...VACUUM TUBES A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of School of Engineering Asia Pacific College Magallanes, Makati by Pamela Joyce M. Espigol In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements in Electronic Devices and Circuits Lec Date Submitted October 30, 2015 II. INTRODUCTION a. RESEARCH PAPER SUMMARY NO. | ABSTRACT | METHODOLOGY | RESULTS | CONCLUSION | RECOMMENDATION | 1 | The objective of this work is to simulate a tube guitar amplifier, the Giannini True Reverber designed by Carlos Alberto Lopes in the nineteen sixties. The nonlinear “overdrive” characteristics of these devices make them attractive for guitarists since odd harmonics are added into the guitar sound as well as sound compression. The shortcomings of these amplifiers led to the development of DSP simulation techniques over the last few years. Many past DSP simulations of tube amplifiers were implemented using Static Digital Wave shappers for the task of replicating the tube transfer characteristics. Since the physical behavior of such systems is quite complex, physically informed models are necessary for more precision in the simulation, requiring more computer power. A Wave Digital Filter (WDF) simulation of the Giannini True Reverber double 12AX7 preamp is accomplished in this work using Koren’s triode equations and Block Compiler, where each parameter was acquired in the original electronic schematic or by measurement of the real amplifier. The real preamp is compared to the...
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...distance and not the speed of a target can be determined. Figure 1: Simple, non-coherent Radar. Coherent Pulse Radar/Pulse Doppler radar Coherent pulse Radar is in the position to deliver information regarding the range as well as Doppler information, i.e. the velocity and/or speed of an object. Here a coherent oscillator (COHO) is introduced on the transmission side, which also delivers the phase reference for the receiving signal. The transmitting oscillator (LO for Local Oscillator) is added on the transmitting end and is again taken out at the receiving end. In comparison to the Doppler frequency, which can be measured, both oscillators must be sufficiently stable for the entire time. In Figure 2, an example of coherent pulse Radar, a quadrature modulator is employed to additionally determine the direction of the target movement. Figure 2: Coherent pulse Radar. Two various fundamental methods of Doppler analysis are known and will be subsequently and shortly introduced. The transmitting signal for pulse Radar is: Us=Assinω0t The reference signal: Uref=Arefsinω0t+φref φref= constant, φref=0. The receiving signal from a target at range R becomes: UE=AEsinω0+ωdt-2ω0Rc After combining one obtains:...
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...except it is much simpler. We will not go into the similarities except to say that the "picture tube" on a TV and the "screen" on a CRO are both a special type of valve called a Cathode Ray Tube. It is a vacuum tube with a cathode (negative electrode) at one end that emits electrons and anodes (positive electrodes) to accelerate the electron beam up/down and left/right to hit a phosphor coating at the end of the tube, called the screen. The electrons are called cathode rays because they are emitted by the cathode and this gives the oscilloscope its full name: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope or CRO. Internal Components 1. An indirectly heated cathode which provides a source of electrons for the beam by "boiling" them out of the cathode. 2. The anode (or plate) which is circular with a small central hole. The potential of P creates an electric field which accelerates the electrons, some of which emerge from the hole as a fine beam. This beam lies along the central axis of the tube. 3. The grid: Controlling the potential of the grid controls the number of electrons for the beam, and hence the intensity of the spot on the screen where the beam...
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...a phenomenon we have all observed, that of the ECHO PRINCIPLE. To illustrate this principle, if a ship’s whistle were sounded in the middle of the ocean, the sound waves would dissipate their energy as they traveled outward and at some point would disappear entirely. If, however the whistle sounded near an object such as a cliff some of the radiated sound waves would be reflected back to the ship as an echo. The form of electromagnetic signal radiated by the radar depends upon the type of information needed about the target. Radar, as designed for marine navigation applications, is pulse modulated. Pulse-modulated radar can determine the distance to a target by measuring the time required for an extremely short burst of radio-frequency (r-f) energy to travel to the target and return to its source as a reflected echo. Directional antennas are used for transmitting the pulse and receiving the reflected echo, thereby allowing determination of the direction or bearing of the target echo. Once time and bearing are measured, these targets or echoes are calculated and displayed on the radar display. The radar display provides the operator a birds eye view of where other targets are relative to own ship. Radar is an active device. It utilizes its own radio energy to detect and track the target. It does not depend on energy radiated by the target itself. The ability to detect a...
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...in motion © ABB Inc. - 3 - These motions are called vibrations symmetrical vibration H-O-H asymmetrical vibration H-O-H Properties of Molecular Vibrations The rate of vibration is millions of cycles per second (it never stops) Each vibration has a unique frequency The frequency of a vibration depends on: The strength of the chemical bond between atoms The mass of each atom So we can learn a lot about a molecule when we study its vibrations! © ABB Inc. - 4 - Infrared spectroscopy is a method for the analysis of molecular vibrations IR Spectroscopy Analysis based on the absorption at different wavelengths of an infrared beam by a sample Source radiation Transmitted radiation Sample 100 80 100 Relative intensity of IR beam 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 © ABB Inc. - 5 - transmittance spectrum of the sample 0 4000 3000 2000 1000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Principles of Infrared Spectroscopy When a frequency of light corresponds to a molecular vibration it is absorbed by the sample © ABB Inc. - 6 - The fraction of light transmitted by the sample compared with the light incident as a function of frequency gives the infrared spectrum of the sample Infrared Spectrum of a Polystyrene Film Wavelength is expressed in number of waves per cm. (e.g. 1000 /cm is the same as wavelength λ=1/1000th cm) Vertical scale is percent remaining intensity transmittance spectrum of the...
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...archived as http://www.stealthskater.com/Documents/Holography_03.pdf more related articles at http://www.stealthskater.com/Science.htm note: because important websites are frequently "here today but gone tomorrow", the following was archived from http://www.rense.com/general69/holoff.htm on March 10, 2006. This is NOT an attempt to divert readers from the aforementioned website. Indeed, the reader should only read this back-up copy if it cannot be found at the original author's site. The Holographic Universe Does Objective Reality Exist? by Michael Talbot 3-12-2006 In 1982, a remarkable event took place. At the University of Paris, a research team led by physicist Alain Aspect performed what may turn out to be one of the most important experiments of the 20th Century. You did not hear about it on the evening news. In fact, unless you are in the habit of reading scientific journals, you probably have never even heard Aspect's name though there are some who believe his discovery may change the face of Science. Aspect and his team discovered that under certain circumstances subatomic particles such as electrons are able to instantaneously communicate with each other regardless of the distance separating them. It doesn't matter whether they are 10 feet or 10 billion miles apart. Somehow, each particle always seems to know what the other is doing. The problem with this feat is that it violates Einstein's long-held tenet that no communication can travel faster than the speed-of-light...
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...Gaussian Beams Enrique J. Galvez Department of Physics and Astronomy Colgate University Copyright 2009 ii Contents 1 Fundamental Gaussian Beams 1.1 Spherical Wavefront in the Paraxial region 1.2 Formal Solution of the Wave Equation . . 1.2.1 Beam Spot w(z) . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Beam Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Wavefront . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 Gouy Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Focusing a Gaussian Beam . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 6 8 8 9 10 12 15 15 17 20 21 25 25 26 26 27 29 30 31 31 33 35 35 36 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 High-Order Gaussian Beams 2.1 High-Order Gaussian Beams in Rectangular Coordinates 2.2 High-Order Gaussian Beams in Cylindrical Coordinates . 2.3 Irradiance and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Wave-front interference 3.1 General Formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Interference of Zero-order...
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...Name: KARTIK KHURANA, ZACHE ECKERT Broad Topic: PROJECT BLUE BEAM Draft Title: __________________________________________________________ (may change) __________________________________________________________ Major Paper Outline INTRODUCTION Hook: Have you ever wondered what those flying disks were in the sky passing by? What if I told you that they are not aliens? What would you think they could be?? Supporting Arguments (Brief): 1. There have been many people who said they think they have seen a projection of a 3D holographic image in the sky. 2. A list of things have been in the sky, some of the examples are Christ’s image, Flying disks and floating buildings 3. Majority of the folks think that they can project a message, symbol or a 3D image directly onto a cloud or water vapour Thesis: I believe that the Government is planning on using this project blue beam to subject us to artificially created Earthquakes and a gigantic Space shows to name a few. The Project Blue beam has four different steps in order to implement the new age religion with antichrist at its head. BODY PARAGRAPH #1 Topic/Transition Sentence: As a matter of fact the floating city has been actually seen by many people in China. 3 Main Pieces of Evidence/Proof from a Variety of Sources (with citations): a) The floating city after a mirage in the shape of a dark skyscrapers made the world especially the people in China puzzled about this mysterious appearance...
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... Integrated Building Services installation in Floors 1.0 Floor Systems Floor structures comprise beams and slabs. The beams are attached to Columns that are placed in the optimum locations for effective use of the space. Column-free space has become an important design requirement in modern commercial buildings to achieve flexibility in use. Many long-span beam systems have been developed with spans of up to 18 m, which means that internal columns are not required for many building layouts. In addition to their function in supporting imposed loads, floors often act as horizontal diaphragms, ensuring horizontal forces are transferred to the vertical bracing, or cores. Furthermore, the floor components (floor slab, decking and beams) must also provide the required fire resistance as influenced by the building height and use. Services may be integrated with the structural zone, or may be suspended below the floor. Structural floors may have a directly applied floor finish, or a screed, or a raised floor to provide distribution of electrical and communication services. The following floor systems are described: Composite beams and composite slabs. Integrated floor beams Cellular beams (either using hot rolled steel sections or fabricated sections). Composite beams with precast concrete units. Integrated floor beams (also known as slim floor beams). Non-composite beams with pre-fabricated concrete slabs 1.1 Composite Floors Composite floors comprise profiled steel...
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......................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... (b) Explain how accommodation is achieved by the eye. ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... ....................................................................... [2] 8810-6506 0231 – 3 – A2. This question is about diffraction and resolution. (a) N10/4/PHYSI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX A parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident on a narrow rectangular slit. After passing through the slit, the light is...
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...|Ozone | Immunity Boosting | Nutrition | The CIA Mind-Body Connection | Ozone | Bioelectrification | Story on Drugs | Vaccine Dangers | Cancer | Newsletter | New World Order | NWO News | Pam Schuffert James Casbolt | Phil Schneider | Al Bielek | Trevor James Constable | Mind Control | Brice Taylor | Ted Gunderson | The Relfes | Free Energy || Montalk Dr. Robert Bitzer | T. Lobsang Rampa | Ruth Drown | ZS Livingstone | David Brandt | Red Elk | Phil Ledoux | Gary Wade | BBB | The Draft | Veterans Awaken Tone Gen | Depleted Uranium | Discussion | Dowsing | Police & Tasers | Rev. Sun Myung Moon | British Israel | The End Times | Amy Goodman Gatekeeper 'Peak Oil' | Amitakh Stanford | Military Draft | Rosie's Predictions | Project Blue Beam | Otto Skorzeny | Insights on Aliens | Cell Towers | Cell Phone Dangers CPS/DCF Tyranny | Adrenal Burnout | The Women Warriors | Orgone Adventures | Dr. John Coleman | Railroading Dr. Jeffrey MacDonald | Henry Makow Bush Family & Nazis | Holistic Dentists | Metal Free Dentistry | Water Supply Sabotage | Dr. Hulda Clark Books | Planet X Sequel | 'Undocumented Immigrants' War on Terror | Tavistock | U.S. Concentration Camps | FEMA | Aliens Are Coming! | Guiding Principles | Global Warming | Gang Stalking | Monoatomic Gold Spiritualsim | Hope | Healing Thought Forms | Vanquish Fear | Prevent Alien/Demonic Attacks | Rethinking Noam Chomsky | Rockefeller File | War is a Racket Letters | Codex Alimentarius | Zeitgeist Refuted | Airport...
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...and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy) Spectroscopy is the study of the absorption and emission of light and other radiation by matter, as related to the dependence of these processes on the wavelength of the radiation. More recently, the definition has been expanded to include the study of the interactions between particles such as electrons, protons, and ions, as well as their interaction with other particles as a function of their collision energy. Spectroscopic analysis has been crucial in the development of the most fundamental theories in physics, including quantum mechanics, the special and general theories of relativity, and quantum electrodynamics. Spectroscopy, as applied to high-energy collisions, has been a key tool in developing scientific understanding not only of the electromagnetic force but also of the strong and weak nuclear forces. The basic principle shared by all spectroscopic techniques is to shine a beam of electromagnetic radiation onto a sample, and observe how it responds to such a stimulus. The response is usually recorded as a function of radiation wavelength. A plot of the response as a function of wavelength is referred to as a spectrum. Electromagnetic radiation consists of discrete packets of energy, which call photons. A photon consists of an oscillating electric field component, E, and an oscillating magnetic field component, M. The electric and magnetic fields are...
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...IMPROVISED MODEM BROADBAND ANTENNA Chapter 1 Problem and Its Background Introduction The internet nowadays could be considered as a secondary need in everyone’s lives. Most devices nowadays were produced to have an internet connection to allow surfing. The internet nowadays evolved so rapidly in our everyday lives. It serves as a medium of communication and it also passes information across the globe. There are some questions though about the internet, on it works or how could it provide our daily needs. Many of us have many questions about the internet, especially about its signals. Internet users in rural areas are frequently experiencing dropped signals from their broadband modems. Those dropped signals will lead to incompletion of information and communication. This Improvised modem broadband antenna could answer and provide solutions for the problem of dropped signals experienced by internet users. As this research continue to progress, there are a lot of innovations observed that can manipulate the internet signals by using some recycled devices that can be found in anyone’s homes. This study will be quite interesting for the involvement of the internet in the modern era, and for the reason that this will be very useful for internet users that does not want an occurrence of dropped signals in their broadband modem. Background of the Study The increasing number internet users led us to do this study. This study attempts to end the problem that most internet...
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...propagation model, which we extended for broadband transmissions. We extract all model parameters from 2.6 GHz multi-cell measurements in our field trial and parametrize the model at a fixed ISD. We also investigate the impact of antenna downtilt and find that when a larger downtilt is used, the rms delay spread and 95% excess delay are smaller. However, there are critical 3D effects close to the sites not included in the model. Then we consider larger ISDs and indicate how the delay parameters grow. Based on Greensteins model, the short cyclic prefix in LTE is hardly violated for realistic ISD at 2.6 GHz. I. I NTRODUCTION Base station cooperation is envisioned as a promising technique for future mobile networks where the carrier frequency shall be fully reused. It reduces the mutual interference between adjacent radio cells and increases significantly the spectral efficiency [1]. In the downlink, multiple antennas at multiple base stations are considered as inputs and multiple terminals served in the corresponding cells are considered as outputs of a distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. Recent research has revealed that spatial multiplexing of multiple data streams is possible provided that the channel...
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...clouds of hydrogen and helium gasses are illuminated by the first starlight to shine in the Universe. About 13.7 billion years ago, the Big Bang is thought to have created our universe. For about 1.5 billion years, the universe went through a cosmic dark age, until finally the first stars and galaxies were born. Many details of how those stars were born are not known, but the new experiment helps fill in some gaps. "The first star formation is a really fascinating intersection between chemistry and cosmology," said researcher Daniel Savin of Columbia University in New York, during a Wednesday press conference. "What it's telling us is that in order to understand the very beginnings of star formation, we need to really understand fundamental chemistry." Early universe unveiled The early universe was made mostly of hydrogen, with some helium and trace amounts of other elements. This matter clumped together under its own gravitational pull to form clouds. Within these clouds, scientists think hydrogen atoms (which contain one proton and one electron) bonded with negatively charged hydrogen ions (one proton and two electrons) to form molecular hydrogen, consisting of two hydrogen atoms chemically bonded. This chemical reaction served to cool and condense the clouds until they were dense enough to ignite nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars. Theorists had predicted this chemical reaction, but had trouble calculating just how it would happen and how quickly. Recreating...
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