...overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system. In history major changes take place often. One example of a major change was the French Revolution. The French Revolution occurred in France during the late 1700’s. The French people wanted to replace their Absolute government with a democracy. The ideas of the Enlightenment encouraged members of the 3rd Estate to revolt against Louis XVI. Revolution is change. The French Revolution is an example of change. There were many causes that led to the Revolution. One cause was the 3rd Estate wanted freedom. The 3rd Estate had a meeting to declare their equality within the French government. They produced a document known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Another cause of the Revolution was the need to lower the tax burden on the 3rd Estate. The 3rd Estate paid most of the taxes in France. A third cause of the Revolution was people wanted to have a democracy. In order to achieve this democracy the French people felt they had to execute Louis XVI by guillotine. There were many effects from the French Revolution. One immediate effect was instead of getting a democracy Napoleon took control of France. Napoleon was a dictator. However, over time France becomes a democracy. Today France is a democracy. One of the most important long term effects of the French Revolution was the inception of the Napoleonic Code, which influenced revolutions in other countries. It instilled the spirit of hope and freedom around...
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...destinations from Morocco to Moscow. Nicolas Boutaud, Eurolines commercial and marketing director, answers queries from Connexion readers on their servicesI USED Eurolines from London to Paris but we were dropped far from the city centre and, although Paris Gallieni terminal has a metro station, it was late and it would have been better with a shuttle bus to the centre. If that’s not possible, you should do something to help older people with luggage reach the metro. The service was good up to Paris but then there was no one to help and, for anyone who had not used the terminal before, a lack of information on what to do or where to go. C.C. How do French women live long? Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don’t Get Fat, says diet is the answer and she sticks by three meals a day, one or two glasses of wine and lots of water. while French woman can expect to live to 85.1 – as against 82.4 in the rest of Europe (according to latest demographic figures from Eurostat) diet, exercise and a healthy lifestyle. Avoid driving on Saturday SATURDAY will be the busiest day of the entire year for motorway travel in France - with the annual crossover of July and August holidaymakers. meaning more than 600km of jams are forecast on roads leading out of big towns and towards the coast. Drivers are strongly advised to put off travelling until Sunday, although jams are still possible then. Air pollution hits 12 million ALMOST 12 million people are living in parts of France where the air quality...
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...The French Revolution: The French Revolution was a time for spreading out and finding freedom for the French. It was a way for the French to recreate their government to give some kind of equality for their people. Though for woman in that time period it was still a struggle for equal rights during the rest of country’s upheaval. The French Revolution was caused by a downfall in the royal family, having to do with serious financial issues. King Louis XVI call in the French Estates General in 1788, to help with the financial crisis the country was going through (Doyle). The Estate General was divided into three estates: First Estate representing the upper class, the Second Estate representing middle class, and the Third Estate representing the lower class. There was one vote for each estate, and in the past the Second Estate and the First Estate had joined together to defeat any proposals for reform from the Third Estate. The Third Estate was determined that would not be so in the current assembly and pushed for the vote of each representative to be counted as a separate vote. They were not able to agree on a voting method. Leading the Third Estate and the lower half Second Estate to break away from the Estates General, forming the National Assembly on June 17, 1789 (Doyle). King Louis XVI admitted defeat on June 27, first appeasing then confrontational ordered his nobles, and the upper half Second Estate to join the National Assembly effectively ending the Estates General...
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...Joshua Muench July 24, 2014 Western Civ Part 2 The French Revolution The French Revolution began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790’s with the ascension of Napoleon Bonaparte. This period in European history is one of the most bold and iconic periods in the west and through it came many things of significant historic value. During this period, French citizens radically changed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, a system of century old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. This revolution first grabbed the attention of the world due to what it promised as its outcome, human rights and broad-based political participation. Its most famous slogan pledged “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” for all. (595) Like in the American Revolution, the French Revolution was brought on by the ideas of enlightenment, in specific, the ideas of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights. The movement played a pivotal role in shaping modern nations. Although it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into violent bloodbaths, the French Revolution did however show the world something, the power inherent in the will of the people. The beginnings of the French Revolution can be looked at as starting shortly after the American Revolution due to the French’s involvement. The French’s involvement in the American Revolution was a costly one, and piled along with the frivolous spending of King Louis XVI, the country was on the verge...
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...The French revolution, a complex series of events that occurred between the years1789 to 1799, had three stages. The first stage involved a relatively peaceful constitutional struggle; the second was one crisis and consolidation where the government spent a lot of resources fighting vestiges of the Old Regime; while the third phase entailed military rule under Napoleon as the government drifted into corruption. Judging by the events that took place and the impacts that came forthwith, I feel the second phase was the most ‘important’ in terms of the transitions that occurred during this period. During these four incidental years, we notice the formation of a republic that elected a national convention. The king was also executed in the second French revolution and war between Britain , Holland , Spain , and France arose. (Coffins, 706) There were a number of causes for the second revolutionary period that proved to be more radical than the previous stage. One of the most relevant causes was the toppling of moderate leaders who were replaced by radicals claiming to rule on behalf of the common people. The revolution in this era produced a remarkable politicization of the common people, especially in cities. Political awareness was heightened by shortages and fluctuating prices as well as demonstrations that tool place to air the demands of cheaper bread (Coffins, 698). Prevalent, was a lack of effective national leadership since Louis XVI remained a weak, vacillating...
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...French I 1. Some Basic Phrases 2. Pronunciation 3. Alphabet 4. Nouns, Articles and Demonstratives 5. Useful Words and General Vocabulary 6. Subject Pronouns 7. To Be and to Have 8. Question Words 9. Numbers / Ordinals 10. Days of the Week 11. Months of the Year 12. Seasons 13. Directions 14. Color and Shapes 15. Weather 16. Time 17. Family and Animals 18. To Know People and Facts 19. Formation of Plural Nouns 20. Possessive Adjectives 21. To Do or Make 22. Work and School 23. Prepositions and Contractions 24. Countries and Nationalities 25. Negative Sentences 26. To / In and From places 27. To Come and to Go 28. Conjugating Regular Verbs 29. Pronominal (Reflexive) Verbs 30. Irregularities in Regular Verbs 31. Past Indefinite Tense 32. Irregular Past Participles 33. Etre Verbs 34. Food and Meals 35. Fruits, Vegetables, Meats 36. To Take, Eat or Drink 37. Quantities 38. Commands 39. More Negatives 40. Holiday Phrases French National Anthem Canadian National Anthem French II 41. Imperfect Tense 42. Places 43. Transportation 44. To Want, to Be Able to, to Have to 45. House 46. Furniture 47. Comparative and Superlative 48. Irregular Forms 49. Clothing 50. To Wear 51. Future Tenses 52. Preceding and Plural Adjectives 53. Adjectives: Feminine 54. Adjectives: Plurals 55. More Adjectives 56. Rendre plus Adjective 57. C'est vs. Il est 58. Sports and Hobbies 59. Nature 60. To Live 61. Object Pronouns 62. Parts of the Body 63. Asking Questions 64. Interrogative Pronouns 65. Forms...
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...True the ideas that were promoted by the philosophies were a contributor to The French Revolution but they were not the cause. The cause was the economic and social problems that faced France in those years of turmoil. I believe that The French Revolution was caused by The Social and Economic woes of the days. The rule of the aristocracy lasts as long as the rural population continues to ignore or neglect the crafts, and the ownership of land continues to be the soul basis of wealth. When handicrafts and commerce take hold among the people and create a new source of wealth benefiting a new class of working people, this paves the way for a revolution in political structure. A new distribution of wealth opens the way to a new distribution of power. In the same way that the possession of land creates an aristocracy, industrial property increases the power of the people; it provides the means to achieve its freedom. Antoine P. J. M. Barnave also believed that without the economic tribulations that were pending in France there would have been no need for change. The third estate could be broken down into three parts: the rich, bourgeoisie; the middle, lawyers, doctors, businessmen; and the poor, the peasant, farmer. There was much change in the economic world of the third estate. For instance the bourgeois were gaining land and therefore making money. 35% of the land was left to the 22 to 23 million peasants, the bourgeoisie held about 30% of the land, the 350 000 members of the nobility...
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...1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. The king had commanded troops to move into the city. Rumours spread that he would soon order the army to open fire upon the citizens. Yet the Bastille was hated by all, because it stood for the despotic power of the king. The days that followed saw more rioting both in Paris and the countryside. Most people were protesting against the high price of bread. ultimately led to the execution of the king in France, though most people at the time did not anticipate this outcome. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes. Yet even this measure would not have sufficed. French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates, and only members of the third estate paid taxes. high debt, high interest payment, high interest rate. already there were many taxes imposed. taxes paid only by the third estate. too much pressure on the third estate. combined with high bread prices, led to revolution. In addition to merchants and manufacturers, the third estate included professions such as lawyers or administrative officials. All of these were educated and believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth. Rather, a person’s social position must depend on his merit. philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. In The Spirit of the Laws,Montesquieu proposed a division...
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...The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution were both catalysts for social change; each had their own driving schools of thought, but individually reacted to ruling forces in the same way. The issues being discussed by the National Assembly were far removed from those of the Sadler Commission yet the solutions were the same: the demand for social mobility. The French Revolution in many ways was a war among the estates. The third estate felt that it needed equal representation at the estate’s general. This was a point of French history in which the third estate was no longer comprised solely of uneducated agrarian workers. Instead, it was a social class of thinkers, shop keepers, lawyers, and physicians inspired by the scientific enlightenment. These philosophes were able to rationalize that if the order of the natural world can be explained with reason then so could socioeconomic classes and the political world. Soon, the notion of ruling by divine right would be challenged, and with no scientific evidence to support it, it would fail. Thus begins conflict amongst the estates. This would eventually lead to civil rights under the Napoleonic code. Once the masses realized that they would not be led by a king appointed by God, they began to see that their collective will would be in force. Even under the dictator Napoleon, policies in France would stand for the common good. This is a radical change from the status quo of lower classes living to serve the elite classes that...
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...Languages and Cultures, Department of French Syllabus Confirmation Form Date: Name: Course: FR By signing below, I confirm that I have read the Syllabus for my French course this semester and am responsible for knowing its contents, policies, and dates. Signed _____________________________________________________________________ Please return signed form to your instructor. FRANÇAIS 101 – Printemps 2013 COURSE POLICIES AND GRADING PROCEDURES Professeur : _______________________________________ Email : ______________________________________ Bureau : ________________ Heures de Permanence : __________________________ Please contact your instructor about course related issues. If you have further concerns, contact the Language Program Director, Dr. Jessica Sturm, SC 186 (jsturm@purdue.edu), or the Program Assistant, Mrs. Mary Eddy, SC 111 (meddy@purdue.edu). Required Texts: HORIZONS Manley, Smith, McMinn, Prévost (5th ed.) [printed copy required for classroom use] HORIZONS iLrn Heinle Learning Center Access (includes access to on-line Student Activities Manual) Required Equip: headphones for use in computer lab; you will also need a microphone in order to complete certain homework activities. Recommended: Larousse Concise English-French, French-English Dictionary (Larousse, Paris) or another dictionary of your choice A copy of the textbook is available on reserve in the Undergraduate Library. COURSE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: French 101 is a beginning-level course designed...
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...What were the main causes which brought about the 1789 French revolution. There were two main types of causes which caused the revolution, namely the fundamental causes (long term) which were caused long time before the revolution and the immediate (short term) which came at short notice The fundamental causes were The political causes: the governance system in France before 1789 was known as the Ancien Regime: during this time the king had an absolute power which meant that he could do what he wanted without consulting his decisions. An example of this is the letre de cachet which was a letter sent from the king saying that you are being imprisoned without giving you the chance to defend yourself. The estate’s general had last met in 1614. All the ministers in France were not chosen democratically but by the type of noble background they had. There was no freedom or press nor of press so the normal people could not have a say in their country`s government and so could not show their grievances. Socio-economic: the nobles and the higher clergy which were only 3% of the French population were the most privileged classes, they who were the most rich were exempted from paying taxes. On the other hand the peasant who could hardly afford to feed his family had to pay high taxes which made up nearly half of his income to both the monarchy and the church. The taxes which he had to pay to the monarchy were, the taille,vingtieme and gabelle. To the church he paid the tithe and...
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...French Revolution French Revolution The French Revolution played an important part in the history, not only in France but around the world. It showed that a monarchy was not the only option. The French wanted equality for everyone across the country. There was to be a stop in different classes of people and the unfair taxing of money and selling of food. Which the government was so desperate they would try to get every dime and nickel they could from the third estate. In the process of reaching their freedom, the French, had many ideas and ideals that helped shape the French Revolution War. Liberty, equality, brotherhood, hubris, fiscal irresponsibility, democracy and technology were a few of those ideas to say the least. Liberty was one of the things that the French revolutionist yearned. They were not seen as a group of people but seen has money for the government. They wanted freedom and liberty from their monarchy that they were influenced by. Monarchy in France was a king and queen that ruled all and people had no voice. They were ruled under King Louis XVI during the 10-year revolution. As they fought for their freedom from the king and queen, they had to decide where they would go after they had gained their independence. As the United States when they declared their independent from Great Britain they declared themselves a democracy. Ones the French gained their independence and overthrew the king and queen of France, and they became a republic for the people...
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...The French Revolution James Henderson HIS 104 World Civilizations II Instructor: Christopher Davies December 2, 2012 The French were going through some difficult times during the 17th century. The people of France wanted change and church leaders did not want change. Whit the Age of Exploration explorers form France were branching out and they were gathering new information about cultures, trade, and religion. Ideals from Enlightenment help the French in their revolution for change. Many Historians have looked at the causes for many years and each one added new light to the situation the French were in. Edmond Burk was the first historian to study the French revolution he suggested that Philosophers were the root cause of the revolution (Cranston, 1989). Everything these people believed in came from the political theorist and this was called Enlightenment. What was said, what was thought, and what was advocated came from Enlightenment (Cranston, 1989). However, the theorist did not share the same ideas. The French Revolution went through many different phases unlike the English and American Revolutions (Cranston, 1989). The first phase was called Montesquieu. In this phase the Montesquieu claimed liberal constructional monarchy was best (Cranston, 1989). The second phase is called the republican phase. In this phase more science and technology took hold. The French Kings did not want to have any part of it (Cranston, 1989). The French Kings wanted to keep...
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...Shelby Barney Mr. Bruns Humanities- Language Arts April 1, 2012 French Revolution The French Revolution took place at the end of the 18th century, leading into the 19th century. The revolution affected places like the Middle East, India, North America, South America and Europe. There are many theories on what caused the French Revolution. For example, many people thought it was caused by Enlightened philosophers. But they did not cause it. Only some of their ideas were used to shape it. During this time many of their ideas hadn’t been widely spread, so people could not react and start trouble. (Shy - pg. 66) The Revolution was caused by a political crisis two decades after the Enlightenment had reached its high point. (Shy – pg. 66) There was a lot of problems in France at the time like how they were in major debt and facing bankruptcy. They tried to change the government from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, but that just led to more trouble. Riots broke out, which made it harder to try and restore France. It then turned into a democratic based government. The new government was based on political equalities and status from birth. (Shy – pg. 67) This yet again, created more problems in France. There was a stop to treasury payments and they were forced to reform taxes. After deciding that they couldn’t go on like this, the Estates General met to decide how much power the clergy, nobility and the commoners will have. This became known as the Third Estate...
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...French Historical Foundation Important Event Timeline: In ancient times France was part of the Celtic territory known as Gaul or Gallia. Its present name is derived from the Latin Francia, meaning "country of the Franks," a Germanic people who conquered the area during the 5th century, at the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It became a separate country in the 9th century. (Noin) France’s earliest attempt to stake a claim in the new world occurred in 1534 when French sailor Jacques Cartier arrived in Chaleur Bay off the Gaspé peninsula. Although fishing and fur trading expeditions were successful, France made no serious attempt to colonize “New France” until the 17th century. France greatly expanded its holdings in North America during the second half of the 17th century and early 18th century. Profits from the fur trade and from providing supplies and services to the French colonial régime and its military offered the opportunity for enterprising individuals to obtain wealth not otherwise available from the trades or farming. (New France: Historical Background in Brief) In 1756, the world war known as the Seven Years’ War broke out in Europe, with France and Austria allied against England and Prussia. The English had the advantage of the mightiest navy on the seas and, with Frederick the Great on their side, the finest army in Europe. Determined to drive France out of North America, England used its superior sea power to cut New France off from Europe...
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