselves and the world around them. 2- Neuroticism: - (Negative affectively) personality trait that reflects people’s tendency to experience negative emotional states, feel distressed and generally view themselves...
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...of internal communication of a reputed consulting firm that has widespread reach on domains such as media intelligence, PR, consulting and training to undergraduate students. The research process included conducting in depth interviews with two of the department heads and also with a reporting subordinate. Other sources include organizational statements posted online and the behavioural aspects of employees as monitored before and during the interview process. The research draws attention to key findings that the organisation fosters open communication and there is a strong commitment from top management towards employees. The communication channels applied most frequently are informal, such as word-of-mouth and telephone coupled with a company intranet or emails which the employees can access. The dialogic communication has paved way for strong interpersonal relationships between the employees. While the firm’s operations are currently goal oriented, as the firm plans to enlarge its scale, operations will lean towards being process oriented. In such situations it will be difficult to sustain an informal communication structure and there will be a realization for a more formal communication structure. The report evaluates this range and concludes that even though the current communication practices in the organization are satisfactory, there is always a scope for improvement as there as in scenarios of expansion. The organization should strategize communication culture to maintain...
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...Email to Coworker: Management vs. Leadership Heather Hargrave HCS/514 August 8, 2014 Steve Kovak Email to Coworker: Management vs. Leadership There are many individuals that confuse the roles and responsibilities of managers and that of a leader. While managers and leaders both have many common characteristic, the roles and responsibilities within a company are defined differently. The purpose of this paper is to go into detail about these different responsibilities within a company. A leader can be both formal and informal, for the sake of this paper it will be more geared towards explaining a more formal leadership role. Additionally a personal experience will be included to assist in this understanding. Management Defined Management is responsible for the communication with higher cooperate professionals on a regular basis, about the status of the companies goals and objectives. Management reports back to these individuals about the status of goals being met and any necessary issues or concerns that may have been presented throughout the process of caring out directions. Management also assists in any solutions with these concerns by providing additional information (Weaver, n.a). Once a decision is made about how to accomplish the goals made by management and any other higher professionals the next step is to oversee employees and establish a plan that will ensure that duties are being completed in an orderly and timely manner. The manager...
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...Performance Appraisal Form Review individual job description and assigned duties Determine schedule for formal observation (if not previously completed) Determine data to be reviewed and other sources of input for feedback Performance Appraisal System Post Appraisal Activities Overall Satisfactory Rating Overall Unsatisfactory Rating Performance Appraisal System Feedback Pitfalls to Avoid Performance Appraisal System Feedback Managerial Steps Provide constructive feedback Demonstrate personal accountability Focus on specific behavioral outcomes Balance accolades / issues Encourage two-way communication Redirect focus to positive future outcomes Performance Appraisal System Company Benefits Productive, Loyal Employees Reduced Employee Turnover Lower recruitment and training costs Enhanced business reputation Identification of high-potential employees Evaluation of Teams Team Performance Evaluation of Teams Strategy Evaluation of Teams Performance Differences Team Individual Succession Planning Reasons for Adoption Mitigate risk due to employee turnover Availability of skilled replacements Prepare highly qualified candidates to fill executive positions Maintain continuity of operations Succession Planning Company Use Formal vs. informal Employee development Knowledge transfer Mitigate risk of discrimination actions Succession Planning ...
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