...Introduction This lab deals with the concept of frequency response. During steady state, sinusoidal inputs to a linear system will generate sinusoidal responses of the same frequency, but of different amplitude and phase angles. This is due to a time lag between input and output generated. These differences are functions of frequency. In this experiment, the frequency response test is used to identify the (linear) dynamics of a plant. It is performed by inputting a sinusoidal signal and comparing it with the sinusoidal output. Objective of Experiment 1. To perform a frequency response test on an aircraft electro-hydraulic servo-actuator, hence determining the phase and gain margins of the servo-actuator. 2. To verify that increasing the gain by the gain margin causes instability. Equipment and Apparatus 1. Electro-hydraulic servo-actuator 2. Amplifier unit 3. Oscilloscope (CRO) 4. Function generator (FG) 5. Hydraulic power supply (outside laboratory) Background of Experiment This experiment utilizes a servo mechanism which is an automatic device that takes advantage of error-sensing feedback to correct and amplify the signal. The servo system comprises of a servo-actuator and an amplifier unit. In aircrafts, a similar system is used to convert electrical autopilot voltage outputs into a proportional mechanical movement. The mechanical movement is linked to the control rods, which controls the equipment the pilot uses to move the plane...
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...------------------------------------------------- ECET-402 Week 6 Lab Worksheet Name: John Natale Block Diagram Simplification and Step/Impulse Responses Please complete this worksheet and submit to week 6 lab dropbox This worksheet serves as coversheet 1. Determine the overall transfer function of the system given below by hand as discussed in pre-lab. Please show your work and type the equations if you can. TF=(Y(s))/(X(s))=((s^3+3s^2+3s+2)/(〖2s〗^4+6s^3+15s^2+12s+5))/(1+(s^3+3s^2+3s+2)/(〖2s〗^4+6s^3+15s^2+12s+5)×2/s)=(s^4+3s^3+3s^2+2s)/(2s^5+6s^4+17s^3+18s^2+11s+4) TF=(Y(s))/(X(s))=(s^4+3s^3+3s^2+2s)/(2s^5+6s^4+17s^3+18s^2+11s+4) 2. Determine the overall transfer function of the system shown above using MATLAB. Copy the MATLAB code and the overall transfer function obtained and paste them below: >> nG1 = [1 0]; >> dG1 = [1]; >> G1 = tf (nG1, dG1) Transfer function: >> nG2 = [1]; >> dG2 = [1 1]; >> G2 = tf (nG2, dG2) Transfer function: 1 ----- s + 1 >> nG3 = [1]; >> dG3 = [1 0]; >> G3 = tf (nG3, dG3) Transfer function: 1 - s >> nG4 = [1 2]; >> dG4 = [1 2 5]; >> G4 = tf (nG4, dG4) Transfer function: s + 2 ------------- s^2 + 2 s + 5 >> nG5 = [2]; >> dG5 = [1 0]; >> G5 = tf (nG5, dG5) Transfer function: 2 - s >> G6 = series (G1, G2) ...
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...maximum frequency that would not be aliased was the Nyquist frequency, which was 5000 Hz. In addition to that, the amplitude of the loud voice was higher than the amplitude of the low voice. The number of bits calculated based on the quantization was equal to 9.97 bits. The high cutoff and the low cutoff which are 110 Hz and 1100 Hz, were used to show the Fast Fourier Transform of the filtered voices, which results in producing better voice of the recording. Based on the FFT graphs, the amplitude of the 440 Hz was the highest at the same peak, and that is why the sound was directly clear, and that proves that the played sound was with the frequency of 440 Hz. For the low and loud frequency, the graph showed the background noise recorded with the voice signal. The use of the decimating factor is that it will resample the recorded voice signal at a lower sampling frequency. Therefore, by changing the value of the decimating factor, the between 1 to 8, the sounds became more clear and recognizable. That is because the decimating factor, decrease the sample rate and increase the frequency of the voice signal in order to avoid the signal to be aliased. Based on research, the...
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...Women and Beauty Magazines by Christine Hetcher Beauty magazines, such as Cosmopolitan, Glamour, and Marie Claire, are widely read by women throughout America . What do women actually think of these magazines? Do they feel the magazines are helpful, degrading, or simply something to read? This paper is a survey interview to determine what women in their late teens and early twenties think about beauty magazines in Americatoday. The purpose of this study is to determine whether women like or dislike beauty magazines, why they like or dislike them, and how frequently women read beauty magazines. Background This section reviews the previous studies conducted on the effects of women’s magazines. Magazines specifically written for women have been in circulation for over sixty years, discussing whatever issues were relevant to women at the time (Moskowitz, 1996). Some of the earlier magazines focused on a war-time rebellion of feminism. Moskowitz (1996) conducted a study about the effects of war-time magazines and said, “Women’s magazines of the Cold War era remain symbols of antifeminism” (p. 66). Moskowitz (1996) found that many women liked the articles because many magazines discussed important issues to them, such as stress, emotionalism, and feminism (p.66). Moskowitz (1996) said, “recognition of emotional tension was common for women’s magazines” (p.67). This recognition “presented a whole new genre of articles that gave housewives the freedom...
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...MWR ASSIGNMENT 1 1. List the important microwave connectors Microwave connectors is a huge industry and there are many new types of being designed each year. Each connectors have their own frequency limit. Here are some of the connectors [1] • BNC Connector- It is used to quickly connect and disconnect the ends of a coaxial cable to any port, these are mostly found on the ends of the probes of an oscilloscope. They support up to a maximum of 4 GHz. • OSMT Connector- This is a surface mounted connector and is generally used on a PCB as they consume lesser space as compared against the usual Coaxial cable connectors. They support up to a maximum of 6 GHz. • N Connector- One of the first connectors capable of handling microwave waves invented by Neill, this was initially designed to carry...
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...investigation which comprises of testing three operational amplifier circuits with AC signals. The three types of circuit include the integrator, the AC inverting amplifier and the AC non-inverting amplifier circuit. The integrator circuit was tested with a square-wave and a sinusoidal wave input signal at 1kHz frequency. The results showed that the square-wave input signal produced a triangular wave output whereas the sinusoidal input produced a sinusoidal output signal with a positive 90 degree phase shift. Both output signals were showed to be the integral of their relative input signals. The output voltage gain of the AC inverting and the AC non-inverting amplifier circuits were tested with a frequency range of 100Hz to 10kHz. The results were plotted on a logarithmic scaled graph which showed that both amplifiers acted like high-pass filters, each amplifier achieving its maximum gain set by the specification at higher frequencies nearer to 10kHz. The only difference between the two op-amps was that the AC inverting amplifier achieved negative gain in comparison to the positive gain achieved by the AC non-inverting amplifier. For further investigation, the frequency was increased above 10kHz for the AC inverting amplifier circuit which showed a linear fall in gain, which was explained by the theory of slew rate limitation. In conclusion, the three operational amplifiers operated as expected. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 1 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. THEORY 4 2.1. Open-loop...
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...test setup for assessing the absolute and relative pulse response of the measuring receivers The RF generator provides a continuous wave signal at the different frequencies selected for bands C and D. Then, the AWG produces the gating signal that modulates the carrier by switching on and off the CW signal, creating a pulse according to CISPR16-1-1 requirements. Finally, the modulated pulse is feed directly to the EMI measuring receiver. The amplitude of the CW signal and the gating duration are defined in Table IV for bands A to D. TABLE IV. REFERENCE PULSE DURATION AND AMPLITUDE SPECIFICATION Frequency Band Td (μs) Urms (mV) A 100 95,5 B 2,2 101,6 C 0,167 186,3 D 0,167 186,3 The specific carrier frequency...
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...|School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science | |ELE569 Microwave Electronics | |CAD Techniques for RF Electromagnetic – The Network Analyser | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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...points will be deducted. ProblemNo. | Your Solution | Final Answer (Restate Your Final Answer Here) | 1 | The upper critical frequency of an op-amp’s open-loop response is 200 Hz. If the midrange gain is 175,000 what is: (a) ideal gain at 200 Hz? (b) the actual gain? (c) The op-amps open loop bandwidth? | (a)____________(b)____________(c)____________ | 2 | Determine the attenuation of an RC lag network with fc = 12 kHz for each of the following frequencies. (a) 1 kHz (b) 5 kHz (c) 12 kHz (d) 20 kHz (e) 100 kHz | (a)____________(b)____________(c)____________(d)____________(e)____________ | 3 | Determine the phase shift through the network at a frequency of 2 kHz: | | 4 | Determine the phase shift through the network at a frequency of 2 kHz: | | 5 | Determine the phase shift through the network at a frequency of 2 kHz: | | 6 | A certain op-amp has three internal amplifier stages with midrange gains of 30dB, 40dB, and 20dB. Each stage also has a critical frequency associated with it as follows: fc1= 600Hz, fc2 =50kHz, and fc3 = 200kHz. (a) What is the midrange open-loop gain of the op-amp, expressed in dB? (b) What is the total phase shift through the amplifier, including inversion, when the signal is 10 kHz? | | 7 | A certain amplifier has an open-loop gain in midrange of 180,000 and an open-loop critical frequency of 1500 Hz. If the attenuation of the feedback path is 0.015, what is...
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...“Capacity analysis of underwater acoustic MIMO communications” A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Bachelor of Technology In Electronics and Communication Engineering Under the guidance of Prof. Poonam Singh Completed by: Sunil Gautam Panda (108EC003) Birupaksha Bhattacharjee (108EC031) National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 2008-2012 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Capacity analysis of underwater acoustic MIMO communications” submitted by Mr. Sunil Gautam Panda and Mr. Birupaksha Bhattacharjee for partial fulfilment for the requirement of Bachelor in Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Rourkela is an authentic piece of work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the matter in this thesis has not been submitted to any other University / Institute for the award of any Degree. Prof. Poonam Singh Department of Electronics and Communication National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Date: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It would not have been possible to complete and write this project thesis without the help and encouragement of certain people whom we would like to deeply honour and value their gratefulness. We would like to highly appreciate the constant motivation and encouragement shown by our supervisor and guide Prof. Poonam Singh, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering...
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...Ohms. ___T 5. Mulitple copies of an RF signal may reach the receiver at different times due to reflection. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 6. Which of the following is an electromagnetic wave? a. | light | c. | radio | b. | heat | d. | All of the above | ____ 7. Which of the following units is used to measure frequency? a. | decibel | c. | hertz | b. | volt | d. | byte | ____ 8. The term ____ describes the rate of electrical flow. a. | voltage | c. | resistance | b. | current | d. | electrical power | ____ 9. ____ modulation changes the number of waves representing one cycle. a. | Amplitude | c. | Frequency | b. | Phase shift | d. | Phase | ____ 10. Which type of modulation changes the starting point of the cycle to represent a change from a 1 bit to a 0 bit and vice versa? a. | AM | c. | DM | b. | FM | d. | PM | ____ 11. Which binary modulation technique is similar to frequency modulation? a. | amplitude shift keying | c. | phase shift keying | b. | frequency shift keying | d. | All of the above | ____ 12. Power of an electromagnetic signal such as one used in WLANs is measured by which unit? a. | millivolts | c. | milliohms | b. | milliamps | d. | milliwatts | ____ 13. When an RF signal moves from one medium to another of a different...
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...E 2 ENGLISH OS Ver. 1.1 Advanced Edit Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sound operating mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The MIDI channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 How to select oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Sounds, Drum Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Main page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Edit menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Edit page structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Basic: Sound Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Basic: OSC Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Basic: Vel/Key Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 DrumKit: Sample Setup (Drum Kits) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 DrumKit: Voice Mixer (Drum Kits) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pitch: Pitch Mod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Pitch: Pitch EG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Filter: Filter Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...CHAPTER III I. Review of Related Literature and Studies In daily life, many phenomena supporting the claim that plants acknowledge and respond to music have been observed. For example, in the Dai minority autonomy in Xishuang Banna of China, there is a type of legume grass whose 2 small symmetric leaves on its main leaf cushion dance rhythmically to harmonious music. Interestingly, it does not show any response if blown or caressed with hands. (Hou and Mooneyham, 1999) Therefore, it is natural to assume that the effects of music, and thus sound, on plants, might be beneficial, instead of merely “dancing”. A good gauge of this is plant growth, which can be measured in a number of ways: number, size and weight of fruits, storage duration and photosynthetic ability of the leaves, among other methods. Researches on these variables have been carried out since the first commercial experiment in 1972 by Charnoe, who studied the effects of sound waves on budding of barley. Subsequently, Carlson of the United States of America treated various crops and vegetables with high frequency sound waves (Spillane, 1991), and the Xian Tuo company in Osaka, Japan, has treated vegetables with classical music (Xiao Hai, 1990). Reports of the growth of many record-breaking fruits have also been attributed to music. For example, French scientists have cultivated a 2 kilogram tomato, and British scientists have produced a 13 kilogram beet (Hou and Mooneyham, 1999). This technology and field of study...
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... wavelength length of a wave c. frequency number of waves per second (Hz) d. period how long a wave lasts when it arrives at a fixed point (measured in seconds) 3. What are radio waves? An electromagnetic wave of a frequency used for long distant communication. 4. Explain the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave, and give examples of each. In a longitudinal wave, the vibration travels in the same direction that wave travels. Examples of longitudinal waves include: Sound, p-waves (earthquakes) In a transverse wave, the vibration direction is perpendicular to direction that wave travels. Examples include: Light/electromagnetic, (radio, microwave, xray, etc.), water waves, swaves (earthquakes). The major difference between longitudinal and transverse waves is their direction. Longitudinal waves move left to right while transverse waves move up and down. 5. Compare and contrast: light waves vs. sound waves Light waves are transverse and sound waves are longitudinal. Light waves can travel through a vacuum but sound waves cannot. Speed of light is nearly 300 million m/s while sound has a speed of about 340 m/s. 6. What changes the pitch of sound? The frequency of vibration. Faster vibration would cause a higher pitch while slower vibration would cause a lower pitch. 7. Explain how different factors affect the speed of sound? Speed of sound depends on factors such as altitude, humidity...
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...1) Crosstalk (XT) is any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel. 2) Waveguide is a structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic waves or sound waves. There are different types of waveguides for each type of wave. The original and most common[1] meaning is a hollow conductive metal pipe used to carry high frequency radio waves, particularly microwaves. 3) Fiber to the x (FTTx) is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical Fiber to replace all or part of the usual metal local loop used for last mile telecommunications. 4) Simplex communication refers to communication that occurs in one direction only. 5) A half-duplex (HDX) system provides communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). 6) A full-duplex (FDX), or sometimes double-duplex system, allows communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. 7) Photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. 8) Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. 9) Analog (or analogue) transmission is a transmission method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using...
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