...The gallbladder is an organ that is a part of the digestive system and is located in the upper right quadrant under the liver. The pear-shaped organ is a hollow sac that stores the digestive element bile, which is produced by the liver. Bile moves from the liver into the gallbladder for storage. When food is eaten, the gallbladder contracts and pushes the stored bile into the cystic duct and down the common bile duct into the duodenum of the small intestine where bile will help to break down food. Typical symptoms of gallbladder conditions include epigastric pain, abdominal pain, right upper quadrant pain, and/or pain that radiates around the right rib cage and into the back. Some people with gallbladder conditions may have no symptoms or problems at all. However, in some cases, gallbladder conditions can result in serious, even life-threatening complications, such as pancreatitis, biliary cirrhosis, and jaundice. The most common complication of the gallbladder however is cholecystitis. Which is a condition when calcifications and stones build up in the gallbladder lumen potentially causing blockage at any point in the biliary tree. The rarest condition is carcinoma of the Gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is known to be most common in women and in people who have had a history of gallstones or other gallbladder conditions. Early gallbladder cancer often causes no symptoms and is usually discovered unexpectedly when someone has surgery to remove gallstones. About 1 in 5 gallbladder...
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...The gallbladder is an organ that is a part of the digestive system and is located in the upper right quadrant under the liver. The pear-shaped organ is a hollow sac that stores the digestive element bile, which is produced by the liver. Bile moves from the liver into the gallbladder for storage. When food is eaten, the gallbladder contracts and pushes the stored bile into the cystic duct and down the common bile duct into the duodenum of the small intestine where bile will help to break down food. Typical symptoms of gallbladder conditions include epigastric pain, abdominal pain, right upper quadrant pain, and/or pain that radiates around the right rib cage and into the back. Some people with gallbladder conditions may have no symptoms or problems at all. However, in some cases, gallbladder conditions can result in serious, even life-threatening complications, such as pancreatitis, biliary cirrhosis, and jaundice. The most common complication of the gallbladder however is cholecystitis. Which is a condition when calcifications and stones build up in the gallbladder lumen potentially causing blockage at any point in the biliary tree. The rarest condition is carcinoma of the Gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is known to be most common in women and in people who have had a history of gallstones or other gallbladder conditions. Early gallbladder cancer often causes no symptoms and is usually discovered unexpectedly when someone has surgery to remove gallstones. About 1 in...
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...The gallbladder can be best described as a small pear shaped organ, roughly 3 to 4 inches long and about 1 inch wide), that is connected to the liver by the hepatic duct. The gall bladder stores and concentrates bile. The primary function of the gallbladder is to store bile and concentrate. Bile is a digestive liquid that is secreted by the liver continually. The bile neutralizes acids in partly digested food and it also emulsifies fats. The bile flows from the gallbladder into the cystic duct when the muscular valve in the common bile duct opens. It then falls from the gallbladder into the cystic duct, along the common bile duct, and into the duodenum, which is part of the small intestine. Gallstones are small, pebble like substances that develop in the gallbladder. Gallstones are created when liquid that is stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of rock like material. Gallstones can interrupt the normal flow of bile if they move from the gallbladder and settle in any of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Gallstones are usually discovered during tests for other health issues. Gallstones attacks are very similar to those of heart attacks, appendicitis, ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, hiatel hernia, pancreatitis, or hepatitis. This is why an accurate diagnosis is very important, and if the physician suspects that the cause of the patient’s complaints to be gallstones they are most likely to order an ultrasound examination...
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...Gallbladder Disease The gallbladder is a sac located under the liver. It stores and concentrates bile produced in the liver. Bile aids in the digestion of fats, and is released from the gallbladder into the upper small intestine (duodenum) in response to food, especially fats. In the intestine, bile emulsifies fat, which prepares it for digestion, and then carries it into the cells so it can continue to be metabolized. The function of the gallbladder can be slowed or stopped by disease of this organ. Dr. Hoffman states “Gallbladder disease is a modern illness, with an estimated twenty million Americans have gallbladder disease” (1). With so many Americans affected by this disease let’s take a look at the contributing risk factors associated with gallbladder disease. The cause and contributing risk factors for the development of gallbladder disease are as follows by Dr. Hoffman (1): • Heredity. Gallstones occur slightly more frequently in Mexican Americans and Native Americans but also common in people of northern European stock. • Age. Gallbladder disease often strikes people over sixty years of age. • Gender. In medical school, the “five F’s” help doctors to remember the usual patient with gallbladder disease: fair, fat, forty, fertile, and female. Sexist as it sounds, it describes the group most frequently affected by gallbladder disease: overweight middle-aged white women with a history of several pregnancies. Excess estrogen may be implicated, since hormone replacement...
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...I. INTRODUCTION A. OVERVIEW Gallstones are collection of one or more stones in the gallbladder, which is the hollow organ under the liver that stores bile. Cholecystolithiasis is the fifth leading cause of hospitalization among adults. The disease may also be occurring in persons who are obese, who have high cholesterol, or who are on cholesterol lowering drugs. In most cases, gallbladder and bile duct diseases occur during middle age. Between ages 20 and 50, they're six times more common in women, but incidence in men and women becomes equal after age 50. Incidence rises with each succeeding decade. Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract are common and painful conditions that may be life threatening and mostly require surgery. They are generally associated with deposition of calculi and inflammation. B. CLIENT CENTERED Patient R.D. is a 24 year old female, was admitted at Candelaria District Hospital on 17th of August, 2011 with a reported history of recurring right upper quadrant pain for the past 4 months and complaining of severe RUQ abdominal pain that radiates to her back. She nauseated and has had a few episodes of vomiting at home. The pain is less intensed if she walks around bent forward. An ultrasound revealed stones in the gallbladder. She was admitted for the gallbladder stone removal. C. STUDENT CENTERED We, group 2, students of Columban College would like to thank Candelaria District Hospital, and also our Clinical...
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...Describe each stage in the creative process using Ch. 5 of your text. Search for a personal challenge. Explain how you used the techniques to develop curiosity in your search (see Ch. 6). The first stage in the creative process consists of constantly looking for a challenge or an opportunity to enhance existing problems or issues. These issues may be hardly noticeable or completely obvious, but it is each person’s responsibility to seek them out. The second stage is expressing the problem or issue in as many ways as possible and decide which expression or expressions are the best and will create the most ideas. The more expressions considered will allow the creation of ideas from multiple perspectives. The third stage is to research the problem or issue and gather data needed to deal with the issue effectively. This may be simply reviewing personal observations or previous experiences for information that relate to the challenge. It can be more in-depth in other situations and may require research, interviewing experts, or creating additional experiences and observations to gather new data. In the last stage the generation of ideas occurs. Creating a multitude of various ideas is important and too often one will quit prematurely or limit ideas. The longer one attempts to develop ideas the more likely a worthwhile idea will develop. Evaluate which idea or ideas best illuminates the problem then tentatively decide which idea or ideas best resolves the issue (Ruggiero, Vincent...
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...Synopsis of Computational Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) of Liver cancer, Breast cancer, and Lung cancer B.Sc Hons. Biotechnology Institute of Industrial Biotechnology GOVT.COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LHR. INTRODUCTION Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), present in the protein encoding regions of the genome can have a profound influence on the structure and function of a protein. Simply these are the changes that could be silent or can be expressive, but mostly are silent. SNPs sometimes have very deleterious effects, such as change in only one nucleotide can cause missarrangement of whole of the sequence and thus codon is misread, accordingly wrong protein will form. In this study effect of SNPs on cancerous diseases will be studied. Many genes have been reported whicg have many silent and some expressive but deleterious mutations or SNPs. We will use different databases to collect the relevant data of SNPs and genes such as FASTA sequence, position, number of chromosome etc. then by usin different softwares for computational analysis of SNPs, this data will be explained on genomic level. To analyse the effect on protein level computational analysis of codones will be done. This give a brief role of SNPs(change) and its effect(disease). OBJECTIVE and SCOPE Main purpose of this work is to find out the mechanism through which SNPs cause changes at protein level. As the data will provide briefly the changes in the gene (at...
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...Vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) Overview Information Vitamin C is a vitamin. Some animals can make their own vitamin C, but people must get this vitamin from food and other sources. Good sources of vitamin C are fresh fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits. Vitamin C can also be made in a laboratory. Most experts recommend getting vitamin C from a diet high in fruits and vegetables rather than taking supplements. Fresh-squeezed orange juice or fresh-frozen concentrate is a better pick than ready-to-drink orange juice. The fresh juice contains more active vitamin C. Drink fresh-frozen orange juice within one week after reconstituting it for the most benefit. It you prefer ready-to-drink orange juice, buy it 3 to 4 weeks before the expiration date, and drink it within one week of opening. Historically, vitamin C was used for preventing and treating scurvy. Scurvy is now relatively rare, but it was once common among sailors, pirates, and others who spent long periods of time onboard ships. When the voyages lasted longer than the supply of fruits and vegetables, the sailors began to suffer from vitamin C deficiency, which led to scurvy. These days, vitamin C is used most often for preventing and treating the common cold. Some people use it for other infections including gum disease, acne and other skin infections, bronchitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, stomach ulcers caused by bacteria called Helicobacter pylori, tuberculosis, dysentery (an...
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...The pancreas is a part of the endocrine system, and is located in the abdominal cavity surrounded by the liver, gallbladder, spleen, and stomach. The pancreas processes both exocrine and endocrine function. The exocrine function consists of the secretion of digestive enzymes into the duodenum through ducts. The enzymes digest starches and fats. The endocrine functions are a cluster of cells called the islets of Langerhans and only make up 2% of the pancreatic tissue. The islets of Langerhans is made up of three cells, alpha, beta, and delta. There function is to secrete hormones and paracrine products. The most important hormones secreted are insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Alpha cells secrete glucagon, which increase blood glucose levels between meals. Beta cells secrete insulin, this is secreted when the level of glucose rises in the blood. Insulin stimulates cells to store nutrients to use between meals and at night to maintain blood glucose levels. Delta cells secrete somatostatin, after meals when blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids raise in the blood. Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant cancer. Tumors commonly originate from the epithelial cells of the pancreatic ductal system. This can happen in two ways, one that it has metastasized from a different part of the body, generally the lungs, breast, thyroid, kidneys, and skin. Second form is a primary tumor manly adenocarcinomas. Adenocarcinomas occur in secretory cells called...
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...Diseases Come From Eating Too Much Sugar? Last Updated: Oct 14, 2013 | By Linda Tarr Kent Sugar-sweetened beverages and processed foods add to sugar consumption.Photo Credit Justin Sullivan/Getty Images News/Getty Images Eating too much sugar raises your risk for gaining weight and the health problems that are associated with being overweight. You are more likely to suffer diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer and many other health conditions when you indulge your sweet tooth too often. Table sugar isn’t the only culprit when it comes to sugar. Sugar goes by many names on food labels, including corn syrup, dextrose, fruit juice, glucose, maltodextrin, maltose and molasses. Diabetes Sugar provides excess calories that are easily and rapidly absorbed by your body. That’s one reason your risk of developing type 2 diabetes rises along with sugar consumption, according to a 2004 study in the “Journal of the American Medical Association.” In fact, adding just one sugar-sweetened beverage to your daily diet almost doubles your risk, says lead study author Matthias B. Schulze. Heart Disease Consuming too many carbohydrates, such as sugar, significantly raises your risk for developing a lipid profile that in turn increases your risk for cardiovascular disease, according to a 2010 study published in the “Journal of the American Medical Association.” The study focused on added sugars, defined as caloric sweeteners that are ingredients in prepared and processed foods...
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...Megan Lawson Professor Watson English 1301 4 December 2015 Obesity “Would you like to make that a larger!” the lady screamed through the intercom at the women in the drive through. Have you ever wondered why such a high percentage of people are obese? The answer might be simple but in the world today half of the population in the U.S struggle with obesity. Including there are 3 million U.S cases per year being recorded on obesity, why? You ask. Partially because the amount of fast food restaurants in the U.S is an over load. Every corner that you may turn there is a guaranteed to have a Sonic, Taco Bell, Jack in the box, and the most famous McDonalds. There are many cause and effects to obesity not just the fast food restaurants. There are many ways to prevent obesity being that it such an unhealthy world. Obesity is a disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems. People may think there are many causes of obesity such as genetics, but at the most those are just risk factors. With having these risk factors it only increases a person’s chance of becoming obese, it doesn’t necessarily make you obese. The causes of obesity can vary, but the main cause is very simple. It is mostly when a person consumes more calories from food then he or she is able to burn or consume. For example if you are at McDonalds and you order a Big Mac, with you eating the whole burger getting extremely full, feeling like you are about to explode; you are eating...
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...years, obesity has doubled in adults and overweight has tripled in children and adolescents. Right now, about 119 million, or 64.5%, of adults in the United States are either overweight or obese and it’s not getting any better. II. Being overweight or obese increases the risk of many diseases and health conditions, including the following: • Hypertension (high blood pressure) • Osteoarthritis (a degeneration of cartilage and its underlying bone within a joint) • Dyslipidemia (for example, high total cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides) • Type 2 diabetes • Coronary heart disease • Stroke • Gallbladder disease • Sleep apnea and respiratory problems • Some cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon) • Reproductive complications III. Costs are involved directly and indirectly with overweight and obesity. A. Direct medical costs include: preventive, diagnostic, and treatment services. B. Indirect costs are income lost from decreased productivity, restricted activity, absenteeism, bed days, and the value of future income lost by premature death. Satisfaction Step I. We must determine our role and take action to prevent and decrease overweight and...
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...Obesity is one of the nation’s fastest growing and most troubling health problems. Obesity is a disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems. The weight may come from muscle, bone, fat, and or body water. With obesity the body has a high BMI which means that their weight is significantly more than what is considered healthy for their height. Obesity can happen over a period of time if you eat more calories than your use too over a period of time, genetic factors, or a inactive lifestyle. Obesity increases the risk for many serious health issues including hypertension, heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, gallbladder disease, chronic fatigue, asthma, sleep apnea and some forms of cancer. Obesity can lead to problems in the reproductive system in women. Some studies reveal that severe cases of obesity can reduce your life expectancy....
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...Oncology Pancreatic Cancer The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces juices that help break down food and hormones that help control blood sugar levels. The most common type of pancreatic cancer arises from the exocrine glands and is called adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The endocrine glands of the pancreas can give rise to a completely different type of cancer, referred to as pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma or islet cell tumor. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is among the most aggressive of all cancers. By the time that pancreatic cancer is diagnosed, most people already have disease that has spread to distant sites in the body. Risk Factors: * Smoking * Long-term diabetes * Chronic pancreatitis * Certain hereditary disorders * Being male * Over 60 * African American, * Eating a diet high in red meat and low in fruits and vegetables, * Being obese. Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms * Pain in the abdomen, the back, or both * * Weight loss, often associated with the following: * Loss of appetite (anorexia) * Bloating * Diarrhea or fatty bowel movements that float in water (steatorrhea) * Rarely may present with new diabetes in a person with weight loss and nausea * Jaundice (yellowing of the skin) The symptoms of pancreatic cancer are generally vague and can easily be attributed to other less serious and more common conditions. This lack of specific...
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...from their hometown and this was not their first trip here. DK and her husband have been married for 56 years and have three children: two daughters and a son. She worked for McDonalds for 12 years and then retired to be a stay at home mom. My patient was admitted to the hospital based on an abnormal finding from a CAT scan. They CAT scan showed a mass in her right kidney. The patient described that she had no idea of the mass. She went in for a CAT scan because of blood in her urine and experience of her previous diagnosis of kidney cancer, and was informed of the findings. In June of 2013, she had received a total left nephrectomy because of malignant neoplasm in her left renal pelvis. She also informed me that she was born with three kidneys, one left and two rights. However she now only has the two right ones. Malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis means any new or abnormal growth of tissue found in the renal pelvis associated with cancer. The kidneys are bean shaped, so the renal...
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