...Chapter 1 Introduction Standard aircraft design processes have traditionally been divided in the following stages []: * Feasibility studies: design needs to satisfy prescribed performance requirements along with other geographical and cost constraints, * Conceptual design: design on paper or on computer, involves analysis tools covering performance evaluation in different maneuvers, * Preliminary design: laying of proper moulds for building airframes, * Prototype building: finally arriving at a scaled down prototype, * Wind tunnel testing: on the developed prototype for aerodynamics database generation, * Flight testing: * Stability and control augmentation * Certification: requires an airplane to satisfy certain handling and flying qualities requirements. This design process thus have nearly always left the stability and dynamics aspects to the end, where six degrees of freedom of motion are used to evaluate flying and handling qualities of aircraft. Finally, if these criteria do not match with the required satisfaction level of pilot or the industry standards, design of control systems are needed. To our knowledge (due to proprietary nature of the trade) and based on text book information, no analysis tools has been developed in the past for aircraft design which uses six degree of freedom equations of rigid aircraft motion right from the beginning. This is primarily due to the multi-objective iterative nature of the problems one needs to...
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...Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Physics Procedia 12 (2011) 364–368 LiM 2011 Laser Additive Manufacturing and Bionics: Redefining Lightweight Design C. Emmelmanna, P. Sanderb, J. Kranzc*, E. Wyciska Laser Zentrum Nord GmbH (LZN), Harburger Schlossstr. 6-12, 21079 Hamburg, Germany b Airbus Innovation Cell, Kreetslag 10, 21129 Hamburg c Institute of Laser and System Technologies (iLAS), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Denickestr. 17, 21073 Hamburg, Germany a Abstract New layer wise manufacturing technologies such as Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) allow innovative approaches to product design. Especially for lightweight design in aircraft applications LAM offers new possibilities for load-adapted structures. However, to fully capture lightweight potential of LAM technologies new design guidelines and processes have to be developed. A novel approach to extreme lightweight design is realized by incorporating structural optimization tools, bionic structures and LAM guidelines into one design process. By consequently following this design process designers can achieve lightweight savings in designing new aircraft structures. Keywords: Additive Layer Manufacturing; Laser Addative Manufacturing; Selective Laser Melting; light weight design; bionic design; structural optimization 1. Motivation In addition to already existing American competitors, a rising number of internationally acting companies from Far East and Russia lead to a steadily increasing...
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...Introduction The unfortunate tragedies involving the explosion of Ford Pinto's due to a design defect led to a main debate regarding the use of a cost-benefit analysis and the ethics revolving around the company’s decision to go further with the initial, defective prototype. Ethical Dilemma Ford was completely aware of the safety issues the prototype was facing, but solving the issue would cause great disadvantage for the company: production schedule had to be modified, resulting in delays to bring the new car on the market, and also production costs would increase. In this context an ethical dilemma raised, so two crucial issues were addressed: either go further with the production of Pinto regardless the defects and the danger to future customers, or delay the production and modify the original model to assure safety and reliability, regardless the higher costs? Ford’s decision was to continue the production of the defective design while basing it on a cost-benefit analysis. In this context another dilemma was created: should such an analysis be used in situations where defects could lead to death or cause tremendous harm, such as in the Ford Pinto situation? Utilitarianism Based on the information provided by Ford, the company assumed and decided that the most benefit would come from going ahead with the production of the initial design. Utilitarianism is defined as a normative, empirical philosophy that is based on the principle that “the right thing to...
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...Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sapp, Marty. Test Anxiety : applied research, assessment, and treatment interventions / Marty Sapp. —2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Test anxiety—Research—Statistical methods. 2. Social sciences—Statistical methods. I. Title. LB3060.6.S27 1999 371.26'01'9—dc21 99—22530 CIP ISBN 0-7618-1386-1 (cloth: alk. ppr.) fc/ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48—1984 To my students Preface to First Edition Preface to Second Edition This text is divided into three parts. Part I deals with applied research design and statistical methodology frequently occurring in test anxiety literature. Part II focuses on theories and methods of assessing test anxiety using standardized instruments. Part III extensively describes and provides treatment scripts for test anxiety. In addition to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in the social sciences, this text is designed to attract two audiences—the quantitatively oriented professors teaching...
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...Rodricks: [Email address] Bianca Rodricks: [Email address] Abstract Abstract CAse: Foy & Pirelli Motivated or Manipulated? CAse: Foy & Pirelli Motivated or Manipulated? Executive Summary The following report is a comparison and analysis of Foy and Pirelli’s old and new management. The case talks about an employee Ashley who was dissatisfied with her job as she was not even enough responsibility and thus, couldn’t work to her full potential. But after her new boss Mike took over there was a cultural revolution in the company. The issues related to the case are further analyzed using the concepts of Human Resource Management such as Job Design, Human Resource Planning, Job Characteristic Model, Job Analysis etc. The Job Design played a major role in Ashley’s new perception of the job. Jobs under the new management went through the process of Job Enrichment and a further comparison on how the jobs were affected under the new management. The comparison was made against the decision making. Responsibility and task related to the jobs in Foy and Pirelli. The second concept analyzed in the case was the job charactertics model to understand the motivators and demotivators of the old and new management. After a thorough analysis of the five core job dimensions, critical psychological stage and personal and work outcomes it can be said that in Ashleys new job, she was motivated to work to her full potential as compared to her old job. The third concept basically addressed...
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...stiffness and accuracy with a maintained flexibility and envelope. Generally, the criteria used to compare the performance of traditional serial robots and parallel robots are the workspace, the ratio between the payload and the robot mass, accuracy, and dynamic behavior. In addition to the reduced coupling effect between joints, parallel robots bring the benefits of much higher payload-robot mass ratios, superior accuracy and greater stiffness; qualities which lead to better dynamic performance. The main drawback with parallel robots is the relatively small workspace. 1.2 OUTLAY OF PROJECT REPORT Objective of our major project is to model, design and fabricate a 2-axis Parallel Kinematic Machine and to test the same for a Point to Point contour movement. Report has been divided into four main modules namely Modelling, Design, Fabrication and Testing of the PKM. Report starts with considerable amount of literature survey carried out to better define our...
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...model of relations between job design (eg: completeness, demand of responsibility, demand of cooperation, cognitive demand, and learning opportunities) and the reflexivity and learning process within natural group works in industry. The methodology used in this research are based on the detailed task analyses and questionnaires from 40 work groups at the shop-floor level in manufacturing industry in Sweden. From this research, it is found that in a group work, reflexivity and learning processes is strongly affected by job design and work routines. The four dimensions on job design which are completeness, demand of cooperation, cognitive demand and learning opportunities has positively related with reflexivity and learning process. Job design also correlates with social routines and social routines with work routines. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Sweden is a country where the group forms of working in industry is well established and has a strong tendency to emerge in order to reorganize into conventional line-production. The researchers before concluded that work in partly autonomous groups in industry leads to an increase in productivity but this does not convince managers that the investment in group-work is worthwhile. Learning in groups, and related effects such as innovation and work development requires group processes characterized by reflexivity and learning. 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURES 2.1 Effects of Group Work in Industry Job design, interdependence, group composition...
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...“Inferential Statistics, Hypothesis Testing” Marketing Research MAHFOUD SOUKAINA Supervised by: Dr. Kim Chung Friday, April 16th, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction: Marketing Research 4 1) Marketing Research 4 2) The Marketing Research process 4 II- Body 1: Litterature Review 6 1) Inferential Statistics 6 a) Dummy Variables 7 b) Experimental Analysis 7 2) Normal Distribution 8 Figure 1: A normal Distribution, bell-shaped curve 9 3) Skewness 9 4) The Kurtosis 9 5) Formula of Kurtosis and Skewness over their Standard error 10 6) Central Limit Theorem 10 7) T Test Hypothesis testing for one sample mean 11 a) State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis 11 b) Hypothesis of the Testing 11 c )Choosing the Level of Significance 12 d) Calculate the test statistic for One Sample Mean 13 8) Independent Samples t-Test 13 a) Stating the Null and Alternative Hypothesis 14 b) Assumptions of the Testing 14 c) Choosing the Level of Significance 15 d) Calculate the test statistic for independent samples 15 e) Interpreting the Results 16 9) Risks in Decision Making Using Hypothesis Testing 17 10) The β Risk 17 III- Body II: Application 1: One Sample Testing 18 1) The Research Topic 18 2) Decriptives for the Students Sample 18 a) Range, Mean, Standard Deviation 18 b) Variance, Skewness, Kurtosis 19 c) Histogram of the Student Sample 19 3) Hypothesis of the independent sample...
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...Introduction to Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a numerical method for solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics. Useful for problems with complicated geometries, loadings, and material properties where analytical solutions can not be obtained. The Purpose of FEA Analytical Solution • • Stress analysis for trusses, beams, and other simple structures are carried out based on dramatic simplification and idealization: – mass concentrated at the center of gravity – beam simplified as a line segment (same cross-section) Design is based on the calculation results of the idealized structure & a large safety factor (1.5-3) given by experience. FEA • Design geometry is a lot more complex; and the accuracy requirement is a lot higher. We need – To understand the physical behaviors of a complex object (strength, heat transfer capability, fluid flow, etc.) – To predict the performance and behavior of the design; to calculate the safety margin; and to identify the weakness of the design accurately; and – To identify the optimal design with confidence Brief History Grew out of aerospace industry Post-WW II jets, missiles, space flight Need for light weight structures Required accurate stress analysis Paralleled growth of computers Common FEA Applications Mechanical/Aerospace/Civil/Automotive ...
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...FUNdaMENTALS of Design Alexander H. Slocum Pappalardo Professor of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA slocum@mit.edu ™ FUNdaMENTALS of Design Pappalardo Series in Mechanical Engineering This book was made possible by a generous gift from Neil and Jane Pappalardo Support for this book was also provided by the Cambridge-MIT Institute, and iCampus the Microsoft-MIT Alliance ©2007 Alexander H. Slocum ABOUT This Book A college student challenged a senior citizen, saying it was impossible for their generation to understand his. "You grew up in a different world," the student said. "Today we have television, jet planes, space travel, nuclear energy, computers..." Taking advantage of a pause in the student's litany, the geezer said, "You're right. We didn't have those things when we were young; so we invented them! What are you doing for the next generation?"1 This book is about helping people to learn how to create their own future! It does this by taking advantage of the fact that the reader’s LEFT brain sees the LEFT side (FUN) of the book. The RIGHT brain sees the (MENTAL) side of the book. Its simply FUNdaMENTAL! This in itself is a key feature of this book: It seeks to train the brain to think by many a link. Creating things is NOT done by following a monotonous recipe... The ability to create can be learned by anyone who has a yearn to learn! But the eye must be quick to sort and pick! Embedded inside, many...
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...Case Analysis on “ Making Progress at IDEO “ BY Group – 8 (Mr. Anil Kumar – MP13009 & Mr. Vishav Sharma – MP13070) Core Situation Analysis The case is essentially about the company IDEO, which works with many clients with the concept of design thinking, they mainly take projects from the customer and work on these project with targets and millstone. There work is of innovation but against common perception they work very systematically with tough targets. There project with the most of the companies runs for few days to few week and then team moves to new project. All the projects go through following three activity sets 1. Inspiration : Understand the problem from various sources and what kind of solution customer want and what is feasible solution by interacting with all possible stakeholders with project 2. Ideation: Concept generation, brainstorming, prototyping. Refinement towards single design on the basis of feasibility and economic analysis 3. Implementation: Final design testing with user, clients and do the necessary changes as per the user requirement. This model was quite successful with in IDEO, but one of regular client of IDEO Con Agra Foods felt that they need to work with IDEO on different model i.e. longer periods of engagement with fixed teams from IDEO who exclusively work on projects from Con Agra Foods. IDEO and Con Agra Foods agreed to the longer term concept of team and one dedicated team of IDEO designers have been deployed with...
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...Case Analysis– Levendary Café: The China Challenge Statement of the Problem Mia Foster, the new CEO of Levendary Café, found that there is a disintegrated strategy between the American HQ and the Chinese subsidiaries. Further more, the huge resistance of Chen to comply with the specific plans and reporting processes required by Foster has greatly increased the tension and frustration between them. Key Problems and Issues * The expansion to China is moving far from Levendary’s well-defined concepts of store design and menu. This might have a great impact on Levendary as a whole as the long established brand image of Levendary is not maintained in the Chinese market. * Misalignment between the objective of the company in the U.S. and Levendary Café China’s operation style * The U.S. market emphasizes on the customer experience – provides place to sit and eat * The China market has a fast food establishment – e.g. take out counters and use of cheap furniture or no furniture at all (Quick casual dining) * Chen has a high reluctance to conform with the company’s planning and reporting processes * Lack of communication between the U.S. headquarter and the China market Secondary Issues * Different financial reporting processes in China and the U.S (not U.S. GAAP) * Is Chen really the best candidate for the role he serves or should he be replaced? Root Cause Analysis Symptoms: Most Levendary Café stores in China have different designs...
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...Design of Body Slip Angle Observer Based on Nonlinear Tire Model for Electric Vehicle Stabilization Control with In-Wheel Motors Geng Cong, Hori Yoichi (The University of Tokyo) Abstract: Body slip angle is important for electric vehicle stabilization control with in-wheel-motors. However，as sensors to measure body slip angle are very expensive, it needs to estimate β from variables measurable. The most difficult forβestimation is that the strong non-linear characteristics of vehicle, especially non-linear characteristics of tire force makes vehicle model parameters change greatly as vehicle running in nonlinear conditions. This paper proposes an observer based on nonlinear tire model which can describe the tire lateral force in its nonlinear region. Simulation and experimental analysis demonstrate the observer’s effectiveness, especially when the vehicle running in nonlinear cornering regions. Key words: electric vehicle, vehicle stabilization control, body slip angle, nonlinear observer, nonlinear tire model 1. Introduction In recent years, considering environmental protection and energy conservation, electric vehicles (EVs) are intensively developed. Due to the improvement of motor design and control technology, modern configurations are developed for EV. One of the latest configurations is motor-in-wheels, which means motors can be fitted into all the driving wheels of EV independently. For vehicle chassis control, such configuration brings much more advantages...
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...Response Paper H. J. McCloskey, a renowned philosopher in the mid 20th century, wrote a provocative article in 1968 titled, “On Being an Atheist”. McCloskey argues for atheism as the preferred and better belief system based upon his refutation of the theistic arguments. He argues against the existence of God by attempting to refute the cosmological and teleological arguments; as well he endeavours to discredit a God based upon the presence of evil. In doing this, he extends the boundaries for arguing God, whilst opening the floor to debate free will and the apparent comfort of the atheistic belief system. However, through careful analysis of the arguments for God, and an insight into the mysterious free will that God has given man; we see that a theistic belief is logically more sound and preferred. McCloskey says that the proofs for the argument of God cannot definitively establish a case for the existence of God. Therefore, all those proofs for God cannot be used in the logical argument for a God. However, McCloskey didn’t recognize the three aspects when approaching the question: does God exist. Through these three studies, we are shown that though no one person can empirically prove the existence of God, He in fact still exists (Foreman, Lesson 18). The three aspects to approaching the question of God are: best explanations approach, cumulative case approach, and the minimalistic concept of God. The best explanations aspect refers to the existence of God as the best way...
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...CHI-SQUARE TEST - ANALYSIS OF CONTINGENCY TABLES David C. Howell University of Vermont The term ”chi-square” refers both to a statistical distribution and to a hypothesis testing procedure that produces a statistic that is approximately distributed as the chi-square distribution. In this entry the term is used in its second sense. PEARSON’S CHI-SQUARE The original chi-square test, often known as Pearson’s chi-square, dates from papers by Karl Pearson in the earlier 1900s. The test serves both as a ”goodnessof-fit” test, where the data are categorized along one dimension, and as a test for the more common ”contingency table”, in which categorization is across two or more dimensions. Voinov and Nikulin, this volume, discuss the controversy over the correct form for the goodness of fit test. This entry will focus on the lack of agreement about tests on contingency tables. In 2000 the Vermont State legislature approved a bill authorizing civil unions. The vote can be broken down by gender to produce the following table, with the expected frequencies given in parentheses. The expected frequencies are computed as Ri × Cj /N, where Ri and Cj represent row and column marginal totals and N is the grand total. Vote Women Men Total Yes 35 (28.83) 60 (66.17) 95 No 9 (15.17) 41 (34.83) 50 Total 44 101 145 The standard Pearson chi-square statistic is defined as χ2 = (Oij − Eij )2 (35 − 28.83)2 (41 − 34.83)2 = + ··· + = 5.50 Eij 28.83 34.83 where i and j index the rows and columns of...
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