...impulses and ideas. What is Repression? Repression is one of the Ego Defence Mechanisms; these are mechanism that the ego uses to defend itself in the daily conflict between id impulses that seek expression and the superego’s demand to deny. (Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2008) The definition of the word “repression” expressed in simple words is the exclusion of bad, uncomfortable experiences, ideas or impulses to the unconscious part of the brain. Therefore, we cannot really remember what happened, but still, repressed memories do not disappear. The level of “forgetting” in repression can vary from a temporary abolition of uncomfortable thoughts to a high level of amnesia, where events that caused the anxiety are stored very deep inside. Freudian Repression “The essence of repression lies simply in turning something away, and keeping it at a distance, from the conscious” Sigmund Freud, 1915. It is easy to imagine that Freud considered repression to be an enemy force because if it wasn’t treated, if the issue wasn’t resolved on time, it could lead to later misunderstandings. After all, the goal of psychoanalysis was to undo the painful consequences of repression. But still, Freud, in general, was not anti-repression. His own routines were built upon a strict self-discipline. He strongly believed in the necessity of repressing instincts and impulses in order to maintain and ordered, civilized and moral life. (Michael Billig, 1999.) How to tell if there are repressed memories...
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...Freud’s views contributed so much to psychology as we know it today. Still it continues to influence contemporary psychology. This approach really caught my attention as I could relate so much to his concepts during my voluntary work. I worked along with a pastoral counsellor working mainly with a basic style of “what you put in is what you get out.” What I mean is, is that just like Freud’s concepts that focuses on early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind, we really went deep into the past of a client to find out where all the trauma began. What better way to understand the life world of someone and why they do what they do and experience what they experience? Freud is also recognized for identifying certain psychosexual stages of life. In short the stages are described as follows: Oral Stage: During the 1st year of your life you find yourself in the Oral Stage, sucking at a mother’s breast satisfies feelings of hunger and is pleasurable. Deprivation of this stage could result in feelings of rejections, mistrust of others or problems to form intimate relationships. Anal Stage: From ages 1-3 you find yourself in the Anal Stage, this stage pays attention to the formation of the personality, learning independence and learning to express negative feelings. Phallic Stage: During ages 3-6 we find ourselves in the Phallic Stage, this stage focuses in an unconscious desire for the parent of the opposite sex, but is repressed. This is known as Oedipus complex for...
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...Freud believed that humans went through a series of stages in psychosexual development. Passing through these stages required the id's impulses to be controlled and resolved by the ego. However if the impulses were not satisfactorily resolved then the lingering unconscious conflicts could lead to psychological problems in later life. In the Oral Stage (birth to 18 months) the child is focused on the mouth as a way of seeking pleasure because of its requirement for nursing. If the child's weaning is traumatic, in later life any unresolved conflicts may manifest as a preoccupation with oral activities such as smoking, drinking, eating or bite his or her nails or chew pencils and pens. The Anal Stage (18 months to three years) is a time in which pleasure is based on eliminating and retaining bowel movements and gaining control over them. In terms of conflicts during this stage, the end result can be an obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control (anal retentive) or they may become messy and disorganized slobs (anal expulsive). During the Phallic Stage (ages three to six) the attention witches to the genitals as boys and girls learn that they are differences between the genders and become aware of the similarities and differences between them and their parents. Freud believed that during this stage boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mothers and come to see their fathers as rivals for her attention and affection. He also believed that boys develop a fear...
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...Q2. Why did Hans develop a phobia? (20%) * Set in 1909 * Repression, dreams, fantasy- all part of the case * Mother and child relationship-Infantile sexuality * He was attempting to negotiate Castration and Oedipal complex. * When he tried to negotiate the Oedipus complex, it led to his outbreak of phobia. * Generally, the father’s role is to take up the position of authority and oedipal prohibitor between the mother and son. However, Hans’s father was unable to do so in this case. * What is necessary is that the father must intervene in the mother child relation? – to establish the incest prohibition and establish the “promise” the ego ideal. * Father is the No and the Promise! * So Hans difficulties arise from number of sources; * The mother is overly attached to him and will not allow him to separate * The father cannot take up his position as authority and intervene effectively * The mother – does not listen to/support the father role – continues to take Hans into bed with her regardless of what the father says * At three years of age, he is at the phallic stage- pre-occupied by his widger. * Hans asks his mother if she possess a widger- she affirms Yes. Constant conflict about what he thinks/sees/is told. * Hans not only interested in widdlers but also touching his penis – infantile masturbation * Before his phobia mother threatens Hans that she will call Dr.A to cut it off at 3 ½.However he doesn’t care, no...
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...Theory Paper For this theory paper I chose Freud’s psychosexual theory and theory of the mind. Sigmud Freud was an Australian physician. Freud examined patients with paralysis symptoms he researched and in the process he created his famous theory of psychoanalysis and child development. Which proposes that unconscious motivations influence personality development. According to Freud’s theory the mind has three basic components; the id, the ego, and the superego. The id, we are born with, it wants immediate satisfaction of needs, what it wants, it wants it right away. We inherit the sexual and aggressive instincts through evolution. Also, the id is almost completely unconscious. The ego, it’s between the id and the superego, develops from the id and makes sure that the desires are realistic and under control. The ego is in touch with reality and is governed by the reality principle, it is the conscious mind. The superego goes one step passed the ego, it considers not only the real but also the ideal. Thinks of how we should behave according to our society, uses ideas that come from our parents and out environment. It gives us the sense of right and wrong, it sometimes opposes the id and the ego works to bring them back together. The superego is also partially unconscious. These three are in never ending state of conflict. Like our textbook Child Development Principles and Perspectives gives us an example of when we are arguing with another person it says, “you might experience...
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...Freud’s Theory of Personality: Personality has three structures: The Id (unconscious): Consists of instincts which are an individuals reservoir of psychic energy. -LARGEST -Devil. The id is totally unconscious and disconnected from reality. The Ego : The demands of reality (when children experience the demands and constraints of reality). “This is wrong, against law” -Called the “Executive Branch” of the psyche because it uses reasoning to make decisions. -ANGEL -REALITY PRINCIPLE. Ex: (What to do without getting arrested) The Superego (mostly unconscious): The moral branch of personality. -Takes into account whether something is right or wrong. IT IS OUR “Conscience”. -MEDIATOR -Imposing social values 10% mind = conscious thought 90% mind = unconscious thought Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development: We develop 5 psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stages. -In each of these stages he believes we derive pleasure in one part of body more than others. -These parts of the body called “Erogenous Zones” and are associated with sexual pleasure. -Thought our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts among these early sources of pleasure - The mouth, anus, then the genitals - and the demands of reality. WHEN these conflicts are not resolved the individual may become fixated at a particular stage of development. Ex: Parent might be too strict in toilet training a child. Oral Stage: Occurs...
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...PSY410 B.F. Skinner used operant conditioning in order to describe development. He believed that behavior was learned and reinforced through the environment. The Skinner box is what he designed and created to test his theory. In the Skinner box, there was a rat, a lever, button and other tool in it that was connected to a food source. When the box’s lever was triggered, food would come out and the rat could eat. The rat soon learned that through positive reinforcement, by pushing the lever meant that he could have food. Skinner also found that different sequences made the learning more reliable. If food only came out every other time the rat pushed the lever, the rat would be more persistent with the behavior than if it came out every time. Skinner later found that there was also recovery for lost behaviors. If the rat was out of the Skinner box for a while and then was returned to the box with the same lever they originally had, the rat would start pushing the lever for food again. This process is known as spontaneous recovery. Skinner took it a step further into development by adding shaping to his theory for complex behaviors. Shaping is when reinforced steps are used to teach a creature something. An example of this would be teaching a child to sound out a word. This is done by first teaching the child how to sing the alphabet and is encouraged to remember and sing the song. Then the child is taught how to recognize the individual letters from the alphabet...
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...It is imperative that every good counselor obtains a theory as a primary basis for therapy and there are many reasons why. A good theory signifies terms and conditions when coping with clients. For example, therapists who treat behavior might use cognitive or behavioral therapy as a way towards treating a client. Other therapists who focus on past behavior might use Freud as a means for relaying or treating past experiences (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2007). Those wanting to treat clients in a holistic or unique approach may be disposed to using yunginns theories as a method for therapy (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2007). Without a good source for treatment many therapists would be lost in terms of how to handle a client. Theories are also based on...
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...non-science. The goal of science is to discover what there is in the world and explain why it is and how it is (Hammerton, 2010, p.1). Science is helpful to answer some of these questions by presenting what the cause and impacts of different actions (Hammerton, 2010, p. 3). One of the significant characters of science is the construction of theories. Scientists usually want to explain the results of observation and experiment in terms of general theory rather than simply recording the results (Okasha, 2002, p. 2). Physics, biology, geology and psychology are within the domain of science (Hammerton, 2010, p. 1). However, some questions would be better explained by philosophy rather than science, such as evaluative questions, non-empirical questions, normative questions and questions related to personal experiences (Hammerton, 2010, p. 2). Pseudo-science refers to a theory that belongs to the domain of science, however, it is not scientifically testable. The philosopher Karl Popper thinks that the main differences between science and pseudo-science are whether the theory is scientifically testable. According to Popper, Marxism and Freudian psychology are in the domain of pseudo-science (Hammerton, 2010, p. 8)....
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...Personality Theory Course : Organizational Behaviour Course Code: MBA507 Section: 1 Submitted To: Dr. Nasreen Wadud Adjunct Faculty, Business Administration Department East West University Submitted By: Md. Faysal Ahmed ID: 2013-1-95-110 Mahmudul Hasan ID: 2013-1-95-031 Niaj Mahmud ID: 2013-1-95-055 Md. Samiul Islam Chowdhury ID: 2013-1-95-076 Submission Date: 24.08.2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Front Matter 2-5 Preface 2 Learning Objectives 3 Scope of the Project 3 Methodology 4 Limitations 5 I. Introduction 6-12 Introduction to Personality Theory 6 What is a Theory 7 Why Different theories 11 II. Theories of Personality 12-116 Psychoanalytic Theory 12-25 Humanistic Theory 25-43 Trait and Factor Theories- Big Five Factors 43-57 Biological and Genetic Theories 58-62 Social Cognitive Theory 62-87 Holistic-Dynamic Theory 88-116 III. Conclusion 116-117 Final Thoughts 116 Summary ...
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...Camus’ The Stranger - One’s own Freedom is what one desires to control the most in life. Yet in both Henrik Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler and Albert Camus’ The Stranger, Hedda and Meursault do not have this influence over themselve...[ view ] A Psychoanalytic Reading of Hedda Gabler Rate This Paper: 1 2 3 4 5 Submit Length: 786 words (2.2 double-spaced pages) Rating: Red (FREE) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A Psychoanalytic Reading of Hedda Gabler Attempting a psychoanalytic reading of a given text is a bit like attempting to understand a city by examining its sewer system: helpful, yet limited. There are several reasons for using psychoanalysis as a critical literary theory; the critic might be interested in gleaning some sort of subconscious authorial intent, approaching the text as a "cathartic documentation" (my own term) of the author's psyche; the method might be useful in judging whether characters are well-rendered, whether they are truly three-dimensional and, therefore, worth our while as...
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...Psychoanalytic Theory And Reading Of Cultural Products Film Studies Essay ukessays.com /essays/film-studies/psychoanalytic-theory-and-reading-of-cultural-products-filmstudies-essay.php The main concept of this essay is to point out how psychoanalytic theory could be used as a method of understanding and analyzing cultural products. The most valid approach for this is to observe how the cinema integrates psychoanalytical theories into specific film concepts. For this reason a Hitchcock film is used as an example, for it a common fact that there are many Freudian aspects in his movies. Specifically, Psycho is regarded by many film theorists and historians as the first “psychoanalytic thriller” (Kaganski as cited in Boulton, 2010). As implied by the title of the film, it is a movie whose plot is based on the Freudian Oedipus complex theory. First of all, it is noteworthy how the cinema developed a strong connection to psychoanalytic theories over the years. What is also interesting is the way in which a movie could be interpreted as a desire or a dreaming process. Moreover, in the second part of the essay, the correlation which Psycho has with psychoanalytical procedure is explored, in an effort to discover its kind and if it is actually the first psychoanalytic movie. Following a short presentation of the main plot, it is necessary to examine the nature of the Oedipus complex and how it is applied to the movie. Despite the fact that it remains the central psychoanalytic idea in...
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...LASA 2: Exploring Personality Theories Part I: Apply the personality theories to your personal life experience by answering the following questions. (Each paragraph below should be 200 – 400 words.) 1. The Five Factor Model of Personality: Explain where you fall on each of the FIVE dimensions or traits in this theory. Discuss whether you feel you were “born with” this trait or if you feel this trait developed through experiences in your environment (such as family experiences or other learning experiences). Based on your experience, explain whether personality traits are primarily biological (innate) or environmental (learned) (Nature vs. Nurture). (1 paragraph) Openness to Experience- This trait includes appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience. Openness reflects a person's degree of intellectual curiosity, creativity, and preference for novelty and variety. It is also described as the extent to which a person is imaginative or independent; it describes a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict routine. Those who score high in openness to experience prefer novelty, while those who score low prefer routine. This is biological to me because I grew up being told that I always needed to be unique but also open to suggestion. I needed to have an open imagination and never depends on anyone. Conscientiousness- Self-discipline, dutifulness, competence, thoughtfulness, and achievement-striving...
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...experiences. Freud’s theory became so popular because his approach was unprecedented, and his statements bold. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was based on his belief that our personalities are shaped by experiences of our earliest childhood memories (usually in the unconscious mind), and how well we are nurtured during this time. The time in which Freud developed his psychoanalytic theory is perhaps the greatest factor that contributed to his reputation and subsequent success as a theorist or psychologist. A great deal of Freud’s original psychoanalytic theory was based on his own early childhood experiences, and much of what he learned from research and experiments were never recorded or in many cases, weren’t recorded until hours and even days later. Without credible sources and physical data to support his findings, his theory was improved upon by some of his students and colleagues. CONs Although Freud’s theory was seen as incomplete in certain circles, as his psychoanalytic theory only focused on one or two factors in psychology; psychoanalysis is one among many disciplines that fit under the psychological umbrella. Because of the way psychology has unfolded as both a general discipline and a science, Freud should be credited for inspiring those who took his theory to the next level. It could be argued that he is the father of psychology, because of this inspiration. It is hard to voice much fault toward Freud, whether you are pro Freudian theory or otherwise because...
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...Comparisson of Masculinity and the Psychoanalytic theories using the example of the Fight Club. Introduction. Fight club is an interesting film to be reflected through psychoanalytic and masculinity theories. In this essay I will attempt to present the number of elements of narrative that can be explained by these theories. I intend to use citations from Marc A. Price's essay The Fight for Self: The Language of the Unconscious in Fight club regarding psychoanalytical concepts such as ego, super-ego and the id as well as Lynn M. Ta's dissertation Hurt So Good: Fight Club, Masculine Violence, and the Crisis of Capitalism (regarding masulinity in the film), as these works were the main sources of my research. Then I'll try to come to the conclusion on which of two theories have more strength at being applied to films (primarily Fight Club). Application of theories and analysis. The connection that we shall draw between psychoanalytic theory and the film Fight Club is simple and is this; the narrator is a representation of the ego, for Tyler Durden we can substitute the id. In the Freudian psychic model the ego is the civilized part of consciousness. The ego is that part of the psychic apparatus that is modified so that a being can interact safely with other beings and thus remain accepted within the social group. It is important for identity formation that the individual is accepted by the group (that is wider society) therefore, a controlled id is...
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