Free Essay

French : Impossible to Objectively Judge

In:

Submitted By theGaame
Words 898
Pages 4
A] Montaigne, la colonisation et la difficulté de juger

« Chacun appelle barbarie ce qui n'est pas de son usage » affirme Montaigne dans Les Essais. Naturellement l'Homme aura tendance à considerer sa culture comme "plus valable" que celle étrangère. Ce que l'on peut apparenter à de l'orgueil car en considerant qu'une culture nous sois imposé par une époque ou par la famille (education, milieu social ..), l'individu appartenant à cette culture la considère alors comme superieure. Si cette culture est "choisie" par nous même alors nous sommes convaincu de sa superiorité. Nous pouvons donc dire qu'il est complexe de juger de la valeur d'une culture alors qu'il est déjà très difficile de juger sa propre culture. Ce jugement est important car si l'individu arrive a prendre du recul vis a vis de sa culture et son rapport à cette derniere alors il peux comprendre celle des autres .

Le premier exemple qui vient à l'esprit est la colonisation des XVIème et XIXème siècles qui sont une preuve de la difficulté des hommes à juger la "culture des autres". La colonisation à comme principe de base que la culture colonisante à une valeur plus noble que la culture colonisée : "Je répète qu'il y a pour les races supérieures un droit, parce qu'il y a un devoir pour elles. Elles ont le devoir de civiliser les races inférieures» affirmait Jules Ferry au XIXème siècle. Suivirent ensuite grâce à cette certitude le génocide indien au XVIème siècle puis l'Apartheid en Afrique du Sud. Cette superiorité culturelle est basée sur des critères materiels comme l'argent ou les armes . La Bande déssinée de Hergé : Tintin au Congo illustre la colonisation qui était la solution idéale pour s'en sortir .

Avec ces premiers exemples nous avons déjà montré la difficulté d'échapper à sa culture et de prendre le recul suffisant pour juger objectivement.

B] Impossible de juger avec une objectivité totale :

Il est impossible de juger avec une objectivité totale .Un jugement est une opinon que l'on donne . Or l'opinion croit penser , et le plus souvent ne fait que véhiculé les tendances et les pensées du milieu dans lequel nous vivons. Donc notre jugement est subjectif. De plus il peut être basé sur l'interprétation des faits qui eux même sont le plus souvent subjectifs dès qu'ils sont rapportés . Prenons comme exemple Montaigne qui dans ses Essais parle du cannibalisme des indiens brésiliens et nous montre que nous sommes aussi des barbares dans le l'acte de nous débarasser des ennemis de la société.

Techniquement l'action de juger n'est pas neutre si on la définit par l'action de juger , c'est à dire de donner un avis.

C] Les sociétés sous développées

On parle de société sous-développée ou en voie de développement comme des sociétés Moyen-Âgeuses car elles sont moins développées que nous sur le plan industriel et sur le plan de la modernité. Les notions de la modernité et de progrès devrait ainsi permettre de juger objectivement de la valeur d'une culture.
Ex : Levi-Strauss, anthropologue agrégé de philosophie, peut aller étudier les Bororos puisqu’il bénéficie de la technologie de son pays (avion, appareil photo, écriture) alors que les Bororos ne peuvent pas aller étudier les Français.
Mais Rousseau affirme que le progrès n’est pas universel car il déprave l’homme qui était libre, bon, sain et heureux et qui devient esclave, mauvais, chétif et malheureux.
C'est également ce que critique Lévi-Strauss. Il voit dans cet évolutionnisme un effet de l'ethnocentrisme . Selon lui, une culture a d'autant plus de valeur qu'elle parvient à faire vivre les autres en elles.
De même une société basé sur un développement autre que la société actuel (individualisme) peut juger severement le capitalisme de notre société.
« Si le critère retenu avait été le degré d’aptitude à triompher des milieux géographiques les plus hostiles, il n’y a guère de doute que les Eskimos d’une part, les Bédouins de l’autre, emporteraient la palme. » écrit Claude Lévi Strauss.

L'argument qui parait le plus logique car des différences de développement entre les cultures peuvent les différenciées , n'est finalement absolument pas un critère universel et il semble donc très difficile de trouver ce dernier.

D] Exemple d'Avatar

Donc notre jugement ne peut être que subjectif, c'est-à-dire ancré dans une perspective, celle de notre culture. Nous pouvons prendre l'exemple le dernier film de James Cameron, Avatar qui pose pour question : Comment interagirions nous en tant qu'être humain avec des cultures que nous ne comprenons pas ? d'autres religions ? d'autres idéologies ?
C'est une des thématiques qui est au coeur du film : c'est son message . Les na'vis le peuple du film ont une expression quand ils sont d'accord ,ils se disent "je te vois" sous entendu je vois ce que tu penses , je te vois simplement là où tu es . Le réalisateur cherche à nous montrer une culture à travers les yeux d'un peuple . Et nous voyons à quel point l'homme a du mal à avoir un avis objectif : il prêt à écraser une autre culture pour obtenir ce qu'il veux juste parce qu'il est superieur à ces étrangers (Les humains se battent avec des armes à feu alors que les Na'vis ont des arcs et des flèches et ne possèdent pas de materiel militaire)

Cet exemple nous montre que l'homme est finalement toujours poussé par ce qui l'attire surtout si c'est pour sentir superieur aux autres et montrer sa force. C'est en quelque sorte un désir de domination.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Introduction to the Law

...Legal Profession Dispute Settlement Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Business and the Constitution Crimes Intentional Torts Negligence and Strict Liability Licensing and Intellectual Property 1 Chapter 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Law, Legal Reasoning, and the Legal Profession LO Learning Objectives After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the basic functions of law. List the various sources of law. Analyze a case using the four steps in the process of legal interpretation. Make a legal decision by applying the three-step, stare decisis process. Explain how law is able to change despite of stare decisis. Read a judicial decision and identify which school of legal jurisprudence the judge has followed. Explain when the attorney–client privilege and work product privilege arise and when they are lost. Jennifer regularly smoked marijuana and crack cocaine throughout the duration of her pregnancy. While she was in labor, she used rock cocaine. After the child was born with an addiction to cocaine, Jennifer was charged with violating a state law that provided: “It is unlawful . . . to deliver any controlled substance to a person under the age of 18 years.” The state asserted that Jennifer “delivered” cocaine to her child via blood flowing through the child’s umbilical cord in the 60- to 90-second period after the baby was expelled from her birth canal but before the cord was severed (Johnson v. Florida, 602 So.2d 1288 (Sup...

Words: 13402 - Pages: 54

Premium Essay

International Contracts Between Common Law and Civil Law: Is Non-State Law to Be Preferred? the Difficulty of Interpreting Legal Standards Such as Good Faith

...Global Jurist Advances Volume 7, Issue 1 2007 Article 3 International Contracts between Common Law and Civil Law: Is Non-state Law to Be Preferred? The Difficulty of Interpreting Legal Standards Such as Good Faith Giuditta Cordero Moss∗ ∗ University of Oslo, g.c.moss@jus.uio.no Recommended Citation Giuditta Cordero Moss (2007) “International Contracts between Common Law and Civil Law: Is Non-state Law to Be Preferred? The Difficulty of Interpreting Legal Standards Such as Good Faith,” Global Jurist: Vol. 7: Iss. 1 (Advances), Article 3. Available at: http://www.bepress.com/gj/vol7/iss1/art3 Copyright c 2007 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. International Contracts between Common Law and Civil Law: Is Non-state Law to Be Preferred? The Difficulty of Interpreting Legal Standards Such as Good Faith∗ Giuditta Cordero Moss Abstract Most commercial contracts are nowadays written on the basis of English or American contract models, irrespective of whether the legal relationship that the contracts regulate is governed by a law belonging to a Common Law system or not. These contract models are drafted on the basis of the requirements and structure of the respective Common Law system in which they were originally meant to operate. These models may therefore be in part ineffective or parts thereof may redundant, if the governing law belongs to a Civilian system. To overcome this tension between Common and Civil Law, it is sometimes...

Words: 18580 - Pages: 75

Premium Essay

Biasness in Scientific Knowledge

...rationality By Pervaiz Hoodbhoy 10 Conclusion 13 References 14 Biasness In Scientific Knowledge Introduction: Biasness in scientific knowledge is the topic of hot discussion. if we can find out the extent up to which scientific knowledge is biased then we can find out the reliability of scientific knowledge. The biasness in it tells us the authenticity of scientific knowledge and clears out the fact that whether a scientific theory or law or any other scientific paper is actually the facts which science claims itself to consist of or they are just some scientists opinion aimed , not to clear and find out facts, but to publish and transfer his own thoughts in to the society. Some Major Terms: 1-What is Science - * Origin from Old French, from Latin scientia, from scire 'know'. [1] * According to Oxford Dictionary word science means "The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment...". [2] * According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, "the state of knowing : knowledge as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding".[3] 2-Who is a Scientist- * According to Oxford Dictionary, "a person who is studying or has expert knowledge of one or more of the natural or physical...

Words: 6232 - Pages: 25

Premium Essay

Music Appreciation - Classical Period

...Classical Period (1750-1825) Listening Bridge Both of these excerpts are from CONCERTOS. Listen and compare, using the following questions as guides: • What is the solo instrument in each piece? • How would you describe the orchestra that accompanies the soloist in each example? • In which piece does the orchestra and soloist play the same “theme”? • In which piece does the accompaniment part include many repeated tones? • In which piece are there more sudden and extreme changes in dynamics? • Which one has a basso continuo? • Which one features a more “singable” melody? • What purpose do you think each piece was intended to serve? |[pic]Four Seasons: Winter |[pic]Piano Concerto No. 21 C major | |[pic] |[pic] | |Antonio Vivaldi |Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | | | | |Born: 1678 |Born: 1756 | |Died: 1741 |Died: 1791 | |Period: Baroque |Period:...

Words: 8889 - Pages: 36

Premium Essay

Law Review

...CREED CASE LAW REVIEW May 2012 INTRODUCTION When the Ontario Human Rights Code became law in 1962, creed was one of the original grounds of discrimination. This was likely to deal with the fact that at the time, there was significant overt discrimination against religious minorities. Over time, Canada’s legal and societal approach to creed rights has evolved significantly. However, it continues to be one of, if not the, most complex and controversial area of rights law. Perhaps more than any other ground in human rights codes, creed rights tend to give rise to strong opinions, even among those who may not otherwise have much to say about human rights. Everything from what is creed (and what beliefs and practices are protected under the ground of creed), how creed claims are proven, how creed must be accommodated and what to do where creed bumps up against other rights have led to judicial interpretation and public debate. In Quebec, the provincial government appointed a Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences 1 in response to public discontent concerning accommodation of, among other things, creed rights. This may be in part because creed is unique in some respects. It encompasses not just innate personal characteristics but also covers associated practices and beliefs. Rights in relation to religion have been recognized as not just equality rights, but also among the “fundamental freedoms” of every Canadian as listed in s. 2 of the Canadian Charter...

Words: 29833 - Pages: 120

Premium Essay

Constitutions

...Constitution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Constitution (disambiguation). A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.[1] These rules together make up, i.e.constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a writtenconstitution; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a codified constitution. Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights. An example is the constitution of the United States of America. George Washington at Constitutional Conventionof 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,[2] containing 444 articles in 22 parts,[3][4] 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 117...

Words: 16003 - Pages: 65

Free Essay

Living a Life

...Global Antitrust Review 2014 163 The Assessment of Selective Distribution Systems Post-Pierre Fabre CRISTIANA DE FAVERI This article develops an analysis of selective distribution systems, which considers their main characteristics, the traditional principles governing their discipline and the recent evolution of the jurisprudence of the European Courts. In the Pierre Fabre case, the Court seems to have changed its approach to the subject, as, analysing a ‘de facto’ ban on online sales, it passed from the traditional ‘effects’ analysis of these systems to their qualification as restrictions ‘by object unless objectively justified’. The legal result is unaltered as the usual criteria of competition analysis are still adopted, but new perspectives could have been potentially opened in their interpretation. Furthermore, the article also takes into account the Court’s assertion that ‘the aim of maintaining a prestigious image is not a legitimate aim for restricting competition’, which represents another aspect of the judgment in apparent contrast with the settled case law. In both instances, it presents possible explanations consistent with the tradition. Finally, it underlines the significance of the ruling in relation to the controversial topic of internet selling. I. Introduction The topic of selective distribution systems has been explored in many authoritative academic works.1 Yet, it is still important and highly debated, not only because 1 ...

Words: 15217 - Pages: 61

Premium Essay

Laws1001 Notes

...Summary Australian law is based on the culture of English law. The following characteristics derive from the English background of our law: * A system of representative democracy, using parliaments to make laws. See chapters 7 & 8. * A legal profession divided formally or informally into solicitors and barristers. See chapter 3. * A ‘common law’ system: * The system of law derived from the English legal system. Uses judicially decided cases as the basic form of law. See chapter 10. * The way that the law is made: Judges make law based on decided cases (precedents) and develop sets of legal principles which emerge from the judgments in decided cases.’ See chapter 12, 13, and 14. * The category of laws which grew from the medieval royal courts (‘the courts of common law’) and other areas of law, which came from the medieval Lord Chancellor’s role (‘equity’). See chapter 10. * Decision making in courts after an adversarial trial: derived from historical ‘trial by battle’ introduced by Normans. The battle has since then become a verbal one. See chapter 2. * A court system for dispute resolution: See chapter 11. However, Australian law has developed distinct characteristics of its own: * A federal system made up of a Commonwealth and States and Territories: separates out the powers of different bodies of government. See chapter 8. * A limited recognition of indigenous customary law: Mabo (No 2) held that native title to land could...

Words: 29591 - Pages: 119

Premium Essay

Cross-Cultural Management

...TU-53.1360 Cross-Cultural Management Assignment 1.12 Mister Y Mister X Mister Z Mister W Mister Q Table  of  Contents   1.   Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1   2.   Group  Members  and  Dynamics  of  Team............................................................................... 2   2.1.  Mister  Y ...................................................................................................................................................... 2   2.2.  Mister  X ...................................................................................................................................................... 2   2.3.  Mister  Z ...................................................................................................................................................... 2   2.4.  Mister  W ..................................................................................................................................................... 3   2.5.  Mister  Q ...................................................................................................................................................... 3   2.6.  Dynamics  of  the  team .................................................................................................................

Words: 14700 - Pages: 59

Premium Essay

Bas Bhat

...CRIME, PROCEDURE AND EVIDENCE IN A COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT This book aims to honour the work of Professor Mirjan Damaška, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School and a prominent authority for many years in the fields of comparative law, procedural law, evidence, international criminal law and Continental legal history. Professor Damaška’s work is renowned for providing new frameworks for understanding different legal traditions. To celebrate the depth and richness of his work and discuss its implications for the future, the editors have brought together an impressive range of leading scholars from different jurisdictions in the fields of comparative and international law, evidence and criminal law and procedure. Using Professor Damaška’s work as a backdrop, the essays make a substantial contribution to the development of comparative law, procedure and evidence. After an introduction by the editors and a tribute by Harold Koh, Dean of Yale Law School, the book is divided into four parts. The first part considers contemporary trends in national criminal procedure, examining cross-fertilisation and the extent to which these trends are resulting in converging practices across national jurisdictions. The second part explores the epistemological environment of rules of evidence and procedure. The third part analyses human rights standards and the phenomenon of hybridisation in transnational and international criminal law. The final part of the book assesses Professor...

Words: 195907 - Pages: 784

Free Essay

Sartre's What Is Literature?

...> 168159 CD >m Gift of YALE UNIVERSITY With the aid of the ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION 1949 OSMANIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Call No. Author %&V/S#/ 2-^ & Accession No. - . This bookihould be returned on or before the date last marked below. WHAT IS LITERATURE? JEAN-PAUL SARTRE Translated from the French by BERNARD FRECHTMAN PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY NEW YORK Copyright, 1949, by Philosophical Library, Inc. 15 EAST 40th Street, New York, N.Y. Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword I II What Why is Writing? Write? Whom Does One Write? 7 38 III For IV Situation of the Writer in 1947 161 Index 299 67 FOREWORD want to engage yourself," writes a young imbecile, "what are you waiting for? Join the Communist Party." A great writer who engaged himself often and disengaged himself still more often, but who has forgotten, said to me, "The worst artists are the most engaged. Look "If you at the Soviet painters" "You want tres is to murder An old critic gently complained, literature. spread out insolently all Contempt for belles-let- through your review." A petty mind calls me pigheaded, which for him is evidently the highest insult. An author who barely crawled from name sometimes awakens men accuses me of not being one war to the other and whose languishing memories in old concerned with immortality; he knows, thank God, any number of people whose chief hope it is. In the eyes of an American...

Words: 94432 - Pages: 378

Premium Essay

Psychology

...CHAP TER Introducing Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. Psychology is a popular major for students, a popular topic in the public media, and a part of our everyday lives. Television shows such as Dr. Phil feature psychologists who provide personal advice to those with personal or family difficulties. Crime dramas such as CSI, Lie to Me, and others feature the work of forensic psychologists who use psychological principles to help solve crimes. And many people have direct knowledge about psychology because they have visited psychologists, for instance, school counselors, family therapists, and religious, marriage, or bereavement counselors. Because we are frequently exposed to the work of psychologists in our everyday lives, we all have an idea about what psychology is and what psychologists do. In many ways I am sure that your conceptions are correct. Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counseling and therapy for people in distress. But there are hundreds of thousands of psychologists in the world, and most of them work in other places, doing work that you are probably not aware of. Most psychologists work in research laboratories, hospitals, and other field settings where they study the behavior of humans and animals. For instance, my colleagues in the Psychology Department at the University of Maryland study such...

Words: 13774 - Pages: 56

Premium Essay

Descart Part 4

...Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Field of Science René Descartes ************* Introduction The cultural turn that symbolically and philosophically separates Aristotle/Medieval views from the "modern" era can be found in Descartes' writings. Born just before 1600, he witnessed and participated in the beginnings of modern science, especially with its empirical [The method of philosophical inquiry that holds that the human mind can only understand the world by beginning with the experiences of the senses.], mechanistic [ The description of the motion of the universe in terms of the scientific notion of cause and effect alone. The image of the universe is that of a machine or mechanism that runs according to its construction and cannot deviate from it.] and mathematical under-girding. This Discourse on Method is, to some extent, an autobiography of an individual's evolution from the old system to the new. This text was formally the first of his publications, around mid-1637, however it shows indications of being written perhaps ten years earlier. He claims he is not intending to reveal the "method" but only to "reveal how I have tried to direct my own [mind]." Much of the method is applied in the Meditations. But, here it is more historically positioned. It is important to remember that this text contains elements that were highly controversial at the time-views which even contributed to Galileo's house arrest under the Inquisition...

Words: 21458 - Pages: 86

Free Essay

Review of Law in Context

...NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION: USE ONLY IN COMPLIANCE WITH COPYRIGHT: DAVID RISSTROM AN INTERPRETATION OF LAW IN CONTEXT Bottomley, S., Gunningham, N. and Parker, S., 1991, Law in Context, The Federation Press, Leichhardt. { } = additional material from lectures. ( ) = my comments. (See ‘x’) refers to book page number. A short (somewhat boring) message from the summary executioner before you dive in; These notes are an interpretation of the book Law in Context and the lectures given as part of the 1991 Course. They are not a satisfactory substitution for reading the text. You are only likely to get the maximum value out of this summary by reading it in conjunction with the text. The question of ‘the law in whose context’ may be worth keeping in mind as you read. This is an interpretation seen through my eyes, not yours. My comments are not unbiased, as it is as equally unlikely that yours may be. So my ‘advice’ is consider what is said here and in the book considering the need to understand the ‘mechanics’ that help make sense of the more involved themes that develop in the book as you progress through Law in Context. The observations, important in their own right, may be particularly useful for seeing how their often ubiquitous expression is taken as ‘normal’ in the areas of wider society, such as in discussions of economics and power. It is unlikely that you will find any ‘right answers’ from this summary, but I do hope it helps you in synthesising...

Words: 51747 - Pages: 207

Premium Essay

Ethics

...CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS ETHICS?* Stories about “unethical” behavior in business abound. The recent scandals permeating the financial services, savings and loan, and other industries have caused a growing concern about ethics in the workplace. Success often appears to be measured in only dollars. The claim that “greed is good” seems to reflect the behavior of many people in our society. Indeed, the desire to possess more and more seems pervasive—and business, like other institutions, reflects the values, beliefs, and personal goals of our society. Time, Newsweek, the Wall Street Journal, and countless other magazines and newspapers have called attention to unethical practices, bemoaning the “sleaze, scandals, and hypocrisy”1 undermining our moral bearings. In short, there is a great deal of concern about ethics in general, and business ethics in particular. This reading will examine what ethics is and how people decide what is “right” and “wrong.” The word ethics has a number of meanings. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary gives several definitions of ethics, including: ● the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation ● a set of moral principles or values ● a theory or system of moral values 2 ● the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group. Ethics, in all of these definitions, is concerned with right or wrong behavior. This reading focuses on the discipline or study of ethics. 1. THE DISCIPLINE OF ETHICS This discipline...

Words: 20786 - Pages: 84