...Freedom of Religion or Belief - how the FCO can help promote respect for this human right “The UK condemns all instances where individuals are persecuted because of their faith or belief, wherever this happens and whatever the religion of the individual or group concerned.”1 SUMMARY Freedom of religion or belief is a human right whose enjoyment is important to achieving the UK’s strategic priorities, particularly as regards conflict prevention and resolution. It is a sensitive issue in many countries. These guidelines, elaborated with the help of specialist stakeholders, aim to provide a simple introduction to the issues for FCO posts and desks, an analytical matrix to identify problems, some general responses to frequently raised issues, and other resources for those who wish to go deeper into the subject. 1 FCO Human Rights Annual Report 2007, p. 106 1 CONTENTS What is freedom of religion or belief? Paras 2-9 Why is freedom of religion or belief important to the UK? Paras 10-11 What is needed to achieve freedom of religion? Para 12 Vulnerable groups and freedom of religion Para 13 Children and freedom of religion Para 14 Freedom of religion and freedom of expression Paras 15-19 Restrictions on freedom of religion Paras 20 – 25 What problems are Posts most likely to encounter? Paras 26 – 32 How can Posts help to promote freedom of religion? Paras 33 – 38 Regional mechanisms Para 39 Some basic...
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...Has the UN General Assembly Declaration of Human Rights, made on the 10th December 1948, stood the test of time? A short essay focusing on freedom of religion. Introduction “Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18, http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml, accessed 14th March 2014) This essay will show that the rights protected in Article 18 - as with many other Articles of the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) are protected to varying degrees – to not at all, depending on where you live, the level of democracy in your society, culture and lastly; external factors that dominate ordinary democratic processes and because of the forces applied by the geopolitical and economic forces of the day. The essay will show this by illustrating often controversial and disputed examples of violation on religious freedom in France, Saudi Arabia and Burma (Maynamar) and testing the principles of UDHR on those cases whilst also considering the socio-economic and political drivers. Simply defining human rights and its elements can be complex. This is shown in the minor disagreement between the drafters of the UDHR as described later below. This essay will also use the...
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...enacting statutes that prohibit discrimination in employment) 4. Maintaining the status quo (e.g., passing laws preventing the forceful overthrow of the government) 5. Facilitating orderly change (e.g., passing statutes only after considerable study, debate, and public input) 6. Providing a basis for compromise (approximately 90 percent of all lawsuits are settled prior to trial) 7. Facilitating planning (e.g., well-designed commercial laws allow businesses to plan their activities, allocate their resources, and assess their risks) 8. Maximizing individual freedom (e.g., the rights of freedom of speech, religion, and association granted by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution) What is Law? Definition A body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having binding legal force. That which must be obeyed and followed by citizens subject to sanctions or legal consequences is a law. Qualities of Good Law What qualities make for good law? Fairness Flexibility As time changes, our values and our thought of fairness changes so the law has to flexible enough to change with society Brown v. Board of Education (1954) U.S. Supreme Court Brown V. Board of Education (1954) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) U.S. Supreme Court Separate but Equal $ Caucasian Students $...
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...download HIS 301 Week 4 Quiz 2. If a broadcast journalist reports false information about a non-public figure, thereby resulting in damages to a victim, what would this illustrate? • libel • slander • reporter’s privilege • shield law 3. Between 1963 and 1990, which standard of review was used by the Court to evaluate free exercise claims? • neutrality test • Lemon test • rational basis test • strict scrutiny Want to check out the complete Assignment..?? Visit HIS 301 Week 3 Quiz 4. Which case (majority opinion) adopted the “bad tendency” test as a means for resolving disputes involving the freedom of speech? • Virginia v. Hicks • Schenck v. United States • Brandenburg v. Ohio • Gitlow v. New York 5. If a professor at a public school imposes a policy barring students from wearing all types of hats in the classroom, this would most appropriately be labeled as a _________? • ban on protected speech • neutral law that may impact students’ expression • content-based limitation on political speech • regulation of protected speech Want to see the complete Quiz..?? Click HIS 301 Week 4 Quiz 6. Each of the following is a standard under the Lemon test EXCEPT: • law must give equal access to all religions • law must have a secular purpose • law must not foster an excessive entanglement • law’s primary effect must neither advance nor inhibit religion 7. Which Supreme Court Justice has made it known he would like to...
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...AN EXAMINATION OF FREEDOM OF RELIGION PROVISIONS IN PUBLIC BODIES IN NEW ZEALAND, CANADA, AND THE UNITED STATES by ELIZABETH G. FOX 28 August 2009 1 I INTRODUCTION New Zealand does not have a state religion in the way that other countries do.1 The Church of England, for example, has its doctrine and prayer book ratified by Parliament and has the Queen as supreme authority over both ecclesiastical and civil matters.2 However, the central legislators of this country listen to the Speaker of the House open each Parliamentary session with the following prayer.3 Almighty God, humbly acknowledging our need for Thy guidance in all things, and laying aside all private and personal interests, we beseech Thee to grant that we may conduct the affairs of this House and of our country to the glory of Thy holy name, the maintenance of true religion and justice, the honour of the Queen, and the public welfare, peace, and tranquillity of New Zealand, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Is this appropriate in a country that professes no state church and the tolerance of all religions equally?4 Religious content has historically infiltrated governing and administrative bodies. However, with the cultural disestablishment of Christianity and the emergence of toleration for all faiths, there continues to be the presence and preference of a small set of religions by the State. The degree to which religion interacts with the State varies with different public bodies. One reaction...
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...change its views, it will take a savvy, experienced investor with a team of managers willing to take on the task of creating a successful partnership with a country whose past has been riveted with corruption and a caste system that tends to hold its citizens back from improvement. A Multi National Corporation (MNC), with the right resources, will be able to benefit from the positive attributes of the developing country while at the same time contributing to the reduction of poverty and improved lifestyle of local citizens. Q#1. What are the major elements and dimensions of culture in this region? Communication The dimensions of culture can be summed up in a few points: communication, religion, ethics, values and attitudes, manners, customs, social structures and organizations, and education. Beginning with communication is perhaps the most important aspect of culture for a business manager to address. In Cross Border Commerce, author Brian Satterlee quotes John Penrose, Robert Rasberry and Robert Myers as saying: In international business, people of different cultures have difficulty communicating effectively without some caring and appreciation of each other’s points of view, values, and goals. If individuals do not attempt to develop this awareness, stereotyping of people, information, and behavior takes place. This eventually can lead to...
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...First Year LLM Degree Program Syllabus Semester I Paper - I Legal Theory - I Paper - II Constitutional Law - I Paper - III Research Methodology Semester II Paper - I Legal Theory - II Paper - II Constitutional Law - II Paper - III Law and Social Change ~YllabUS for tbe LL.M. Programme Note: The topic title of the syllabus is merely indicative. In order to keep up with the recent developments in law and the development of various concepts and ideologies, the subject faculty will supply detailed syllabus during the course of the scheme. The subject faculty will also supply the seminar topics for each student for each semester separately. The student should ensure that they are allotted the seminar topics in each of the subjects at the beginning of the semester itself. LEGAL THEORY I 1. Nature of jurisprudence 2. Meaning of Law 3. Natural Law theories 4. Classical Positivism 5. Pure Theory of Law 6. Analytical School of Law 7. Sociological School of Law 8. American Realism 9. Scandinavian Realism 10. Historical and Anthropological Jurisprudence 11. Marxist Theories of Law and State 12. Feminist Jurisprudence 13. Postmodernist Jurisprudence 12 SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Lloyd's introduction to jurisprudence 2. Jurisprudence by Dias 3. Jurisprudence by Mahajan 4. Jurisprudence by Bodenheimer 5. Jurisprudence by Wayne Morrison 6. Concept of Law H.L.A. Hart 7. Social Dimension of law by Julius Stone 8. Law in the Changing Society by Friedman 9. Law...
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...reserved for the states Federal legislation that affects business must be based on an expressed unconditional grant of authority The Constitution also allocates power of the federal government among three branches of government First three articles of the Constitution establish the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; they’re independent branches of the federal government Constitution ensures that each branch maintains a separate sphere of power to prevent any one of them from obtaining undue power and monopolizing government control Constitution also establishes a system of checks and balances Each branch’s powers keep the other branches from dominating the government Constitution does not explicitly allow courts to review legislative and executive actions to determine whether they are constitutional, but early common law established a process called judicial law Judicial law is the power of a court to review legislative and executive actions, such as a law or an official act of a government employee or agent, to determine whether they are constitutional Established in 1803 U.S. Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison Also allows courts to review constitutionality of lower courts’ decisions Supremacy clause, located in Article VI of Constitution, provides that the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the U.S. constitute the supreme law of the land...
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...issue reached the spotlight, the more conservative members of the Republican party religious right" delivered speeches calling for the nation to return to instilling "traditional values" in our children. One of the reforms that they called for was the legalization of a daily prayer in our public school system. They claimed that this would be a key first step in reinstituting the essential family values in our children. They called for a change in our laws which have forbidden prayer in schools. These laws have been upheld because courts have asserted that they violate the separation of church and state that is assured in our Constitution. Following this call for a new religious crusade many articles and editorials appeared calling for new legislation which would allow prayer in public schools. Polls were released which indicated that a large percentage of Americans favored new legislation on this subject, and more than one half of those surveyed claimed that they would be more likely to vote for a candidate in a national election who supported prayer in public schools. One has to question the intensity of this support because Bill Clinton (not a supporter of bringing religion into public schools) defeated George Bush (a supporter of school prayer) in the 1992 presidential election. Those who voiced their support for school prayer felt that it would strengthen the moral values of young children as they went through school. Those who want a change in the system claim that...
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...Management, taught by Professor Sajaad Naseer ABSTRACT The collapse of the soviet empire is often heralded in the West as a triumph of capitalism and democracy, as though this event was a direct result of the policies of the Reagan and Thatcher governments. This analysis has little relation to measurable facts, circumstances and internal political dynamics that were the real historical causes of the deterioration of the Soviet empire. The key to understanding the reasons for the demise of the Soviet Union and communism in Eastern Europe is to be found not in the speeches or policies of Western politicians, but in internal Soviet history. Through our report we have attempted to discern the various complex factors that came together and led to the unraveling of the Soviet Union and the end of communism in Europe. This report contains an analysis of how social, political and economic factors culminated in the sudden and unprecedented collapse of the Soviet Union at the perceived height of its power. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to thank … Contents ABSTRACT 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 3 INTRODUCTION 5 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 ROLE OF PUBLIC OPINION IN COMMUNISMS COLLAPSE 11 ROLE OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN COMMUNISMS COLLAPSE 14 ROLE OF ECONOMIC FACTORS IN COMMUNISMS COLLAPSE 16 ROLE OF U.S FOREIGN POLICY IN COMMUNISMS COLLAPSE 19 CONCLUSION 22 REFERNCES 24 INTRODUCTION The Soviet...
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...Prayer in Public Schools Derrick DuHart Race, Religion, Culture Arkansas Baptist College Dr. Johnson, Instructor November 4, 2014 Tables of Contents I. Introduction Background/Statement of Problems pg. 3-4 Purpose of the Study pg. 5-12 Research Questions pg. 13 Significance of the Study pg. 14-19 II. Literature Review Methodology and Sampling Design Strategy pg. 20 Data Collection Procedures pg. 20 Data Analyzed pg. 21 Ethical Issues pg. 21 III. Results Conclusion pg. 21-22 References pg. 23 Appendix: I. Annotated Bibliography pg. 24-26 II. Survey Questions pg. 27 III. Results (Charted/Tables) pg. 28-31 Notes: I. Introduction Background/Statement of Problem Prayer in Public Schools The courts have ruled against prayer in school. Many agree with the decision; yet many disagree. Prayer should be allowed in public schools because it is already practiced. It prevents...
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...UNIVERSITY OF SUNDERLAND ASSESSMENT COVER SHEET / FEEDBACK FORM BA (HONS) BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Student ID: Module Name: Center / College: Assessment Title: Learning Outcomes Assessed: Learning Outcomes Assessed: Feedback relating learning outcomes assessed and assessment criteria given to students: Mark: Student Name: Module Code: Due Date: Hand in Date: Areas for Commendation: Areas for Improvement: General Comments: Assessors Signature: Overall Mark (subject to ratification by the assessment board) Moderators Signature: Students Signature: (you must sign this declaring that it is all your own work and all sources of information have been referenced) University of Sunderland REPORT S I M3 3 7 Contemporary Developments in Business and Management Name: Student number: Hand-In-Date: Eugen Nagel 089 111011 08 January 2010 Abstract This is a management report of 3,500 to 4,000 words on the organisation TUI Aktiengesellschaft (AG = PLC), situated in Germany, which operates globally. This report should assesses the impact of external and internal factors on the organisation and evaluate the organisation responses. (In the case of a large organisation or industry-sector it is permissible to confine your report to part of the organisation or industry-sector.) The report consists of two tasks: The first task is to describe and analyse the primary internal and external influences to which the organisation TUI (Touristik Union International)...
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...UNIT ONE INTRODUCTION TO CIVIC AND ETHICAL EDUCATION 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MEANINGS OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL EDUCATION The Notion of Civics The subject field of civics originates from the nature of human being itself i.e. from the natural behavior and level of interaction of human beings it self. One basic nature of human beings related with this statement is the fact that “man is a social animal” whose life is closely related to each other. Almost all instincts, demands and progresses of human beings are fulfilled in society. The superiority that human beings try to achieve over nature and other living things is the result of the social bond among human beings. If such bond is a requirement for the survival of human beings, then what should be the pattern of social interaction that exist among human beings is closely related with the subject matter of civics. In this regard civics is considered as a subject field which is mainly concerned with teaching citizens as to how they can live harmonious and peaceful life with other citizens and as to how they can resolve conflicts peacefully among them selves. The other basic nature of human being is the political view of philosophy by Plato that, “Man is a political animal”, which means no human being can escape from the deeds of politics and its dayto-day life is either directly or indirectly affected by it. For this reason human beings have to know the workings of politics, institutions that affect their day to day life, norms, principles...
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...Deborah Hastings SEC 501 February 24, 2016 Mr. M Analyzing Changes in Education We’ve come a long way, baby! Over the past 100 years of public education in the great state of Alabama, changes in education have been literally fought for by blood, sweat and tears. However, with the desegregation issues from 1964 closed for the past 50 years, state legislatures still find plenty of arguments concerning public education reforms. Most of these arguments, though, are essentially concerns about federal control over state. Thanks to several federal acts, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965 the students of Alabama schools are all getting a better education. Just by these two acts, eyes have been opened. A common interest of community stakeholders demands a higher standard of education for all students. These acts lead to major changes in Alabama schools such as anti-discrimination in schools, Common Core Standards and actually teaching evolution and climate change in Science classes! Anti-Discrimination in Schools If anybody knows anything about the Civil Rights Act of 1964, they should know that the state of Alabama fought hard to keep schools segregated. Even after the 1954 Supreme Court’s ruling of Brown v. Board Education of Topeka that was supposed to end school segregation, Alabama continued for the next ten years to keep schools segregated (Hall, J. para.8) The African-Americans fought hard for integration into...
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...Most people generally accept that as a country, America was founded on religions principals. Many of the writings of the founding fathers, including our own Declaration of Independence, include religious doctrine as not only the partial justification for our separation from mother England but also as a part of the vision of how our new nation would be successful. Over time, our society and culture have changed so that today, even though people claim to be religious, religion is certainly not as main stream in our culture as it once was. By better understanding our society in colonial America, how the denominational makeup of churchgoers has changed, how our legal system has both protected and not protected religion’s presence in our daily lives, the influence of different organizations and social movements on religious practices and perceptions, the change in how Christians are perceived and finally the changes in the message that the church is preaching the reader will be able to understand not only how America has changed but also how contemporary Christian leaders and organizations are trying to remain relevant and consistent with God’s word. Colonial America & Our Founding Fathers From the settling of our nation to the Revolutionary War, religion was much more a part of mainstream society. The pervasive nature of religion had an impact on those who led the fight for our freedom. The period of history leading up to the Revolutionary War is commonly referred to as the...
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