...1-1 A Modern Financial System—An Overview 1-2 Learning Objectives • Explain the functions of a financial system • The main types of financial institutions • Describe the main classes of financial instruments issued in a financial system • The flow of funds between savers / borrowers • Distinguish between various types of financial markets according to function • Appreciate the importance of globalisation • Understand the effects and consequences of a financial crisis on a financial system and economy 1-3 1 Functions of a Financial System • Money – Acts as medium of exchange – Solves the divisibility problem, i.e. where medium of exchange does not represent equal value for the p q parties to the transaction – Facilitates saving – Represents a store of wealth 1-4 Functions of a Financial System (cont.) • Role of markets – Facilitate exchange of goods and services by bringing opposite parties together establishing rates of exchange, i.e. prices • Financial Markets consist of: • Surplus units – Savers of funds available for lending • Deficit units – Borrowers of funds for capital investment and consumption 1-5 1.1 Functions of a Financial System (cont.) 1-6 2 Functions of a Financial System (cont.) • Financial instrument – Issued by a party raising funds, acknowledging a financial commitment and entitling the holder to specified future cash flows • Double coincidence of wants satisfied – A transaction between two parties that meets their...
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...1.1 Finance plays a key role in the functioning of any organisation because a steady flow of funds is required to make planned expenditure for delivering products and services and the sale of these products and services generates the necessary funds to make a profit. Any activity undertaken by any of the other departments without proper financial consideration can have a detrimental effect. For instance, if the sales team decides to offer extended credit or discounts to increase sales, this will affect cash flow and finance will not be able to collect cash for the business when the need arises. Similarly, purchase may decide to pay suppliers quickly or place bulk orders in order to avail a discount, but there may not be sufficient funds available immediately. This may affect relationship with the suppliers. The financial situation of the company inturn dictates activities of the other departments. For example, if there is a shortage of funds with the finance department, the sales team may not be able to offer prospective customers attractive discounts and extended credit, thereby making the competitors’ offer more attractive. Shortage of funds may also affect marketing thereby reducing overall income. Also prioritisation of planned projects will be required and this may affect overall strategy of the company. Hence a two-way dependence is observed. In order to avoid such problems, it is therefore important to have effective communication between the finance and other departments...
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... | |Managing | |Financial Records | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |INTERNATIONAL |INTERNATIONAL RECORDS | |COUNCIL ON ARCHIVES |MANAGEMENT TRUST | Managing Public Sector Records: A Study Programme Managing Financial Records MANAGING PUBLIC SECTOR RECORDS A STUDY PROGRAMME GENERAL EDITOR, MICHAEL ROPER; MANAGING EDITOR, LAURA MILLAR Managing Financial Records International Records International Management Trust Council on Archives Managing Public Sector Records: A Study Programme Managing Financial Records © International Records Management...
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...BAC 416 Accounting Information System Chapter 1 Multiple choice 1. The flow and level of detail of information operations management, as internal user of information is a. horizontal b. vertical downward c. vertical (upward & downward) d. vertical upward 2. An example of information exchanges with financial institutions, as an external stakeholder, is a. stock transaction information c. inventory receipts information b. sales & billing information d. sale of goods & services information 3. A subsystem is called a system when it is a. viewed in relation to the larger system of which it is a part b. the focus of attention c. able to achieve its goals d. able to interact with the other system 4. A system is said to have the ability to achieve its goal when a. there is a convenient way of representing, viewing, and understanding the relationships among subsystems b. all parts serve a common purpose c. it can serve at least one purpose but it may serve several d. there is an effective functioning and harmonious interaction of its subsystems 5. This is processed by its information system as a unit of work. a. financial transaction b. transaction c. nonfinancial transaction d. resources 6. AIS subsystems a. process financial & nonfinancial transactions that directly affect the processing of financial transactions b. measure economic events in monetary terms c. process nonfinancial...
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...Banking system Prepared by: Class of: Banking and finance Epoka University Table of contents Chapter 1 4 Financial system, meaning and its constituent’s elements 4 Chapter 2 5 Financial bank institutions. Meaning and their functions 5 Chapter 3 6 Banking System 6 Non bank financial institutions. Meaning and their functions 6 Chapter 4 9 The role of government in the credit market 9 The role of other financial credit institutions credit in financing the economy in Albania 9 The role of banks in lending activity in the country 10 Conclusions 11 Abreviations 11 Entry Progression and technological innovations are continuously effecting in a sensible way in every field of life, but especially and faster those has been felt in the Bank System. In now days, we are not only in front of a fast liberalization, globalization, but also in expanding financial market, updated always with new bank’s products. Albania is integrating everyday its self with this progress, despite national and international challenges that it faces time by time. Credit process has a main and important role in the economic progress, of financial system in our country. It is named like the locomotive that draws the most of economy growth. Since our agents are operating in a very flexible background, business world is more and more combined and conditioned by banks and financial institutions. Bank institutions are raising economy efficiency, through channeling of funds, by so contributing...
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... Overview of Accounting Information Systems Chapter 1 The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective 3 Introduction to Transaction Processing 31 Ethics, Fraud, and Internal Control 91 Chapter 2 I Chapter 3 1 CHAPTER The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective nlike many other accounting subjects, such as intermediate accounting, accounting information systems (AIS) lacks a well-defined body of knowledge. Much controversy exists among college faculty as to what should and should not be covered in the AIS course. To some extent, however, the controversy is being resolved through legislation. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 established new corporate governance regulations and standards for public companies registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This wide-sweeping legislation impacts public companies, their management, and their auditors. Of particular importance to AIS students is the impact of SOX on internal control standards and related auditing procedures. Whereas SOX does not define the entire content of the AIS course, it does identify critical areas of study that need to be included for accountants. These topics and more are covered in the chapters of this text. The purpose of this chapter is to place the subject of AIS in perspective for accountants. Toward this end, the chapter is divided into three major sections, each dealing with a different aspect of information systems. The first section explores the information...
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...Chapter 1—The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective TRUE/FALSE 1. Information is a business resource. ANS: T 2. An information system is an example of a natural system. ANS: F 3. Transaction processing systems convert non-financial transactions into financial transactions. ANS: F 4. Information lacking reliability may still have value. ANS: F 5. A balance sheet prepared in conformity with GAAP is an example of discretionary reporting. ANS: F 6. The Management Reporting System provides the internal financial information needed to manage a business. ANS: T 7. Most of the inputs to the General Ledger System come from the Financial Reporting System. ANS: F 8. When preparing discretionary reports, organizations can choose what information to report and how to present it. ANS: T 9. Retrieval is the task of permanently removing obsolete or redundant records from the database. ANS: F 10. Systems development represents 80 to 90 percent of the total cost of a computer system. ANS: F 11. The database administrator is responsible for the security and integrity of the database. ANS: T 12. A backbone system is completely finished, tested, and ready for implementation. ANS: F 13. The internal auditor represents the interests of third-party outsiders. ANS: F 14. Information Technology (IT) audits can be performed by both internal and external auditors. ANS: T 15. The single largest...
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...SOLUTIONS Introduction The original version of this document has been developed by a consultant firm (CJSC Avicomp Services, Russia) as an annex to the System Design report prepared during the design of Public Financial Management System (PFMS) in Moldova for the Ministry of Finance (MoF) in December 2005. The purpose of this study was to better understand the capabilities of some of the application software (ASW) modules (commercial-off-the-shelf software packages) in order to assess the level of customization needed to meet the MoF technical requirements while implementing an integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) in Moldova. This study shows that all ASW solutions can provide the desired core Treasury (budget execution) functions with minimal customization. Additional PFM functions can be supported through custom developed software and be integrated with these software packages to provide the full PFMS functionality. In 2006, the MoF kindly agreed to share this annex with other public sector organizations and related specialists for their internal use while designing or studying the PFM systems. This document is intended to present the functional modules of several available ASW solutions which were implemented in similar projects in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region of the World Bank. A summary of PFMS functions vs modules of selected ASW is presented below: • • • FreeBalance eFinancials Oracle E-Business Suite SAP R/3 (FreeBalance Software, Canada) (Oracle...
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...2:45 PM Page 1 Part 1 The Global Financial System in Perspective Try to imagine living in a world in which there are no financial institutions, no financial markets, and no financial assets. In such a world, there would be no opportunity to borrow against future income in order to purchase a home or an automobile, or to finance an education. Nor would you be able to save some of your current income (and, thereby, accumulate wealth over time) to handle the future expenses of a growing family or retirement. Businesses could not come up with the resources needed to produce the goods and services you like to consume. There would be no way to acquire insurance against sickness and death. Even the simple act of buying food would become extremely difficult, requiring you to barter simply to survive. The financial system has emerged to fill these and many other critical needs that require some separation in time between the use of resources (such as capital and labor), the production of goods and services, and the actual consumption of those goods and services desired. Financial markets and institutions deal with these issues and provide for the smooth functioning of modern economies, enabling resources to find their way to their most highly valued use. In so doing, the financial system dramatically enhances the efficiency of the economy and raises our standard of living. In order to set the stage for our study of the global financial system, Part One of Money and Capital Markets...
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...COMMERCIAL BANKS Commercial banks are important financial intermediaries serving the general public in any society. In most cases, commercial banks hold more assets than any other financial institution, in some cases, even more than Central Banks. Apart from their many functions, commercial banks facilitate growth and development. They lend in many areas or sectors of the economy. Viewed from the real sector, they contribute to investments, employment creation, and by extension the process of economic growth. In Trinidad and Tobago there are 8 commercial banks as follows; • Bank of Baroda (Trinidad and Tobago) Limited • Citibank (Trinidad & Tobago) Limited • FirstCaribbean International Bank (Trinidad & Tobago) Limited • First Citizens Bank Limited • Intercommercial Bank Limited • Republic Bank Limited • Scotiabank Trinidad and Tobago Limited • RBC Royal Bank (Trinidad and Tobago) Limited There are many other institutions such as credit unions, development banks, mutual funds to name a few. However, notwithstanding this commercial banks can be described as the head of the financial system. They are by far the largest mobilizers of savings and providers of loanable funds. They now account for over 50% of the total assets of the financial system and far more than half of the financial savings of the domestic economy. (See Table 1) Assets of the banking System (2001-2008) [pic]With all these resources,...
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...is concerned with providing information to managers- that is, to those who are inside an organization and who direct and control its operations. Managerial accounting can be contrasted with financial accounting, which is concerned with providing information to stockholders, creditors and others who are outside an organization (Garrison and Noreen, 1999). Managerial accounting information includes: * Information on the costs of an organization’s products and services. For Example, managers can use product costs to guide the setting of selling prices. In addition, these product costs are used for inventory valuation and income determination (Horngren and Foster, pp. 2). * Budgets: A budget is a quantitative expression of a plan. * Performance reports: These reports often consist of comparisons of budgets with actual results. The deviations of actual results from budget are called variances (Horngren and Foster, pp. 3) * Other information which assist managers in their planning and control activities. Examples are information on revenues of an organization’s products and services, sales back logs, unit quantities and demands on capacity resources (Kaplan and Atkinson, pp. 1). Managerial Accounting Practices around the World Traditional managerial accounting systems are mainly designed to measure the efficiency of internal processes. In the 1980’s, traditional managerial accounting practitioners were heavily criticized on the grounds that their practices...
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...Activity | 6 | Structure Based on Organizational Functions | 12 | Applications Based on MIS | 18 | References | 20 | Introduction Management information system broadly refers to a computer-based system that provides managers with the tools to organize, evaluate and efficiently manage departments within an organization. MIS, or Management Information Systems, are used to manage the data created within the structure of a particular business. These systems store the data and allow the business to manipulate this data. It is the study of people, technology, organizations and the relationship among them. MIS can be defined as the study of how individuals, groups and organizations evaluate, design, implement, manage and utilize systems to generate information to improve efficiency and effectiveness of decision making. The concept of MIS gives high regard to the individual and his ability to use information. While analyzing the data, it relies on many academic disciplines. These include the theories, principles and concepts from the Management Science, Psychology and Human Behavior, making the MID more effective and useful. These academic disciplines are used in designing the MIS, evolving the decision support tools for modeling and decision - making. The concept, therefore, is a blend of principle, theories and practices of the Management, Information and System giving rise to single product known as Management Information System (MIS). The Physical view of the MIS can be...
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...Federal Reserve's Monetary Policy Eco 561 June 22, 2010 Douglas C. Holbrook U. S. Federal Reserve's Monetary Policy The Fed can be considered second to the President of the United States as one of the most influential and powerful men in the United States. As the world tunes in to the and monetary decisions that the Federal Reserve makes, those deacons impacts trillions of dollars and hundred of millions of people. It is important to understand the function of money, the structure of the Fed Reserve and purpose, how the central bank controls the money supply and lastly what current monetary policy has the Fed enacted to boost up the economy. The Purpose and Function of Money Money is an economic resource. It is a mean to obtain value to be utilized for different purposes in ways other than the manner earned or realized. Money and its function simplify the production and use of wealth. It is defined as anything that is “widely accepted as a medium of exchange” (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). Some of its functions are as follows: * Unit of account – monetary units are used as yardsticks to measure the comparative value of an array of goods and services, and resources. * Store of value/wealth – enables people to purchase goods and services in the present or future. * Medium of exchange – it is usable for buying and selling of goods and services. Money allows society to escape the complication of barter. As for the medium of exchange or currency in...
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...Accounting and Financial Statements Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to identify some of the concepts of Understanding Accounting and Financial Statements in the business world. Learning objectives 1. Explain the functions of accounting, and identify the three basic activities involving accounting. 2. Describe he roles played by public, management, government, and not-for-profit accountants. 3. Identify the foundations of the accounting system, including GAAP and the role of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). 4. Outline the steps in the accounting cycle, and define double-entry bookkeeping and the accounting equation. 5. Explain the functions and major components of the four principal financial statements: the balance sheet, the income statement, the statement of owner’s equity, and the statement of cash flows. 6. Discuss how financial ratios are used to analyze a company’s financial strengths and weaknesses. 7. Describe the role of budges in a business. 8. Outline accounting issues facing global business and the move towards one set of worldwide accounting rules. 1. Explain the functions of accounting, and identify the three basic activities involving accounting. Accounting measure, interpret, and communicate financial information to parties inside and outside the firm to support improved decision making. Accountants gather, record, and interpret financial information to management. They also provide financial information...
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...India (RBI) is the Central Bank of the country. It was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Reserve Bank was started as share-holders bank with a paid-up capital of Rs.5 crores. On establishment it took over the function of management of currency from the Government of India and power of credit control from the Imperial Bank of India. The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Calcutta but was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. The Central Office is where the Governor sits and where policies are formulated. Though originally privately owned, since nationalisation in 1949, the Reserve Bank is fully owned by the Government of India. PREAMBLE: The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the Reserve Bank as: "...to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage." ORGANIZATION OF THE RESERVE BANK: 1. Central Board 2. Local Board 3. Board for Financial Supervision 4. Board for Payment and Settlement Systems 1. CENTRAL BOARD: The Reserve Bank's affairs are governed by a central board of directors. The board is appointed by the Government of India in keeping with the Reserve Bank of India Act. • Appointed/nominated for a period of four years • Constitution: o Official Directors...
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