...Marking-to-Market: Panacea or Pandora’s Box? Guillaume Plantin London Business School Haresh Sapra University of Chicago GSB Hyun Song Shin Princeton University August 13, 2007 Abstract Financial institutions have been at the forefront of the debate on the controversial shift in international standards from historical cost accounting to mark-to-market accounting. We show that the trade—o s at stake in this debate are far from one-sided. While the historical cost regime leads to some ine ciencies, marking to market may lead to other types of ine ciencies by injecting artificial risk that degrades the information value of prices, and induces sub—optimal real decisions. We construct a framework that can weigh the pros and cons. We find that the damage done by marking to market is greatest when claims are (i) long—lived, (ii) illiquid, and (iii) senior. These are precisely the attributes of the key balance sheet items of banks and insurance companies. Our results therefore shed light on why banks and insurance companies have been the most vocal opponents of the shift to marking to market. We are grateful to both our editor, Ray Ball, for his advice and comments and to an anonymous referee for many useful comments. We also thank participants at the 2007 Journal of Accounting Research conference as well as participants in various seminars, and, in particular, Doug Diamond, Ron Dye, Xavier Freixas, Milt Harris, Charles Goodhart, Raghu Rajan, Rafael Repullo...
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...Was fundamental analysis redundant in the period during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC)? 3/21/2014 ABC Was fundamental analysis redundant in the period during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC)? Fundamental analysis is the process of evaluating the value of any security and certificate by analyzing the real time factors, which are based on qualitative and quantitative factors. Economic and the social factors also effect while you are finding out the intrinsic value of any security or asset. Fundamental analysis when made for evaluating the value of security all the factors that can affect the security considered like macroeconomic factors, microeconomic factors and the company based factors. Not only have the external factors about the internal factors also affected the value of any asset (Bedford, 2008). You need to consider in fundamental analysis: * Market analysis * Company analysis * Industry analysis For an investor the fundamental analysis is very important to invest in any asset or security. The investor when found the intrinsic value of security with its current value than this make easy for them to invest or not. Global financial crises are the period, which is experienced by the society, and the marketers, a situation of great difficulty in the world where nothing is stable in any state of the world. The economic situation in the global crises become worst and the purchase power of the customer reduces, and this is a difficult time for the...
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...Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper ECO/372 June 9th 2014 Professor Salazar Fundamentals of Macroeconomics The global economy is a concept important to understand and mastering this concept is successful by analyzing the term macroeconomics. Macroeconomics a term that illustrates the economy as a whole by describing economics aspects in different countries around the World as opposed to microeconomics which contemplates countries in a singular fashion. The following paper speaks to terms surrounding macroeconomics and consumer economic issues like unemployment, inflation, and interest rates. The Gross Domestic Product or GDP measures a societies manufacturing activities in a one year period. Two aspects of GDP are Real GDP and Nominal GDP and understanding the differences between the two is vital to computing Gross Domestic Product. Real GDP expresses how inflation effects the dollar value of a product of service each year and a reference for this change is the consumer price index. Nominal GDP however are not adjusted for inflation and will at times expresses bigger numbers than Real GDP. The unemployment rate expresses the percentage of people in different countries that either do not have a job or practice other means of obtaining currency. In addition, unemployment is directly affected by inflation another concept surrounding the fundamentals of macroeconomics. Inflation is the how much the price of a product of service increases in the economy. “Inflation...
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...Relationship between Real Estate and Financial Sectors in Dubai Economy Dr. Eisa Abdelgalil Data Management and Research Department Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................i ......................................................................................................................ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬيii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... iii 1. Introduction................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................1 1.2 Objective ..............................................................................................................1 1.3 Research questions...............................................................................................1 1.4 Methodology and data..........................................................................................2 1.5 Outline of the study..............................................................................................2 2. Dynamic of Real Estate Market.................................................................................3 3. Impact of Real Estate on Financial Institutions ........................................................
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...INFORMATION AND SERVICES LIMITED CREDIT RATING SCALES – BANK LOAN / FACILITY RATING LONG TERM RATING SCALES AND DEFINITIONS RATING Blr AAA (blr Triple A) (Highest Safety) blr AA+, blr AA, blr AA(blr Double A) (High Safety) blr A+, blr A, blr A(blr Single A) (Adequate Safety) blr BBB+, blr BBB, blr BBB(blr Triple B) (Moderate Safety) Blr BB+, blr BB, Bank Loan/ Facilities rated in this category are adjudged to carry adequate safety for timely repayment/ settlement. This level of rating indicates that the loan / facilities enjoyed by an entity has adequate and reliable credit profile. Risk factors are more variable and greater in periods of economic stress than those rated in the higher categories. Bank Loan/ Facilities rated in this category are adjudged to offer moderate degree of safety for timely repayment /fulfilling commitments. This level of rating indicates that the client enjoying loans/ facilities under-performing in some areas. However, these clients are considered to have the capability to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. Cash flows are irregular but the same is sufficient to service the laon/ fulfill commitments. Risk factors are more variable in periods of economic stress than those rated in the higher categories. Speculative/ Non investment Grade Bank Loan/ Facilities rated in this category are adjudged to lack key protection factors, which results in an inadequate safety. This level of rating indicates loans/ facilities enjoyed by a client are below investment...
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...Of late, the organisational structure of various micro-financial groups is undergoing significant changes. There are Thrift groups; Credit management groups, Income generating groups, Self-help groups and Mutual help groups. Sometimes the institute that promotes the SHG, itself provides loan facilities. It is called as Micro-finance Institute. Objectives of SHG. • Basically the SHGs are economic organisation. Small funds are raised for day to day needs. The saving groups when transformed to earning groups not only increase the productivity of members but the credibility also. • Doors are wide open to unemployed/ socially deprived/women to understand and gain knowledge about Banking, Gram Panchayats, Zilla Parishad, Law and Judiciary etc. • As...
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...How an Economy Grows and Why it Doesn’t: A Review A Book by Irwin Schiff I often cop a lot of flack for claiming that the fundamental laws of economics, like the laws of physics, are immutable. I stand by this statement because the basic principles of economics are based on scientific logic. The only reason they are so poorly understood is because they are made deliberately confusing by those who benefit from your ignorance. Economics is routinely cloaked in technical jargon and obscure terminology. I am a huge fan of any work that can explain these principles simply and make them accessible. For this reason I maintain that Irwin Schiff’s ‘How an Economy Grows and Why it Doesn’t‘ is the single best book on economics ever written. It was adapted recently by Irwin’s son, Peter Schiff, and re-titled ‘How an Economy Grows and Why it Crashes.’ I’m a greater fan of the original work by Irwin Schiff, with its emphasis on simplicity. The story is an allegory. It is presented as a children’s picture book. The fundamental role of savings, inflation and capital formation are presented clearly. Economics makes perfect sense after reading this book. There can be no confusion about its fundamental operations and laws. The Allegory We start from the earliest possible point with an economy. There are three men stuck on a deserted island: Able, Baker and Charlie. They are living a life of subsistence. They fish. Whatever they catch, they eat. They catch just enough to live, with their bare...
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...Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Essay I. Ojeda University of Phoenix ECO/372 June 26, 2013 Chris D. Foster Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Principles of Macroeconomics is the study of what people do or use to coordinate good and services, to understand economics we must know the fundamentals of economics. Macroeconomics is the decision making on how economics evolves in our everyday lives. Principles of Macroeconomics include a variety of terms that helps to determine the Economy in United States. Some of the terms by most economists are; Gross Domestic product (GDP), Real GDP, Nominal GDP, Unemployment rate, Inflation rate, and Interest rate. The first subject that I will cover and discuss on this paper will include Gross Domestic Product (GDP). What’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? Is the standard living through its goods and services within the market value in a country in a period of time. Is the value of the amount of how much each household and businesses can produce and report each year in United States. GDP can also be measured by adding up the value of the domestic expenditure made at the end of the year. Those expenditures can be described as consumption; government expenses, investment, and total spend on exports. How Microeconomics can be impacted by GDP is when showing potential and economics are able to see what was expected. This can be used during recession to tract how the country’s economy is doing and...
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...fee loan scams and other types of financial fraud. Social media is a powerful force, reaching millions of people. The user-friendly design of the major social networking groups encourages users from all age groups and skill sets to communicate and to share information. That is exactly why social media has attracted the attention of government officials and consumer advocate organizations as a tool in the fight against advance fee loan scams. Knowledge is the best protection a person has against this type of financial predator. Social media plays two very important roles in raising public awareness by helping spread loan scam knowledge far and wide. Advance fee loan scams, as recently reported by DirectLendingSolutions.com, continue to evolve, shifting their form, gathering a phony aura of legitimacy from what is in the public eye. When the government got involved in trying to help ease the foreclosure crisis, for example, advance fee loan modification scams began to proliferate. The site has been publishing people's loan scam experiences since 2007, and reading those first hand experiences clearly demonstrates that despite shifts in form and detail, the fundamental structure of an advance fee loan scam remains the same. These sorts of scams have become a financial industry scourge, moving government officials and consumer advocacy groups to action. Congress requested that NeighborWorks America “to launch a national public education campaign” specifically regarding loan modification...
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...1. How did the global economic crisis unfold? It began during the 1990s when the American economy grew by almost 33% but changed for the worse in 2000 after the dot-com bubble burst & then after the 9/11 attacks in 2001. This created a stock market drop & a rise in unemployment. In effort to avert recession, the Federal Reserve dropped interest rates dramatically. Once interest rates dropped the economy was overflowing with money which lead lenders to be able to provide mortgage loans to, previously, undesirable borrowers. Now the demand for houses rose & so did the prices for the houses making these subprime loans attractive to lenders because of the high return. So the Banks & investment houses continued to invest in mortgage securities but the financial institutions did not maintain enough reserves in case the housing market crashed. Naturally, the housing market came crashing down leaving borrowers “upside down” in their loans & they were forced to foreclose. When this happened, the banks became unwilling to lend money so funds were not available for businesses. Without funds for everyday operations, businesses struggled causing layoffs & raising the unemployment rate. 2. What steps did the Federal government and the Federal Reserve take to mitigate the crisis? The Federal Reserve bailed out Bear Stearns & AIG. The U.S. Department of the Treasury seized Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac. Congress passes the economic bailout plan TARP which spent...
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...Instructor’s Manual Fundamentals of Financial Management twelfth edition James C. Van Horne John M. Wachowicz JR. ISBN 0 273 68514 7 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to photocopy the book as required. © Pearson Education Limited 2005 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Previous editions published under the Prentice-Hall imprint Twelfth edition published under the Financial Times Prentice Hall imprint 2005 © 2001, 1998 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. © Pearson Education Limited 2005 The rights of James C. Van Horne and John M. Wachowicz JR. to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. ISBN: 0 273 68514 7 All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road...
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...Instructor’s Manual Fundamentals of Financial Management twelfth edition James C. Van Horne John M. Wachowicz JR. ISBN 0 273 68514 7 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to photocopy the book as required. © Pearson Education Limited 2005 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Previous editions published under the Prentice-Hall imprint Twelfth edition published under the Financial Times Prentice Hall imprint 2005 © 2001, 1998 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. © Pearson Education Limited 2005 The rights of James C. Van Horne and John M. Wachowicz JR. to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. ISBN: 0 273 68514 7 All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road...
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...Instructor’s Manual Fundamentals of Financial Management twelfth edition James C. Van Horne John M. Wachowicz JR. ISBN 0 273 68514 7 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to photocopy the book as required. © Pearson Education Limited 2005 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Previous editions published under the Prentice-Hall imprint Twelfth edition published under the Financial Times Prentice Hall imprint 2005 © 2001, 1998 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. © Pearson Education Limited 2005 The rights of James C. Van Horne and John M. Wachowicz JR. to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. ISBN: 0 273 68514 7 All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road...
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...than others. In the end, the collapse resulted in the total collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. The housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to a global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. Most experts agree that one of the most important contributors to the recession was the collapse of the housing bubble. This led to an extremely high rate of loan defaults for people who probably should not have been given those loans in the first place. Due to the practice of predatory lending, many unsuspecting people were offered mortgages that they could not afford; however these people were convinced by lenders and realtors that they would be able to refinance those properties in a year or two and make tons of money. Since, the housing market was strong at the time, many people jumped on this opportunity, knowing that the property they were signing for was more than their budget could handle. Another part of the problem was the relationship between mortgages, the housing crisis and Wall Street. When Wall Street giants such as Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch jumped into the void left open by the collapse of the...
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...and understand the difference between the two options before determining which of these options is most advantageous for the company. The best option for financing needs that last a year or less is short-term financing. Short-term financing will provide the company with enough capital needed. Promissory noted, short-term loans, inventory loans, over drafting, and letter of credits are part of short-term financing. Short-term loan will help the business by boosting the inventory orders, daily supplies of the company, and wage distribution aside from raising capital. Signing a short-term loan which is payable for six months is the best example of how short-term financing works. Thinking about it positively, he can use the profit from their sales to pay this loan. If the company is confident in paying the loan back on the due date they should use such loan. (Thompson, 2001) For a company that needs financing for more than a year the best solution would be to use long-term financing. The businesses that use these are the one’s that need new equipment’s to support business development. Some forms of long-term financing are fixed deposit loans, mortgages, and convertible notes. There is some long-term financing that suits companies that aim for permanent equipment improvements that are used for...
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