...Discuss two or more theories of the formation of romantic relationships. (8 marks + 16 marks) Reward/need satisfaction theory suggests that we become attracted to people who evoke positive feelings as they provide direct reinforcement through operant conditioning. If the presence of an individual leads to a positive outcome, they will be perceived as more attractive. We are thus more likely to repeat these behaviours towards that individual, leading to the formation of a relationship. We also become attracted to people who are associated with positive events through classical conditioning. People who are associated with these positive events acquire positive value, increasing our attraction to them. For a relationship to commence & succeed, positive feelings should outweigh negative feelings. Griffitt & Guay provided support for the idea that we like some individuals because they provide direct reinforcement. Participants were evaluated on a creative task by an experimenter & were then asked how much they like the experimenter. The rating was highest when the participant was highly evaluated (i.e. rewarded) by the experimenter, showing that direct reinforcement can lead to attraction. The same study also supported the role of indirect reinforcement (association with positive events). Participants of the study had to rate an onlooker as well as an experimenter. The onlooker was also more highly rated when the participant had been positively evaluated by the experimenter...
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...Relationship formation Reward/need satisfaction theory suggests that we become attracted to people who evoke positive feelings as they provide direct reinforcement through operant conditioning. If the presence of an individual leads to a positive outcome, they will be perceived as more attractive. We are thus more likely to repeat these behaviours towards that individual, leading to the formation of a relationship. We also become attracted to people who are associated with positive events through classical conditioning. People who are associated with these positive events acquire positive value, increasing our attraction to them. For a relationship to commence & succeed, positive feelings should outweigh negative feelings. Griffitt & Guay provided support for the idea that we like some individuals because they provide direct reinforcement. Participants were evaluated on a creative task by an experimenter & were then asked how much they like the experimenter. The rating was highest when the participant was highly evaluated (i.e. rewarded) by the experimenter, showing that direct reinforcement can lead to attraction. The same study also supported the role of indirect reinforcement (association with positive events). Participants of the study had to rate an onlooker as well as an experimenter. The onlooker was also more highly rated when the participant had been positively evaluated by the experimenter, as the onlooker was associated with this positive event...
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...Outline and evaluate two theories of the maintenance of relationships Social Exchange Theory (SET) is one explanation of the maintenance of relationships. It assumes that all social behaviour is a series of exchanges where individuals attempt to maximise their rewards and minimise costs. Exchange refers to when an individual receives an award from others, they feel obliged to reciprocate. These rewards that we may receive from a relationship may include companionship, security and sex. Costs are those exchanges that result in a loss or punishment. These may include physical or psychological abuse and loss of other opportunities. The rewards minus the costs equal the outcomes or profits. Thibaut and Kelly developed a comparison level. They introduced two levels; comparison level and comparison level for alternatives. Our comparison level refers to our past and present and is the product of our experiences in other relationships together with other general views or expectations. If the current relationship exceeds our comparison level, we deem the relationship to be worthwhile and we are motivated to maintain the relationship. If however, the profit is less than our comparison level, we will be left dissatisfied and the other person will appear less attractive as a partner. The comparison level for alternatives, on the other hand, is concerned with the benefits of possible alternative relationships. It involves a person weighing up a potential increase in rewards from a different...
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...Describe and evaluate two or more theories of the formation of romantic relationships (9 marks + 16 marks) January 2011 One theory that outlines the formation of relationships is the reward/ need satisfaction theory that was developed by Byrne and Clore (1970). The theory suggests that we form a relationship because the presence of a particular individual is associated with reinforcement. This is because rewarding stimuli creates positive feelings and these stimuli may be people. These people therefore make us happy, so, due to operant conditioning, we seek to adopt behaviours that lead to a desirable outcome and avoid those that lead to an undesirable outcome. Therefore, the presence of an individual produces positive reinforcement as they have a more attractive appeal. This theory also suggests that we are attracted to people if we meet them whilst we’re in a good mood, an example being at a party. As a result, previously neutral stimuli become positively valued as they are associated with the pleasant event, therefore meaning that we learn to like people through classical conditioning. Griffit and Guay (1969) conducted a study to investigate how the reward/need satisfaction theory works and how well it is acceptable. Participants were evaluated on a creative task by an experimenter. Later they were asked how much they liked the experimenter, and an onlooker who was present. The rating was highest when the experimenter had given positive evaluation of the task. This is rewarding...
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...and/or studies) to our understanding of the formation of relationships (24 marks) One theory of formation of relationships that has contributed to our understanding of the formation of relationships, is the reward/need satisfaction theory. Byrne and Clove suggest that this theory means mutual attraction occurs when each partner meets the other persons need through operant conditioning. This might be the need for financial satisfaction or love etc. The rewards and needs can come from various factors. One of these factors is proximity which describes the distance between you and the potential partner. If the proximity is close then the reward gained is less effort being put in in having to see them. Another factor similarity refers to how similar you are to the potential partner in regards to the interests you both share i.e. religion, beliefs, music etc. The more similar you are the high the reward of enjoying each other’s company. A last factor is physical attractiveness referring to how attractive you think the potential partner is. A supporting study was done by Cate et al where he asked 337 individuals to assess their existing relationships in terms of reward level and satisfaction. The results found that reward levels was the most superior out of all other factors in determining relationship satisfaction. This therefore increases the reliability of the ‘Need/Satisfaction Theory’ and does explain why we form romantic relationships. Also supporting this is the fact that there...
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...Life Coaching Spiritual Formation: What Does It Mean? Liberty University Abstract This research paper will give a brief examination of the history and development of life coaching in general, and then it will look towards the niche coaching specialty of spiritual formation. This writer will endeavor to answer the question, “Spiritual formation: what does it mean?” There will be discussion around this topic as it is examined from several perspectives and worldviews. It will include an brief overview of secular, non-religious, and non-Christian religious worldviews. Judeo-Christian worldviews will be discussed highlighting biblical aspects with regard to spiritual formation and how it may fit with a life coach who is familiar and skilled with this specialty niche. From this vein of information the reader should be well able to extrapolate a clear view of not only what spiritual formation is or can be and how its development is a personal journey. Additionally, the reader should have gained a good understanding of how the journey can be assisted with the help of a like-minded life coach. Introduction Historical Overview of Life Coaching This overview looks at events that began in the 1980’s. Thomas Leonard was a professional financial planner, whose many clients asked for his help with other life issues they were experiencing. After dealing with these client matters for a time, Leonard chose to close his financial planning business and become a full-time life...
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...According to Professor Vincent Shen, human being in the postmodern society has been facing two major problems: mental nihilism and environmental crisis (171). And as he wisely pointed out, the teaching of classical Confucianism and Daoism provides us with a solution: return to simplicity and reconstruct the harmonic relationship for both mind and environment. Furthermore, generosity towards many others, as a dynamic tension inside both classical Confucianism and Daoism, can be practiced through strangification. And this generous strangification towards many others, is the source of practical value in classical Confucianism and Daoism (295). In this reading report, I will try to show my critical reflection on Professor Shen’s wisdom in Chapter 8 and 13 of his anthology. For classical Confucianism represented by Confucius, reciprocity in social relationships is the fundamental phase of...
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...1 Article Review – Evangelical Anxieties Over Spiritual Formation Steve L. Porter addresses the evangelical anxieties over spiritual formation in his article Sanctification in a New Key: Relieving Evangelical Anxieties Over Spiritual Formation. The author explains that although there are a plethora of views and meanings for the word spiritual formation, he is going to go through eight notable objections to spiritual formation with the two ideas of recognizing the cautions and corrections that need to be made, and to partially alleviate the objections. The eight objections are spiritual formation is just another passing fad, spiritual formation is Catholic, spiritual formation is new age, spiritual formation is contrary to the sufficiency of scripture, what ever happened to good old-fashioned obedience, spiritual formation encourages works righteousness, spiritual formation is overly experiential, and spiritual formation neglects missions/evangelism. The first objection, spiritual formation is just another passing fad, is concerned that “the evangelical community will have re-tooled its message and programs for the sake of what turns out to be just another passing fad” (Porter). Why would one want to partake in a movement that will ultimately die out? Porter simply puts that what Christians should focus on is the positive contribution that it makes to society through the teachings and practices of spiritual formation. The practices and teachings will become ordinary in the...
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...Ratification: an agent secures a contract on behalf of the principle and the principle agrees to it. Buy custom Law of Agency: Amber and Ashgan Case Study Analysis essay The law of agency applies to both the two individuals in the case given that they possess an agent-principal type of relationship. Thus, the law of agency between the two is narrowed-down to the duties of the agent in respect to their respective principals. It should be noted Ashgan, the personal assistant, is the agent while Amber, who happens to be the employer, is her immediate Principal, The first duty of Ashgan, as an agent, is not to become the principal as against her employer’s or principal’s knowledge. This duty, on the part of the agent, is meant to prevent her from situations in which there will be possible conflict of interest between her duty as an agent and her personal interest. Notwithstanding, a breach against this course of duty renders the contract, entered into by the agent, as voidable at the desire of the true principal. For this case, the contract to purchase the limited edition, sliver Bays-water Tote handbag created the aforementioned type of conflict and thus, it was Amber to decide whether or not the contract was voidable. Second, the agent has a duty not to engage in business activities and hence making secret profits. It should be noted that secret profits is a phrase taken to mean any form of material or financial benefit that may be accrued on the part of the agent without...
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...Attitude Formation Lawanda Thomas Walden University Attitude Formation The field of social psychology focuses on understanding the behavior of an individual and seeks to include the aspects of external and internal influences that impact behavior. Not only is ones behavior impacted by emotions, behavior is also impacted by how an individual perceives a situation and acceptance to engage in that situation (Fiske, 2010). Hogg and Cooper (2007) argue social psychologists note individuals view the world and its interactions during the attitude judgment process. This judgmental process determines a situation to be positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable, and engage or avoid which then forms an attitude that determines the cognition, action, and behavior of the individual (Fiske, 2010; Hogg & Cooper, 2007). Attitudes determine the way an individual perceives, understands, and acts towards an event which terms it as a major judgmental influence in an individual’s life (Fiske, 2010). Attitudes about a particular situation can be originally generated due to personal beliefs or be influenced by past life experiences (Fiske, 2010; Hogg & Cooper, 2007). Research over the years have sought to establish a relationship between how an individual judges an event, what is the process, does past experience play a role, and does the final judgment influence behavior especially when attitudes are a determining factor (Fiske, 2010; Hogg & Cooper, 2007). With the support...
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...It was right after evening meal formation, and our training officer told us to stay after the formation, and wanted the accountability in a minute. We did not think that he could want accountability, because we did not expect to stay after. Everybody was looking at each other, and nobody took a step to give accountability, because there were a lot of people missing because of their team practices. After that night starting the other morning, we gave accountability in the afternoon at 1600 for thirty days until we learnt how to keep each other accountable. We had to give accountability with the person’s location at a specific time on a day. For example, our training officer asked us where one of our friend would be on Saturday at 1300, and we said that he would be in Annapolis, but he did not accept. He wanted...
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...Ivan Ocampo COM 11400 – 07 – Fundamentals of Speech Communication July 6, 2015 Dr. Lynda Willer Relationship Movie – Movie Guide 1) Relationship #1: George and Sam It is to observe a few different defense mechanisms in the relationship between George and Sam, such as: avoidance, distancing, reaction formation. On the scene when George told to Sam about his problem with cancer, Sam shows a mixture between distancing and reaction formation. Distancing is evident because Sam goes to looking for Alyssa, and we can observe the reaction formation the moment that Sam cries with Alyssa, a clear signal that shows his real feelings about George's problem. Those reactions avoid a closer encounter between George and Sam at the first time, but I guess that were important to Sam to take his time in order to clarify his ideas and feelings about the bad news and the future of his relationship with George. 2) Relationship #2: George and Robin George and Robin are divorced, at the beginning of the movie they had a distant relationship this situation change when George and Robin work together restoring the house. There are different deffense mechanisms in their relationship, such as: avoidance, sarcasm, formula communication. On the scene when George arrives to Robin's house looking for to Sam, the first conversation between George and Robin can be classified as a formula communication because they avoid a deep dialogue about Sam, and at the end of the whole scene when both are...
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...the chances of success when following either strategy? In today’s globalised world companies find it increasingly hard to achieve and sustain growth, many look to develop better competencies and grow resources through the use of acquisitions and alliances. However, these are far from simple strategies to implement, they are multi-factorial with both tangible and intangible elements creating many conundrums. As identified by Holzner (2014) their ‘failure’ or ‘success’ are subjective terms, and are often misappropriated in this context. Success or failure may not be determined by the longevity of a union, financial gains or the eventual occurrence of termination. This essay will examine success as defined by the extent to which the relationship meets the prior entry needs and desires of the parties. It will evaluate assessment frameworks and models of how firms might identify and increase the chance of success, and will highlight managerial techniques. Acquisitions and alliances are different undertakings, and as such carry with them specific concerns and peculiarities. It is wrong to address the success factors for both concepts as if they are a homogenous group – though there will be areas of crossover. Success can only be realised by parties within a union if both have a clear understanding of what their objectives are, and have considered the use of mutual benchmarks that can determine the extent to which this has been achieved. This means managers not only need to...
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...Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Computers in Human Behavior journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh Full length article Association of demographics, motives and intensity of using Social Networking Sites with the formation of bonding and bridging social capital in Pakistan Saeed Ahmad a, *, Mudasir Mustafa b, Ahsan Ullah c a b c Department of Sociology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Department of Sociology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Department of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 16 March 2015 Received in revised form 14 October 2015 Accepted 14 December 2015 Available online 21 December 2015 The objectives of this confirmatory study were to investigate the association of socio-economic demographics (age, education of respondent, gender, monthly family income, parentage education), motives (communication and information, self-actualization and outward looking) of using Social Networking Sites (SNSs) and attitudinal and behavior variable (intensity of using SNS, self-esteem, gratification with university life, duration of use, and number of ties) with the formation of bonding and bridging social capital. Total 461 students, aged 18e35 years filled the questionnaire, from randomly selected departments of University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Regression analysis was used to assess the association among...
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...Swimming with Sharks: Technology Ventures, Defense Mechanisms and Corporate Relationships Riitta Katila Stanford University Jeff D. Rosenberger Nomis Solutions Kathleen M. Eisenhardt Stanford University This paper focuses on the tension that firms face between the need for resources from partners and the potentially damaging misappropriation of their own resources by corporate “sharks.” Taking an entrepreneurial lens, we study this tension at tie formation in corporate investment relationships in five U.S. technology-based industries over a 25-year period. Central to our study is the “sharks” dilemma: when do entrepreneurs choose partners with high potential for misappropriation over less risky partners? Our findings show that entrepreneurs take the risk when they need resources that established firms uniquely provide (i.e., financial and manufacturing) and when they have effective defense mechanisms to protect their own resources (i.e., secrecy and timing). Overall, the findings show that tie formation is a negotiation that depends on resource needs, defense mechanisms, and alternative partners. These findings contribute to the recent renaissance of resource dependence theory and to the discussion on the surprising power of entrepreneurial firms in resource mobilization.• A central question in organization and strategy research is how firms gain resources (Penrose, 1959; Thompson, 1967). In response, researchers have identified several approaches...
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