...what to expect from a person. Some theories just as people produce different beliefs. Sigmund Freud approach to personality focus on the unconscious mind. He believes that personality is developing by internal factors. On the other hand B.F. Skinner believes that personality id developed by external environment ("Sigmund Freud Life Work and Theories", 2006). Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician developed psychoanalytic theory in the early 1900s. They believe that ones conscious experience contributes only a small portion to his or her psychological makeup and experience. Sigmund Freud argument is that individual’s behavior is motivated by the unconscious, the unconscious functions from an area of personality that contains memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings urges, drives, and instincts which the individual is not aware ("Sigmund Freud Life Work and Theories", 2006). Freud maintained that to understand personality, it is necessary to expose what is in the unconscious. According to Freud personality is determined by unconsciousness. For example according to the text “some of the unconscious is made up of the preconscious, which contains material that is not threading and is easily brought to mind, such as the knowledge that 2+2=4 ("Sigmund Freud Life Work and Theories", 2006). B.F. Skinner is learning from focus on learning approaches we are what we have learned. Learning approaches to personality focus on the “outer” person. This Theory emphasizing on personality that is...
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...Theories of Jung and Freud Tiffinee Williams Southern New Hampshire University Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung both made significant impacts with their studies and theories regarding personality. Even though they did spend time together they had different ideas and theories about how personality develops and what it consists of. Sigmund Freud divided personality into three parts: the id, the ego and the superego. According to Freud traumatic events, repressed thoughts and sexual motivation are what personality consists of. The id, the ego and the super ego. The id forms our unconscious and is not bound by morality but instead only seeks to satisfy pleasure. The ego is our thoughts and ideas that help us deal with reality and the superego tries to find a balance between “socially acceptable behaviors” and the repressed desires and thoughts that exist in the id (Harley therapy 2013). Jung also agreed that the personality can be divided into three parts: the ego, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. According to Jung, the ego consists of conscious memories, the personal unconscious consisted experiences both recalled and suppressed from infancy and the collective unconscious consists of images or archetypes that are innate, universal ideas or projections that affect feelings and thoughts, but do not arise from personal experience. (Carl Jung Experience 2014). For example, the mother archetype is what governs the mother-child relationship in humans. Jung did...
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...Running Head : Comparing the theories of Freud , Adler and Jung Comparing the theories of Freud, Adler and Jung Alfred Adler , Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung collectively and individually contributed immensely to the development of contemporary psychology . The three notable individuals either worked together at some point or corresponded on a number of s , though they had varied views and each went ahead to adopt his unique theories . Adler developed the theory of personal development , Freud the theory of sexuality and Jung 's of mythology All the three individuals had varied views on personality . Freud viewed an individual as possessing three levels of personality , the id , ego and the superego . The id contained primitive drives that acted on the basis of pleasure principle . Its main goal was to seek immediate pleasure and avoid pain . The ego was aware of reality and operated via the reality principle , on the basis of secondary processes of perception recognition , judgement and memory . The superego sought perfection , it contained values and social morals contained within the conscience Boeree (2006 Jung on the other hand , identified the ego as the conscious mind which was related to personal unconsciousness . He developed the concept of collective unconsciousness a part of the psych which was inherent , and influenced our experiences and behaviours especially the emotional ones According to Jung , this collective unconsciousness linked humanity together ,...
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...Freud’s views contributed so much to psychology as we know it today. Still it continues to influence contemporary psychology. This approach really caught my attention as I could relate so much to his concepts during my voluntary work. I worked along with a pastoral counsellor working mainly with a basic style of “what you put in is what you get out.” What I mean is, is that just like Freud’s concepts that focuses on early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind, we really went deep into the past of a client to find out where all the trauma began. What better way to understand the life world of someone and why they do what they do and experience what they experience? Freud is also recognized for identifying certain psychosexual stages of life. In short the stages are described as follows: Oral Stage: During the 1st year of your life you find yourself in the Oral Stage, sucking at a mother’s breast satisfies feelings of hunger and is pleasurable. Deprivation of this stage could result in feelings of rejections, mistrust of others or problems to form intimate relationships. Anal Stage: From ages 1-3 you find yourself in the Anal Stage, this stage pays attention to the formation of the personality, learning independence and learning to express negative feelings. Phallic Stage: During ages 3-6 we find ourselves in the Phallic Stage, this stage focuses in an unconscious desire for the parent of the opposite sex, but is repressed. This is known as Oedipus complex for...
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...Influence of entertainment media paper Investigating the interrelationship between the entertainment media and culture. The media and culture are so much a part of our days that sometimes it is difficult to step back and appreciate and apprehend their great impact on our lives. Think of a normal typical day of your life, many people wake up to their alarm that’s set on their cell phone. Soon after waking up everyone has a routine that includes some type of media whether it be check your text messages or look at Facebook or read the newspaper, or check your email, turn the TV on and watch the news or the weather. Some will turn the radio on and listen to the news. Then you go to work or school, and your classes and jobs most likely use various types of media from course management software to PowerPoint presentations. Then you return home at the end of the day and wind down by watching TV or playing video games or watching movies and so on. These days its almost like we rely on media on our everyday life. American culture has changed over time I think a lot of it has to do with technology. The more and more technology grows and gets smarter it shapes our culture and affects us and we change and shape to it. We become dependent on technology. It has changed our culture by always having our phones out sending text messages constantly; taking pictures everywhere you go posting them to social media websites. These days everyone knows where you are and what you’re doing. Visual...
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...Sigmund Freud explored the human mind more thoroughly than any other who became before him. His contributions to psychology are vast. Freud was one of the most influential people of the twentieth century and his enduring legacy has influenced not only psychology, but art, literature and even the way people bring up their children. Freud’s lexicon has become embedded within the vocabulary of western society. Words he introduced through his theories are now used by everyday people, such as anal (personality), libido, denial, repression, cathartic, Freudian slip, and neurotic. Freud was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating a mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. Psychoanalysis is often known as the talking cure. Typically Freud would encourage his patient to talk freely (on his famous couch) regarding their symptoms and to describe exactly what was in their mind. The Case of Anna O The case of Anna O (real name Bertha Pappenheim) marked a turning point in the career of a young Viennese neuropathologist by the name of Sigmund Freud. It even went on to influence the future direction of psychology as a whole. Anna suffered from hysteria, a condition in which the patient exhibits physical symptoms (e.g. paralysis, convulsions, hallucinations, loss of speech) without apparent physical cause. Her doctor Josef Breuer succeeded in treating Anna by helping her to recall forgotten memories of traumatic events. Breuer discussed the...
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...Sigmund Freud is known as one of the most influential and recognized names in the field of psychology. Freud was one of the founding fathers of psychology and had many contributions such as the Oedipus complex, Freudian Slips and Dream Analysis to name a few. His study of the psychology on the mind and repressed feelings all attribute to his contributions to psychology. One of Freud’s most interesting was on Dream Analysis which encompasses the symbolism in the mind during the dreaming stage of the sleep cycle. Sigmund Freud was born in Austria in 1856 and studied as a neurologist and psychiatrist at the University of Vienna. While at the university he presented his studies on psychodynamics in Ernest Wilhelm von Brucke’s Lectures of Physiology. Later in 1879, Freud completed his studies and obtained his Dr. Med with his thesis on the spinal cord of lower fish species. Freud opened his own practice in 1886 focusing on Neurology. At his practice, Freud started initially used hypnosis to help his neurotic patients, but then stopped in favor of the psychotherapeutic approach. Patients would relay their feelings through speech, also coined as the “talking cure” by Anna O, one of Freud’s patients. As Freud continued his studies, he believed that sexual interaction hindered ones accomplishments in life and so he ceased sexual relations with his wife. According to Freud’s biographer, Ernest Jones, Freud was absolutely celibate “in order to sublimate the libido for creative purposes...
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...Psychodynamic Personality Theories “An individual's self-concept is the core of his personality. It affects every aspect of human behavior: the ability to learn, the capacity to grow and change. A strong, positive self-image is the best possible preparation for success in life” (Brothers, 2011, p. 1). Several psychologists have studied personality over the years, and with this research theories are applied. Theories have strengths and weaknesses and assist those who pursue further research regarding personality. Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theories provide for a better understanding of the human personality and human nature. Sigmund Freud began the revolution of research and developed the first modern theory of personality. Freud’s research became a test if the future and led many others to develop their own theories some of which were empirical and some philosophical speculation. * Freud is well known for the twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis, which are sex and aggression. Freud revised his concept of personality several times because he believed that a theory should be followed up with observation. Freud based his theory on his own dreams as well as encounters with patients. The psychoanalytic theory and dynamics of personality supported the idea that “motivation is derived from psychical and physical energy that springs from their basic drives” (Feist, J., & Feist, G., 2009, p. 2). Freud used the concept of motivation to explain the driving forces that...
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...Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issues” This essay will look into Freud’s psychosexual theory and will describe how it relates to adult neurotic behaviour. The essay will then look at some of the criticisms he had. Psychoanalysis, begun in the 1900s with Sigmund Freud being hailed the Father. Freud's theories of psychosexual stages, the unconscious, and dream symbolism remain a popular topic among both psychologists and laypersons, despite the fact that his work is viewed with skepticism by many today. 1 Many of Freud's observations and theories were based on clinical cases and case studies, making his findings difficult to generalise to a larger population. Regardless, Freud's theories changed how we think about the human mind and behavior and left a lasting mark on psychology and culture. Another theorist associated with psychoanalysis is Erik Erikson. Erikson expanded upon Freud's theories and stressed the importance of growth throughout the lifespan. Erikson's psychosocial stage theory of personality remains influential today in our understanding of human development . 2 The aims, which are similar to psychodynamics with psychodynamics commencing in the 1940’s. Psychodynamics continues as a discipline in its own right, and could be viewed as the child of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a lengthy form of therapy whereas psychodynamics is often...
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...Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud Introduction Carl Jung (1875-1961) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) were two individuals whose theories on human personality would completely affect the way that people viewed the human mind. Carl Gustav was a practicing psychotherapist while Sigmund Freud created the discipline of psychoanalysis. The two men had seemingly identical beliefs about human behavior, but also had contrasting beliefs about concepts such as the ego, the psyche, and the state of unconsciousness. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud’s Theories Sigmund Freud’s beliefs about personality were based on past experiences in an individual’s childhood. Freud stated that all human beings had three personality levels. These were the ego, the id, and the superego. The level of the id is the one that houses a person’s primitive drives and supports the enactment of decisions that are purely based on pleasure. The id’s objective is to avoid pain at all costs and only seek pleasurable sensations. The ego, on the other hand, identifies the significance of reality and makes decisions based on concepts such as judgment, perception recognition, and memory. The last level, the superego, is dedicated to seeking perfection (Reber, 2006). This level houses the individual’s accepted social morals and ideals in the conscience. Jung had different views about the different mental levels in the conscious mind. Instead of the ego, id, and superego, Jung perceived the human thought process as constituting of...
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...many years. In dissimilarity these trait theories describe personality as it exist, “psychoanalytic theories of one’s personality helps to explain the differences among individuals by means of examining how these unconscious forces interchange with his or her thoughts, actions, and feelings. Psychoanalytic theory was discovered by our father of psychology Sigmund Freud” (Feist & Feist, 2009, para. 3). Many of Freud’s theories have placed in the field of medicine, religion, and anthropology. The theory of personality was discovered from Freud, and this has been one of the most persuasive and at, the same time, controversial, in the field of science. Melanie Klein gave some great contributions to the field and Klein’s relation theory, and Alder’s psychology theory. Both of these contributed his and her thoughts to the elaboration, exploitation, and elaboration to psychology. Alfred Alder Individual Psychology Alfred Alder (1870-1937) was in Freud’s inner circle and the first to leave. Individual psychology was Alder’s idea. “Instead of seeing behavior by unconscious forces, believed it is purposeful and goal-directed” (Bottome, 1939, p. 4). The ability to choose and create was Alder’s belief. He also believed that he or she has goals in life that provide a good source of his or her own motivations, especially his or her goals that will acquire security and incredulous the feeling of inferiority. Alfred Alder and Sigmund Freud The two men over the years have emphasized...
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...Psychoanalytic theory PSY250 01/07/10 Psychoanalytic theory Introduction: Psychoanalysis is grounded on the observation that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that control their emotions and behavior. These unconscious factors may create unhappiness. (Cherry,2012). Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung and Alder Pioneers of psychology, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and Alfred Alder were influential thinkers, early founders and significant contributors to the science of psychology (Goodwin, 2008). Carl believed that dreams contained significant insight into people’s Psyche and theorized that for people to become whole, they must be thought to integrate the unconscious with the conscious mind in a process he called individuation. (Malamud, 1923).Freud based most psychological things on sexuality, and Adler promoted the theory of individuality. According to Freud human personality is divided into Id, ego, and superego. (Friedman & Schustack, 2009). Each of these characters has its own idea of what the outcome of the story should be. Their struggles are fueled by powerful motives, and each one is out for itself. (Cash, 2011) The ego is the conscious and thinking self, the personal unconscious is the collective personal expenses unique to each individual, and the collective unconscious is a collection of experiences and behavior patterns that is common to all people. (Sheedy, 2011). Jung on the other hand...
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...Behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and Psychoanalysis. Structural psychologists believed the purpose of psychology is to describe, analyze, and explain conscious sensations and feelings. Behaviorists believed conditioning could change human behavior. Gestalt psychologists theorized humans and some animals perceive the world around them in an organized pattern. Psychoanalysts believed that powerful inner forces from the unconscious mind develop and influence human behavior. This paper will discuss the personality theories proposed by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. This discussion will include a description of each theory. In addition, this paper will analyze the strengths and limitations of these theories. Finally this paper will compare and contrast each theory based on basic and underlying assumptions, deterministic versus free will, and awareness of self. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud, a psychologist from Vienna, was the first person to propose the Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality. Though his work, he suggested the personality is comprised of three separate elements, the id, the ego, and the super ego (Burger 2008). The id, present at birth, is entirely unconscious, and includes primitive and instinctive behaviors. The id is driven toward immediate gratification, known as the pleasure principle (Burger 2008). The id is important in early life, ensuring that the demands of an infant are met. If these needs are not satisfied, then the individual will experience anxiety...
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...“Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of Psychosexual Development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue?” In this essay I am asked to evaluate one aspect of Freudian theory. I will begin by first describing Freud’s psychosexual theory and demonstrate an understanding of its relationship to adult neurotic behaviour. Having done this I will examine some of the criticisms that have been levelled at Freudian theory in order to evaluate it. In 1905 Freud published ‘Three Essays on the theory of Sexuality and other Works’, one of those essays was titled ‘Infantile Sexuality’. In this essay Freud sets out his theory of psychosexual development. He asserts that there is in all humans an innate drive or instinct for pleasure, a sort of psychic energy, which he calls the libido and this energy needs to be discharged. He then goes on to describe how this drive finds outlet at the earliest stages of life, as babies, toddlers and infants and describes the oral, anal and phallic stages and the psychological effects of fixation at these stages. It is important to note that Freud separated sexual aims and objectives. His work on sexuality and perversions led to the wider theory of sexuality whereby he differentiated the sexual aim (the desire for pleasure) and the object (the person or thing used to fulfil the desire). He asserted that sexuality is more than just genital copulation between adults and this work is the background to his theory on infantile sexuality. He emphasised...
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...Sigmund Schlomo Freud BRIEF OVERVIEW Although Sigmund Freud was not the first person to formally study psychology, many consider him the most pivotal figure in the development of the field as we know it today. Freud changed the way society has come to think about and treat mental illness. Before Freud, mental illness was thought to result from deterioration or disease of the brain. Freud changed all of this by explicitly rejecting the purely organic or physical explanations of his predecessors. Instead he believed that unconscious motives and drives controlled most behavior. During a career that spanned 58 years, beginning with an earned medical degree in 1881 and continuing to his death in 1939, he developed and repeatedly revised his theory of psychoanalysis. Most of Freud’s theory was developed from contact he had with patients seen in his private practice in Vienna. This type of “clinical” work was a radical departure from the laboratory research that was practiced by most leading psychologists of the day. When Freud first presented his ideas in the 1890s, many of his contemporaries reacted with hostility. In fact, throughout his career, Freud faced enormous opposition to many of his ideas. Those especially controversial included notions about the role of the unconscious in behavior, childhood sexuality, and how the mind was governed (id, ego, and superego). But despite the opposition, Freud eventually attracted a group of followers that included well-known theorists 1856–1939...
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