...There are five causes, four stages and two relevant effects for the French Revolution, the causes are: Absolute Monarchism, Social Inequality, Economic Injustice,Enlightenment and Others Revolutions. The stages are: Tennis Court Oath, The Great Fear, The Reign of Terror and The Moderation, and the relevant effects was: The Spread of the Idea of a Democratic Government, and Nationalism.Napoleon also help to the stages. The French Revolution started at 1789 and ended in 1799. The first cause was Absolute Monarchism. The Absolute Monarch created by king Louis was, when the king and the queen have all power and everyone else, also called as stage three do not has any power, the people do not have any choice, for what the king going to do to the country. The second cause was the Social Inequality, this was how they were separate in order of importance, like first estate, second estate and third estate. The first estate was the clergy, the second estate was nobility and the third estate was everyone else, in the third estate there was Bourgeoisie, that are peoples that work, like the middle class, the small business people, artisans and others jobs. The third cause was Economic Inequality (Economic Injustice), that was because the first and second estate do not pay any tax and the third estate, that was...
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...The French revolution, a complex series of events that occurred between the years1789 to 1799, had three stages. The first stage involved a relatively peaceful constitutional struggle; the second was one crisis and consolidation where the government spent a lot of resources fighting vestiges of the Old Regime; while the third phase entailed military rule under Napoleon as the government drifted into corruption. Judging by the events that took place and the impacts that came forthwith, I feel the second phase was the most ‘important’ in terms of the transitions that occurred during this period. During these four incidental years, we notice the formation of a republic that elected a national convention. The king was also executed in the second French revolution and war between Britain , Holland , Spain , and France arose. (Coffins, 706) There were a number of causes for the second revolutionary period that proved to be more radical than the previous stage. One of the most relevant causes was the toppling of moderate leaders who were replaced by radicals claiming to rule on behalf of the common people. The revolution in this era produced a remarkable politicization of the common people, especially in cities. Political awareness was heightened by shortages and fluctuating prices as well as demonstrations that tool place to air the demands of cheaper bread (Coffins, 698). Prevalent, was a lack of effective national leadership since Louis XVI remained a weak, vacillating...
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...Name Institution Professor Date The French revolution began in 1789 until the late 1790’s. This revolution was an influential period of political upheaval in France with various social aspects. The French revolution was mainly inspired by radical and liberal ideas altering the course of modern history. The revolution triggered the decline of absolute monarchies and theocracies then replaced them with democracies and republics (Hibbert, 1999). The revolutionary wars unleashed global conflicts that extended from the Middle East to the Caribbean. This revolution was later termed by historians as being one of the greatest events to occur in the human history. Historians debate amongst themselves the causes of the great French revolution, based on the compound nature of the situation. After the American Revolution and the seven years’ war, the French government was deep in debt and thought of restoring its financial status trough the introduction of taxation schemes (Brown, 2008). Privileges enjoyed by the aristocrats and the clergy were resented after bad harvests hence also leading to the revolution. Enlightenment ideals were in demand for change of the situation at hand that resulted in the convocation of estates general and took place in May 1789. Members of the third estate took control in the first year of the revolution that saw the declaration of the right of man being passed, assault on the Bastille and the march of women Versailles...
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...I intend to show, a watershed occasion in cutting edge European history, the French Upset started in 1789 and finished in the late 1790s with the climb of Napoleon Bonaparte. Amid this period, French nationals demolished and updated their nation's political scene, evacuating hundreds of years old foundations, for example, supreme government and the medieval framework. Like the American Revolution before it, the French Revolution was affected by Enlightenment ideals, especially the ideas of prevalent power and natural rights. Despite the fact that it neglected to attain every last bit of its objectives and now and again worsened into a disordered bloodbath, the developers assumed a discriminating part in forming advanced countries by demonstrating...
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...The scientific revolution & the Enlightenment (1650-1800) I. The scientific revolution A. Overcoming obstacles 1. Superstation & teaching of the church 2. Francis Bacon & Empirical method (Four steps: ask, experiment, observations, answer) B. Accomplishments in Physics & Astronomy 1. Copernicus (astronomer, mid 1400s to early 1500s) 2. Galileo 3. Kepler (early to late 1500, Denmark, astronomer, Law of Planetary: Plant do not move in perfect circle, Plant do not move at same rate, speed is related to distance) 4. Newton C. Accomplishments in Medicine (Physician> Surgeon (trained by guild system)> Pharmacist (guild)> Barbers>folk medicine or herbalist> hospital (when you are about to die, you go to hospital)) 1. State of Medicine 2. Vesalius (Italian Physician) 3. Paracelsus (Physician) Enlightenment I. Enlightenment & Government A. John Locke B. Baron de Montesque II. Enlightenment & Belief A. Toleration B. Deism III. Ideal Societies A. Adam Smith & the Economy B. Denis Diderot &Knowledge C. Voltaire & Candide IV. Enlightened Absolutism (Frederick the Great (Russia), Catherina the Great (Russia)) A. The Monarch B. Joseph II (1742-1790) French Revolutions (1787-1794) I. Background: Crisis Control A. Financial B. Economic + Agricultural C. Social Inequalities II. 1st Revolution- Moderate (1787-1792) ...
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...1. Pierre Louis and the Numerical Method Premodern medicine, prior to the French Revolution, was very different from current practices. For example, the patient’s description of their illness was the main source of information the doctors used to make a diagnosis; no physical exam was made. Doctors spent most of their time studying ancient books instead of gaining hands on experience through dissections or interactions with the sick. In addition, the idea of an imbalance of the four humors was the explanation for many illnesses, which led to a very close-minded view of the body. Another difference was in the designation and prestige of medical jobs. The striking difference lied in the fact that surgery was a blue collar aspect of medicine while today it is held as one of the highest positions in the field (HISC 115, Lecture 2). One achievement of the pre-revolutionary era was the discovery of the circulation of blood throughout the body. William Harvey, an English medical student, first came across new information regarding circulation by pushing a rod down a vein a seeing that the blood actually flows towards the heart (HISC 115, Lecture 3). Harvey did further studies and theorized that the heart worked as a muscle and arteries pulsated...
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...Recommended Sources: Donald Kagan et al: A Political History of Europe, since 1814 by Charles Seignobos, S. M. Macvane, The Western Heritage, Brief Edition, 2003 Websites: The course focuses on European history from the early 17th century to the end of the Second World War. The following aspects of political history of five selected countries - France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Spain- are covered : early kingdoms, unification, nationalism movements, political philosophies, conferences, alliance systems and conflicts which had an impact on Europe during the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th Centuries.Topics such as the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, the Concert of Europe, and the two world wars will also be discussed. Special emphasis will be placed on the relationship between the rise of liberalism and nationalism, the industrial revolution, and the emergence of modern political systems in Europe. Contents Introduction Chapter 1 Political history of France : Chapter 2 Political history of Germany: Chapter 3 Political history of Great Britain: Chapter 4 Political history of Italy: Chapter 5 Political history of Spain: Introduction In studying political history of European states, we put a focus on the beginning of the 18th century as a starting point in the rise of major European powers in the face of waning non-Western empires, which led to the consequent politicization of the region as a whole, raising the stakes in the division and distribution of resources...
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...Gadget is a small mechanical or electronic device or tool, especially an ingenious or novel one. Origin Late 19th century (originally in nautical use): probably from French gâchette 'lock mechanism' or from the French dialect word gagée 'tool'. Sailors were the first people to talk about gadgets. The word started out in nautical slang as a general term for any small device or mechanism or part of a ship. This is the earliest recorded use, dated 1886: ‘Then the names of all the other things on board a ship! I don't know half of them yet; even the sailors forget at times, and if the exact name of anything they want happens to slip from their memory, they call it a chicken-fixing, or a gadjet, or a gill-guy, or a timmey-noggy, or a wim-wom.’ The word is probably from French gâchette ‘a lock mechanism’ or gagée ‘tool’. (Oxford Dictionaries) http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/gadget The history of gadgets spans as far back as humanity itself - since hominids began creating tools to make their lives easier. Humans have always created devices and appliances with specific practical purposes that were initially thought of as novelties, due to unfamiliarity with and initial unwillingness to accept the technology. Today, industry has augmented the creation of new gadgets, while certain retailers, including Brookstone and Richard Thalheimer's RichardSolo.com, specialize in popularizing them. What famous inventors Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison, Alexander...
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...Revolutions are never easy, not their start, nor their end. It takes strong political will, sacrifice and perseverance to win. Entering a revolution often comes with anger, doubts and fears. Your fears of survival and your doubts of short lived results that could demean your sacrifice, and threaten your security at cellular levels. As a major settler country that faced many social, economic, and political injustices in comparison to their settled French counterparts, Algeria took a stand to end French settlement. This sacrifices however only proved to be have disappointing outcomes leaving the country highly fractured both short term and long term, leading up to the civil war of 1992. I say with great emphasis that it is more difficult to govern a government that is faces post-revolutionary crisis than it is to overthrow an entire establishment. Such is proven in the wake of Algeria's revolution in the 1950s which has left an estimated 700,000 dead, and thousands more scarred physically and psychologically. Both sides of the battle, the Algiers and the French paratroopers, used merciless guerrilla tactics and torture against its own people.[1] Algeria continued however to struggle with civilian casualties. Among those the “Berber people at the hands various factions of insurgents, and was successful for a while”[2]. It is my assertion that decolonization France did not grant formal eminent rule, nor did it administer political order and help cultivate Algeria peacefully as a...
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...came to an end in 1789 with the declaration of France as a nation by the people and the French revolution. In 843 A.D., the Treaty of Verdun roughly divided most of what is now Western Europe into the three territories of France, Germany, and Italy which was given to the 3 grandsons of Charlemagne. The three territories were ruled primarily in peace, France by Phillip Valois, until 1338 and the beginning of the Hundred Years’ War. Through the war, France won provinces that had been held by the Plantagenet king of England. Protestantism spread rapidly throughout the 16th century coinciding with civil wars throughout the nation due to religious differences. The king, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious freedom to the French Protestants, Huguenots, bringing an end to the religiously prompted civil wars. The centuries that followed, marked with territorial squabbles, diverse styles of ruling, and growth throughout the country, paled in comparison to the reign of Louis XIV. Monarchy had reached its pinnacle during this time period and the French court, considered the “center of the Western World,” brought significant recognition to the nation. Unfortunately, costly foreign wars had taken their toll on the already unsteady government as well as the young king resulting in the unrest of the French peasantry. On what is now know as Bastille Day in 1789, an angry mob of French...
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...THE CAUSES AND EFFECT OF THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION The Haitian Revolution represents the most thorough case study of revolutionary change anywhere in the history of the modern world. In ten years of sustained internal and international warfare, a colony populated predominantly by plantation slaves overthrew both its colonial status and its economic system and established a new political state of entirely free individuals—with some ex-slaves constituting the new political authority. As only the second state to declare its independence in the Americas, Haiti had no viable administrative models to follow. The British North Americans who declared their independence in 1776 left slavery intact, and theirs was more a political revolution than a social and economic one. The success of Haiti against all odds made social revolutions a sensitive issue among the leaders of political revolt elsewhere in the Americas during the final years of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth century. Yet the genesis of the Haitian Revolution cannot be separated from the wider concomitant events of the later eighteenth-century Atlantic world. Indeed, the period between 1750 and 1850 represented an age of spontaneous, interrelated revolutions, and events in Saint Domingue/Haiti constitute an integral—though often overlooked—part of the history of that larger sphere. These multi-faceted revolutions combined to alter the way individuals and groups saw themselves and their place in...
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...personalities, more specifically: Cavour, Mazzini and Garibaldi, it also came about because of the role of foreign players and lastly because of the not always successful, but reoccurring peoples movement. After Napoleon’s adventure into Europe had been extinguished, the parties at the Congress of Vienna in 1814/1815 were determined to re-establish old conservative order. Prussia, Russia, Great Britain and Austria-Hungary were the “Big Four” throughout the meetings, all of them, except Great Britain, being interested in highly conservative monarchical rule. New concepts such as liberalism were thwarted (Murphy, et al. 2000) and laid aside; the “old way” should provide peace, which was the ultimate aim of the Congress, for the next centuries. A Congress System was established; hereby the aforementioned Powers would meet in a regular basis to negotiate and solve problems by peaceful means. Besides reintroducing old hierarchies, the Vienna Congress also brought territorial changes. They were mostly supposed to create buffer states to be able to repel another French attack, and restore conservative stability. Countries such as Belgium, Savoy, Lombardy and Venetia were thus annexed into their more powerful neighbours (Murphy, et al. 2000) in order to provide future stability. Lombardy and Venetia were placed under direct Austrian control, and power in other states such as Parma, Modena, Lucca and Tuscany was...
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...n late June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia. An escalation of threats and mobilization orders followed the incident, leading by mid-August to the outbreak of World War I, which pitted Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (the so-called Central Powers) against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy and Japan (the Allied Powers). The Allies were joined after 1917 by the United States. The four years of the Great War–as it was then known–saw unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction, thanks to grueling trench warfare and the introduction of modern weaponry such as machine guns, tanks and chemical weapons. By the time World War I ended in the defeat of the Central Powers in November 1918, more than 9 million soldiers had been killed and 21 million more wounded. WORLD WAR I BEGINS (1914) Though tensions had been brewing in Europe–and especially in the troubled Balkan region–for years before conflict actually broke out, the spark that ignited World War I was struck in Sarajevo, Bosnia, where Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nephew of Emperor Franz Josef and heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was shot to death along with his wife by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie set off a rapid chain of events: Austria-Hungary, like many in countries around the world, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident...
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...The Age of Revolution i789-1848 E R I C HOBSBAWM FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, AUGUST 1996 Copyright © 1962 by E. J. Hobsbawm All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. Originally published in Great Britain in hardcover by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, in 1962. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hobsbawm, E.J. (EricJ.), 1917The Age of Revolution, 1789-1898 / Eric Hobsbawm.—1st Vintage Books ed. p. cm. Originally published: London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-679-77253-7 1. Europe—History—1789-1900. 2. Industrial revolution. I. Title. D299.H6 1996 940.2'7—dc20 96-7765 CIP VINTAGE BOOKS A Division of Random House, Inc. New York Random House Web address: http://www.randomhouse.com/ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 CHAPTER MAPS 1 T H E W O R L D IN T H E 1780s Le dix-huittime stick doit lire mis au Panlhion.—Saint-Just1 i Europe in 1789 page 309 2 Europe in 1810 310 3 Europe in 1840 311 4 World Population in Large Cities: 1800-1850 31a 5 Western Culture 1815-1848: Opera 314 6 The States of Europe in 1836 316 7 Workshop of the World 317 8 Industrialization of Europe: 1850 318 9 Spread of French Law 320 I T H E first thing to observe about the world...
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...French Revolution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see French Revolution (disambiguation). Page semi-protected French Revolution Anonymous - Prise de la Bastille.jpg Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789. Date 1789–1799 Location France Participants French society Outcome Abolition of the French monarchy Establishment of a secular and democratic republic that became increasingly authoritarian and militaristic Radical social change based on liberalism and other Enlightenment principles Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Armed conflicts with other European countries Part of a series on the History of France National EmblemNational EmblemNational Emblem Prehistory[show] Ancient[show] Early Middle Ages[show] Middle Ages[show] Early modern[show] 19th century[show] 20th century[show] Portal icon France portal v t e The French Revolution (French: Révolution française) was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of theocracies and absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.[1] The causes of the French Revolution...
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