...Formalism The formalist approach to literature was developed at the beginning of the 20th century and remained the primary approach to literary study until the 1970s, when other literary theories began to gain popularity. As the name suggests, formalism is concerned primarily with form. Rather than INTERPRETING what a text means, the formalist ANALYZES how that that meaning is communicated. Formalists assert that each work is a separate entity—not dependent upon the author’s life, the culture in which it was created, or any other category to which it belongs. Three main areas of study: 1. FORM AND UNITY Cadence—how the words, phrases, and sentences sound. When a character or a narrator is speaking, the sound of what is being said, or how it is being said, can give clues as to who the character is and why he or she is in the work. Cadence also includes an examination of the formal and informal language patterns used by the author: • rhythm or meter, • rhyme, • sound devices like alliteration, onomatopoeia, etc. Repetition and recurrences—The author’s using the same word, phrase, or concept repeatedly is always a clue to its importance, as are instances of the same event happening more than once in a story. Formalists also note how the context of the motif or recurring event changes with each repetition, or how the motif or event itself changes. Structures—the story arc and character arcs are of great interest to formalists: • how and when is the conflict introduced? • what events...
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...Formalism Formalism - all information essential to interpretation of a piece of literature must be found within the work. In formalism, there is no need for bringing outside information. It includes history, politics and society of the time. Questions that a formalism critic would ask are: what is the genre or form of the piece of literature? Who is speaking in the piece of literature? What is the argument, thesis or subject of the piece of literature? What is the structure of the piece of literature? How does the piece of literature make use of the setting? What feelings are evoked as the reader interprets the text? The advantages of formalism are: it does not require much research; it emphasizes the value of literature apart from its context (makes it timeless); virtually all critical approaches must begin here; it appreciates literary devices. The disadvantages of formalism are: the text is seen in isolation; it ignores the context of the work; it does not account for allusions; it reduces literature to little more than a collection of rhetorical devices. In 1915 the Moscow Linguistic Circle was founded. In 1916 the Petrograd “Society for the Study of Poetic Language” was founded. In 1929-1930 it was censured by Stalin for “undue preoccupation with ‘mere’ form, bourgeois ‘escapism,’ and like offenses.” In 1930s The Prague Linguistic Circle was founded (René Wellek, Roman Jakobson). In 1960s it influenced Anglo-American New Criticism and French Structuralism Liteariness...
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...Performance of the Sales Contract 1. No. The fact that the driver refused to let Sarah inspect the car before receiving a certified check for the balance due, and then unloaded the car and gave Sarah the title to the car after receiving the check, suggests that the parties agreed that Sarah was not entitled to inspect the car before payment against documents of title. 2. Assuming that Sarah was not entitled to the inspection of the car before payment and that she discovered the scratches and lack of basic features such as the CD player when receiving the car, she could have rejected the car without payment arguing that the non-conformity was obvious even without inspection. Now, if Sarah noticed the non-conformity when inspecting the car after the carrier left, she still could have demanded the dealer to provide a car meeting the contract terms arguing that the payment before inspection did not constitute acceptance of the car or deprived her from inspecting the car or pursuing remedies against the dealer. 3. The fact that Sarah discovered that the car had the tendency to stall and took it in numerous occasions to the dealer for repair, indicates that she decided to keep the car. Sarah still has the right to revoke her acceptance arguing that a car that stalls and have to be restarted in a traffic light has a serious problem and therefore represents a very low value. She also can argue that dealer has failed to fix the problem despite the numerous unsuccessful...
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...2009 Peng, Sun, Pinkham, and Chen A R T I 63 C L E The Institution-Based View as a Third Leg for a Strategy Tripod by Mike W. Peng, Sunny Li Sun, Brian Pinkham, and Hao Chen Executive Overview This article identifies the emergence of the institution-based view as a third leading perspective in strategic management (the first two being the industry-based and resource-based views). We (a) review the roots of the institution-based view, (b) articulate its two core propositions, and (c) outline how this view contributes to the four fundamental questions in strategy. Overall, we suggest that the institution-based view represents the third leg of a strategy tripod, overcomes the long-standing criticisms of the industrybased and resource-based views’ lack of attention to contexts, and contributes significant new insights as part of the broader intellectual movement centered on new institutionalism. A s part of a broader intellectual movement centered on new institutionalism throughout the social sciences in recent decades (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983, 1991; North, 1990, 2005; Scott, 1987, 1995, 2008b; Williamson, 1975, 1985), strategic management researchers have increasingly realized that institutions are more than background conditions (Oliver, 1997; Peng & Heath, 1996). Instead, “institutions directly determine what arrows a firm has in its quiver as it struggles to formulate and implement strategy” (Ingram & Silverman, 2002, p. 20...
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...Veronica Rodriquez Professor John Fisher Assignment 1 Art 100 -040: Introduction to World Art October 1 2013 Visit to the Brooklyn Museum of Art INTRODUCTION: Upon entering the Egyptian Gallery of the Brooklyn Museum, I felt like the hands of time were turned back and I was in another world; an ancient world. I started looking around trying to find a piece that would catch my interest. There were many, but among them one piece stood out. That piece is “Statue of a Family Group”; it’s a family of three. This family is made up of a father, a mother and a little boy. NAME AND DATE OF PIECE: The name of this piece is “Statue of a Family Group”. The piece is said to be from the Old Kingdom, late Dynasty 5-early Dynasty 6, circa 2371-2298 B.C. MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED: This piece is made from Limestone. A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MY PIECE: This piece is composed of a three member family. There is a father, a mother and their son. The father is the largest figure in the piece. His head is held erect and he has a headpiece on. The front of the headpiece is almost down to his eyebrows. The two sides are symmetrical, resting lightly on his shoulders. There is a circular wavelike pattern in rows on his headpiece. His eyes are opened and he seems to be gazing straight ahead. His face is expressionless. He has broad shoulders, is bare-chested and his upper body is much toned. His arms are straight down his side and his fists are clenched. He is wearing a royal kilt...
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...Paper Assignment Option (A) You are assigned a short paper, three to five pages in length, on four pieces of artwork you have seen in person by visiting Detroit Institute of Arts, Toledo Museum of Art or University of Michigan Museum of Art (You have to attach the ticket or museum sticker with your paper to demonstrate your museum trip). The paper is due no later than Thursday, April 12, 2012. In order to articulate your point of view more effectively, you might want to attach pictures of the artworks you are talking about. The bulk of this assignment is about writing paragraphs that visually describes the piece, using terms and concepts learning in class. Consider the subject, medium, technique, and composition. Also consider the design elements and principles that we have learned in class. Try to be complete. You must use the vocabulary that we have learned. Choose four works of art each created in a different media. Types of media could be oil painting, ink wash painting, wood carving, metal casting, photography, video, cloth tapestry, or other media. Typical questions to consider about each work of art include: -Describe what you have seen. -Explain your reaction to the work. -What do you think the artist’s intent was for creating this work? -How would interpret the work? -For contemporary art works, how would the theme be rendered if it was created several centuries earlier? For example, included in your visual description of the piece shall be commentary on: Form Composition...
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...Gianneti in his text Understanding Movies- Eleventh Edition, realism and formalism are general terms. These terms can be applied to portions of or scenes in a movie. They can show the tendency of the movie to lean toward one style over the other, but rarely can be applied to an entire movie. Both realism and formalism use reality as a foundation, but differ in how the reality is emphasized or shaped. The style of realism typically captures events as they happen, similar to how a person would view the events in real life. The portrayal should be depicted with a minimum of distortion. Realism attempts to preserve the idea that the world of film is unaltered, as if viewing the world through a window. A documentary film is an example of extreme realism. The style of formalism shows scenes as they can be imagined. They’re deliberately stylized and / or distorted using methods such as slow motion or adding colors into scenes. For example, in Shcindler’s List, a scene is shot in black and white except for a little girls red jacket. The viewer is forced to watch this little girl because we assume that she is important since she is the only color in a washed out scene. Formalism depicts scenes in a way that a person can not see with the eye in real life. Avant garde films are an example of extreme formalism. In the movie The Matrix, color, shots, and angles are used to illustrate the idea of formalism. Throughout the movie, color is used to add depth and help establish...
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...The value of legal formalism is highly limited in society today as the prospect of formalism is impossible for any legal body to follow through with. In an ideal world, however, formalism would hold substantial value as it would allow society to run in a fair and structured way. However, there are too many complications that arise with formalism, such as a judge's moral values and personal beliefs et cetera. Further, formalism follows the belief that all situations will fit a section of the law and therefore no change or alteration of any rule is needed, which is simply not true. Arguments also believe that formalism allows people to be treated equally within the law but problems further arise with this, as if one were to follow what the rule...
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...IntroductionMany times since his death in 1883, Karl Marx’s ideas have been dismissed as irrelevant. But, many times since, interest in his ideas has resurfaced as each new generation which challenges the unequal, unjust and exploitative nature of the capitalist system looks for ideas and a method to change the world we live in.Marx’s ideas – a body of work collectively described as Marxism – was added to by his closest collaborator Frederick Engels after Marx’s death and subsequently added to and enriched by the writings and living experience of Lenin and Trotsky who led the 1917 October Russian Revolution.For any person looking to change the world in a socialist direction the ideas of Marxism are a vital, even indispensable, tool and weapon to assist the working class in its struggle to change society.Most people who describe themselves as socialists will have at one stage or another looked at Marxist ideas and, unfortunately, some have chosen to ignore the rich experience and understanding that Marxist ideas add to an understanding of the capitalist world and how to change it.However, Marx’s ideas are once again becoming fashionable; even amongst people Marx would have regarded as his political opponents. Having been voted the thinker of the Millennium in a BBC poll in 2000, Marx has now been taken up by university professors and City analysts alike as offering one of the most modern ways to understand globalised capitalism.But, for socialists who wish to permanently remove...
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...To gain insight as a skilled reader, I have thoroughly analyzed the short story, The Rocking-horse Winner, by using comprehension strategies that have helped increase my understanding of a writing piece. The first comprehension strategy I used, was to list what I already know from the topic, to grasp new information easily. What intrigued me most, was the title of the story, and the author's name. I have heard several things about the poet, his most famous topics consisted of human health, vitality, and instinct, due to his childhood consisting of great amounts of tension between his parents. The title, Rocking-horse Winner, first seemed as if a character will obtain a child-like object as a prize in their life. Throughout reading this story, several connections were made. I connected greatly with the protagonist of the story, Paul, who is a sensitive boy, and would do anything to gain, and keep his mother's love. This reminded me of myself, someone who is a constant supporter of my family. Once the connections were made, it helped me get involved with the text, and see the situation presented outside the piece of literature. After reading, I began to think about the overall text, to put together everything I've gathered from the previous comprehension strategies. The main message of this text was that the love of money is destructive of all other love, even of life itself. Paul’s frenzied pursuit of money differed from the greed of others, he wanted wealth not for himself, but...
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...Ethical Dilemma In this essay I will discuss the ethical formalism is a theory which defines moral judgments in the most logical form. Ethical formalism does not focus around human well being, or feelings. No personal interest is involved when dealing with ethical formalism. In the movie, Sophie’s Choice, a mother is forced to choose one of her children to go into the gas chamber. This is an awful situation to be in, however, if she does not choose, then both of her children would end up being killed. This result is unimaginable. Ethical formalism and a utilitarianism approach would solve the issue two different ways. Ethical formalism would suggest that the mother does not choose between her children. It is not right to make a mother choose between her children. Ethical formalism would say the right thing to do is save both children. The mother could have lied and said the children were old enough to work, and therefore, they could have a more promising chance at being saved, rather than facing the gas chambers. On the other hand, utilitarianism focuses around the greatest good results with happiness for the greatest number of people. For example, this approach would lead the mother to choose between her children, and put one of them through the gas chamber. This approach would save one life, rather than destroying two. The mother would still have one of her children, and the other would take its chances. The benefit to this approach would be that one of her children is...
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...Ethical Systems Ethical systems are ordered principles or guidelines to make moral decisions. They are the source of moral beliefs. Ethical systems help define what is right or good. Ethical systems are morals that are shared by a group of people, but not all people always agree to what is right or good. There are seven major ethical systems. These major systems are ethical formalism, utilitarianism, religion, natural law, ethics of virtue, ethics of care, and egoism. Each of these major ethical systems is either classified as deontological, teleological, or virtue. Deontological Ethical Systems A deontological ethical system is based on the idea that we have a duty to do certain things and not doing certain things. The word deontological comes from “deonto” meaning “duty” in Greek (Wittjen). With the deontological ethical system, one would consider the basic duties and rights of individuals or groups and make a decision based on your moral beliefs. Ethical formalism is deontological and is a type of theory which defines moral judgments in terms of their logical form rather than their content. Ethical formalism is considered as an absolutist system. If something is wrong, it is wrong all the time. Just as if something if right, it is right all the time. For example, the death sentence is wrong because death to someone and anyone is wrong all the time regardless of a crime they may have committed (Wadsworth, 2005). Religion Ethics is deontological. Religion ethics is when a religion...
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...In Mary Devereaux’s essay “Beauty and Evil,” she discusses how the film Triumph of the Will raises the question, how do we examine certain films as an important artistic/aesthetic achievement when they advocate morally ‘wrong’ ideologies? Devereaux writes about three possible methods in which we can evaluate this film and/or its aesthetic qualities. They are, 1.) Formalism, 2.) Sophisticated formalism, and 3.) Nonformalism. She finds claims that the first two are weak but argues in favor of nonformalism. I will claim that all three forms of interpretation are weak and she errors in arguing for nonformalism. Formalism can be understood by the separation of aesthetics and moral content. Someone who has adapted the formalist view would evaluate...
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...Criticism 20th Century schools of literary criticism: *1* Formalism: الشكلية It is a school of literary criticism and literary theory. It has only to do with the structural purposes of a text. These features include not only grammar and syntax but also literary device such as meter. The formalistic approach reduces the importance of a text’s historical biographical and cultural context. Formalism rose the literary attention in the early 20th century as a reaction to Romanist theory of literature, which centre on the artist and individual creative genius and instead placed the text itself back into the spotlight, to show how the text was indebted to forms and other works that had preceded it. Two schools of formalism developed. “Russian formalism and New criticism”. *2* New Criticism: النقد الجديد An approach to literature made popular between 1940 and 1960 that evolved out of formalism criticism. New critics suggested that detailed analysis of the language of a literary text can uncover important logics of meaning in that work. New criticism consciously down plays the historical influences, authorial intentions, and contexts that surround text in order to focus on explication extremity close textual and analysis critics such as John Crowe Ranson, I.A.Richard and Robert Penn are commonly associated with New Criticism *3* structuralism: البنوية It is a critical theory that emphasizes the fact that all the elements of culture must be understood...
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...helpful to know theories and theorists when attempting to analyse the piece of literature because it allows every distinct person to have their own analysis of a particular piece of literature leading to more diverse and richer amount of views. I think that knowing each theory and theorists will reveal ways to analyse the literature that one may have never thought of before. 2.) Review the schools of literary theory (download the notes) and choose two that you are interested in or identify with (200 words for each theory). One of the literary theories that I am interested in is Formalism. This theory is based on structural components of literature. Formalism takes a more scientific approach to literature rather than the approach of interpreting literature by relating it to the historical circumstance it was written in, personal experiences that the author has been through, and more. Formalism pays close attention to literary devices that are used and the patterns these devices present in literature. It has three main categories, which are form, unity and diction. Form is one of the most important parts because it looks at the way the whole piece was written. It looks at the point of view of the literature, if there is closure and how the story is told whether it is told using flashback, told in chronological order or some other way. Point of view is a great way to analyze literature because it is critical factor in how you understand the text and me personally have used point...
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