...During the French Revolution the colony of St.Domingue now known as Haiti furnished almost two-thirds of France’s trade. Motivated by not only slave labor but fertile soil they produced several things such as sugar, coffee, and cotton on their main land France. By 1789 this colony along with Jamaica became not only the richest European colony but the main supplier of the world’s sugar and coffee which made it one of the most flourishing slave colonies in all of the Caribbean. The French Revolution of 1789 gave light to the Haitian Revolution of 1791. This revolution would soon lead to the emancipation of slavery and Haiti becoming the first republic to be ruled by African ancestry. The revolutions success can be accredited to several Haitian heroes but the most notable, Toussaint L’Overture. When the French Revolution began in the colony of St. Domingue there were four separate distinct groups of people. The first group being the white people who made up approximately 20,000 of the population and were further more broken down into two groups: The Planters and The Petit Blancs[3]. In comparison and contrast The Planters and The Petit Blancs were opposite. The Planters were wealthier, owned plantations and slaves, as far as politically they wanted independence, in the sense of the United States. On the other hand, the Petit Blancs were less powerful, often had very few slaves and were less independent-minded as far as Haiti’s independence and were more loyal to the French. The second...
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...American continent. Native American peoples were also competing. * 1688-1763: Four wars convulsed Europe and the New World for domination. The American people were unable to stay out of a single war. The Seven Years’ War in Europe, sometimes as the French and Italian War in America, set the stage for America’s independence. * France was convulsed during the 1500s by foreign wars and domestic strife, including the clashes between Catholics and Protestant Huguenots. On St. Bartholomew’s Day, 1572, over ten thousand Huguenots were butchered in cold blood. * In 1608, after finding Jamestown, the permanent beginnings of a vast empire were established at Québec, a granite sentinel commanding the St. Lawrence River. * France earned the lasting enmity of the Iroquois tribes, hampered French penetration of the Ohio Valley, ravaging French settlements and serving as allies of the British in the struggle for supremacy on the continent. * The government of New France (Canada) fell direct control of the king after commercial companies had failed or faltered. The people elected no representative assemblies and they didn’t enjoy the right to trial by jury as in the English colonies. * Landowning French peasants, unlike the English tenant farmers who embarked for the British colonies, had little economic motive to move. Protestant Huguenots were denied a refuge in this raw colony. The French favored the Caribbean island colonies, rich in sugar and rum, over Canada. ...
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... | | | | | |The Campaigns of Napoleon | | |During his long career Napoleon Bonaparte conquered most of Europe and became such a feared soldier that his opponents in Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia had| | |him declared 'an enemy of humanity'. This section on his military campaigns covers the important details and battles of the wars that led to Napoleon Bonaparte | | |becoming the greatest leader of armies in history. | | |First Coalition | | |1792 to 1797...
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...The American War for Independence: Sea Power, Joint and Combined Operations: Question 7. Given the overwhelming British victories in New York and New Jersey in 1776, how was General Washington able to avoid catastrophic defeat and eventually win the war? By Julie Moss A paper submitted to the Faculty of the Naval War College in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the Department of Strategy and War. The contents of this paper reflect my own personal views and are not necessarily endorsed by the Naval War College or the Department of the Navy. Signature: /JKM/ BACKGROUND Following the French-Indian War, The American Revolution began between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the former British colonies in North America. The British power was trying to overwhelm the colonists of New America with many acts, such as the Stamp Act, the Sugar Act, and the Intolerable Acts, all of which were deemed illegitimate by the colonists and in violation of the rights as Englishmen. For the most part, colonists were trying to reject the oligarchies that were common in Europe and started to believe in Republicanism based on the Enlightenment. Many leaders took part in this Revolution; one of the most important of whom was General George Washington. His role was vital in the victory for Americans and their freedom from the power of Britain. As the war for independence approached, Washington was known throughout the American Colonies for his courage and military exploits...
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...settled in present-day Florida, Texas, New Mexico, California, Mexico, Peru, and the islands of the Caribbean. The specific settlements are the following: Hispaniola, Mexico City, St. Augustine, New Mexico, and Santa Fe. The French stationed themselves along the Mississippi and St....
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...different American Indian cultures prior to colonization.1200-1900C.E. The Anasazi occupied the Southwest which included Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. Their work consisted of basket making and stonework. The Iroquois was one of the largest tribes. They had different languages and traditions. The Algonkian lived in the Northeast. Their first encounters were with the Europeans. They existed with hunting and The effects of British colonization on the Native Americans. 1600’s One effect was when the Europeans brought unknown diseases. They brought alcohol, guns, and horses. By bringing these new changes it was a way to effectively change their ways. Guns changed their ways of hunting for food. Due to these changes, some of these groups moved which led them to having little or no food. The evolution of the socio-political milieu during the colonial period, including Protestant Christianity’s impact on colonial social life. 1600-1700’s Emergence of local governing bodies (The House of Burgesses in VA) Official churches by state (Maryland was Catholic; Southern colonies tended to be proprietary, they were Anglican. Northern colonies were established for religious freedom; Puritans in New England, Baptists in Rhode Island; Quakers in Pennsylvania) Minority Christian sects and Jews were targeted in places like New England and the South (Quakers in Virginia; Anne Hutchinson in Massachusetts). The effects of the Seven Years’ War. 1756-1763 ...
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...pre-war event and explaining how it contributed to the Revolutionary War. |Pre-war event |Description |Contribution to the Revolutionary War | |French and Indian War|Also known as the Seven Years’ War, this New World conflict marked another |The French and Indian War helped lead to the Revolutionary War in two ways. | | |chapter in the long imperial struggle between Britain and France. When France’s | | | |expansion into the Ohio River valley brought repeated conflict with the claims |First funding this war lead to a huge national debt for Great Britain, which they felt | | |of the British colonies, a series of battles led to the official British |the Americans should help pay. Parliament decided to service the debt by passing the | | |declaration of war in 1756. Boosted by the financing of future Prime Minister |stamp act, a terrible failure that angered citizens on both sides of the Atlantic, which | | |William Pitt, the British turned the tide with victories at Louisbourg, Fort |started the rift between Britain and its colonists. | | |Frontenac and the French-Canadian...
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...About World War I "Total War I: The Great War" by John Bourne The First World War was truly ‘the Great War’. Its origins were complex. Its scale was vast. Its conduct was intense. Its impact on military operations was revolutionary. Its human and material costs were enormous. And its results were profound. The war was a global conflict. Thirty-two nations were eventually involved. Twenty-eight of these constituted the Allied and Associated Powers, whose principal belligerents were the British Empire, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, and the United States of America. They were opposed by the Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire. The war began in the Balkan cockpit of competing nationalisms and ancient ethnic rivalries. Hopes that it could be contained there proved vain. Expansion of the war was swift. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914; Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany declared war on France on 3 August and invaded Belgium. France was invaded on 4 August. German violation of Belgian neutrality provided the British with a convenient excuse to enter the war on the side of France and Russia the same evening. Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on 6 August. France and Great Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary six days later. The underlying causes of these events have been intensively researched and debated. Modern scholars are less inclined to allocate blame for the outbreak of war than was...
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...vigor. Charles Cornwallis led many battles in the Revolutionary war. He blamed himself for the loss of the Colonies. He did have a career after the Revolutionary war, and was promoted. Charles Cornwallis even held a few more positions simultaneously while juggling responsibiltiies in India, Ireland, France, and England. Cornwallis attended Eton and then Cambridge before he was able to pursue a career in the military. He started out in the 1st...
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...August 8, 2001 I. Introduction II. Civil War A. The emergence of a black fighting man. 1. Lincoln refusal of black combat men 2. Formation of state units 3. Lincoln’s reversal 4. The birth of the U.S. colored fighting man B. The Buffalo soldiers 1. Formation of the 9th and 10th Cavalry and 24th and 25th infantry 2. Birth of the Buffalo soldier 3. The almost death of the Buffalo soldier III. World War I A. Limited roles of black men B. Combat Units IV. World War II A. 320th Barrage Balloon Battalion B. 96th engineers C. 99th Fighter Squadron D. 332nd Fighter Group V. Conclusion The emergence of the African-American professional fighting man in America began with the Civil War. Through the years and the wars the African-American people have proven themselves time and time again, but racism and prejudices have kept the majority of these heroes from ever receiving the recognition that they deserve. At the start of the Civil War was when President Lincoln first called for the 75,000 volunteers to fight against the Confederate states, but the thousands of African-Americans were turned away. These men were told that white men would fight a “white man war” and that their services were not needed. One man even petitioned the Ohio Governor, David Tod, who rejected the idea and stated that “this was a white man government and that they were able to defend and protect it”. Even after a few Union defeats and heavy losses, Lincoln still refused to...
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...Revolutions 159 Revolutions 1688-1815 Chapter 15 W Louis XIV’s bedroom in Versailles. Each day officially began with a ceremony of getting him out of bed, his “rising,” and ended with a similar retiring ceremony at night. The small fence was to keep the onlookers at a safe distance, somewhat like a fence at a zoo. hen William and Mary ascended to the British throne in 1688 it was hailed as “the Glorious Revolution” for no blood had been shed and the British had a nation with greater political freedom than any other in Europe. Their ascent to the throne was quickly followed by a Declaration of Rights which guaranteed things like trial by jury and parliamentary representation to all British citizens. John Locke, the author and philosopher who supplied much of the intellectual foundation of the glorious resolution wrote in his Second Treatise on Government: “Man being born, as has been proved, with a title to perfect freedom, and an uncontrolled enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of nature, equally with any other man, or number of men in the world, hath by nature a power, not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and attempts of other men…” Locke further contended that the role of government is to preserve these rights and that the power of government is a result of the individual citizens collectively agreeing to be ruled. In July of 1776 Thomas Jefferson would modify Locke’s treatment of natural...
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...THE CAUSES AND EFFECT OF THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION The Haitian Revolution represents the most thorough case study of revolutionary change anywhere in the history of the modern world. In ten years of sustained internal and international warfare, a colony populated predominantly by plantation slaves overthrew both its colonial status and its economic system and established a new political state of entirely free individuals—with some ex-slaves constituting the new political authority. As only the second state to declare its independence in the Americas, Haiti had no viable administrative models to follow. The British North Americans who declared their independence in 1776 left slavery intact, and theirs was more a political revolution than a social and economic one. The success of Haiti against all odds made social revolutions a sensitive issue among the leaders of political revolt elsewhere in the Americas during the final years of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth century. Yet the genesis of the Haitian Revolution cannot be separated from the wider concomitant events of the later eighteenth-century Atlantic world. Indeed, the period between 1750 and 1850 represented an age of spontaneous, interrelated revolutions, and events in Saint Domingue/Haiti constitute an integral—though often overlooked—part of the history of that larger sphere. These multi-faceted revolutions combined to alter the way individuals and groups saw themselves and their place in...
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...1 CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL REPORT ON CANDIDATES’ WORK IN THE CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION MAY/JUNE 2007 HISTORY Copyright © 2007 Caribbean Examinations Council ® St Michael Barbados All rights reserved 2 HISTORY CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATIONS MAY/JUNE 2007 GENERAL COMMENTS The format of the Examination in CAPE History is similar for both Unit 1 and Unit 2. Paper 01 in each unit consisted of nine short-answer questions, three on each Module. The questions were intended to assess the range of content covered by the syllabus, and questions were set on each theme. Candidates were expected to answer all nine questions. This paper was worth 30 per cent of the candidates’ overall grade. Paper 02, on the other hand, emphasized depth of coverage. Three questions were set on each Module, one of which required candidates to analyse extracts from a set of documents related to one of the themes in the Module. The other two questions were extended essays. Both the document analysis and the essay questions required well-developed and clearly reasoned responses. Candidates were required to choose three questions, one from each Module. They were required to respond to one document analysis and two essay questions. This paper contributed 50 per cent to the candidates’ overall grade. Paper 03, was the internal assessment component. Candidates were required to complete a research paper on a topic of their choice from within the syllabus. This paper contributed...
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...Can Stringer stop Sony malfunctioning? Sony has ditched its chief executive and brought in the head of its American division to run the media and electronics conglomerate. But resolving the conflicting aims of its two main businesses may take more than a fresh face at the top IN HIS efforts to revive the flagging fortunes of Sony, Nobuyuki Idei was widely credited with embracing western business practices. On Monday March 7th the giant corporation’s boss found himself on the wrong end of a western business practice that is rarely encountered in Japan. He was nudged aside, along with his deputy, presumably for his inability to improve the fortunes of a firm that has failed to make the various prongs of its business pull successfully in the same direction. During Mr Idei’s five-year tenure as chairman and chief executive, Sony’s share price fell by around 60%. Mr Idei’s replacement is Sir Howard Stringer, the Welsh-born boss of Sony’s American operations. His appointment gives him a position in Japanese business unmatched by any other foreign national—indeed, some even speculate that it marks a turning-point for the Japanese boardroom. Sir Howard is likely to apply a far more powerful dose of American-style management to the ailing behemoth. But finding a way to align the competing concerns of the different parts of the Sony empire may prove beyond even the sharpest businessman. Sony is essentially a firm of two parts: electronic goods and media content. It was founded...
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...Th e T yranny of Gui lt • Pa s c a l B ru c k n e r Translated from the French by s t ev e n r e n da l l The tyranny of Guilt An Essay on Western Masochism • P r i n c e t o n u n i v e r si t y P r e s s Princeton and Oxford english translation copyright © 2010 by Princeton university Press First published as La tyrannie de la pénitence: essai sur le masochisme occidental by Pascal Bruckner, copyright © 2006 by Grasset & Fasquelle Published by Princeton university Press, 41 William street, Princeton, new Jersey 08540 in the united kingdom: Princeton university Press, 6 oxford street, Woodstock, oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu all rights reserved library of congress cataloging-in-Publication data Bruckner, Pascal. [tyrannie de la pénitence. english] The tyranny of guilt: an essay on Western masochism / Pascal Bruckner; translated from the French by steven rendall. p. cm. includes index. isBn 978-0-691-14376-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. civilization, Western— 20th century. 2. civilization, Western—21st century. 3. international relations—Moral and ethical aspects. 4. Western countries—Foreign relations. 5. Western countries—intellectual life. 6. Guilt 7. self-hate (Psychology) 8. World politics. i. title. CB245.B7613 2010 909’.09821--dc22 2009032666 British library cataloging-in-Publication data is available cet ouvrage, publié dans le cadre d’un programme d’aide à la publication, bénéficie du soutien du Ministère des affaires étrangères et du service...
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