...always cost more, and to performance risk, if the project is completed too late to perform its intended tasks fully. Apart from the cost estimation and resource allocation used in CPM, most of the techniques used in quantitative cost risk analysis are different from those used in schedule risk analysis. The earliest technique used for schedule risk analysis was the Gantt chart, developed by Henry Gantt in 1917. A Gantt chart gives a graphical summary of the progress of a number of project activities by listing each activity vertically on a sheet of paper, representing the start and duration of each task by a horizontal line and then representing the current time by a vertical line. This makes it easy to see where each activity should be and to show its current status. You can read more about Gantt charts on Wikipedia. Many tasks require that prior tasks are completed before they can be initiated, but unfortunately, Gantt charts are not a good method of showing theinterrelationship between tasks, so computers must be used to set up and maintain the network of tasks. One commonly-used technique is Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) which uses a detailed diagram of all anticipated tasks in a project, organised into a network to represent the dependence of each task on those that must precede it. PERT can be used to analyse the tasks involved in completing a project, especially the duration of each task, and identify the minimum time needed to complete the total project. PERT...
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...and the way they are quantified. One difference is in the type of measurements. Speed represents a rate, such as miles per hour. Volume represents a number such as number of attendees, and accuracy is whether something goes according to plan such as a wedding. Accuracy can relate to quality of a finished product and in that case another performance measure may be more appropriate (Performance Measurement in Project Management, 2007). Many methods can be used to measure project performance. Earned Value Management analyzes scope, cost, and schedule throughout the lifecycle of the project. It provides accurate forecasts and performance problems. PERT charts show a projects schedule, sequence of tasks to be performed at the same time and the critical path that must be completed in order for the project to meet the deadline. Gantt charts are useful in analyzing and planning complex projects. They help to plan out tasks that need to be completed, provide a basis for scheduling when the tasks can be carried out, allow planning the allocation of resources needed, and help with the critical path when a project must be completed by a specific date...
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...The PERT Chart Program Managers often utilize tools such as, the Program Evaluation and Review Technique or PERT charts. PERT charts help managers with planning the schedule of projects that involve sequential activities. A PERT chart identifies the amount of time that is required to complete the activities in a project, and the order of the steps that occurs throughout the project. Each activity is assigned an earliest and latest start time and end time; activities with no slack time are said to lie along the critical path, this is the path that must stay on time for the project to stay on schedule (Ingram, 2013). One of the strengths that the PERT charts have is their ability to calculate exactly how long a project will take. They provide managers with a range of time in which the project should be completed, based on the total of all the minimum and maximum time limits for all of the activities. This gives companies a number of advantages, such as the ability to tell their customers exactly when their orders will be filled, or exactly when they should order new supplies. One weakness a PERT chart has is that it does not take into account the possibility of unexpected occurrences. The expected completion time of all subsequent activities and the project as a whole can get off track when things go wrong, which can cause problems if the company has made plans that rely on the timely completion of the project. Another weakness of PERT chart is that the technique relies...
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...Objectives - MS Project 2010 * Understanding Project Scheduling * Introduction to Microsoft Project * Working with Project Tasks * Basic views, time scales and reports Whether you are a project manager or not, project management techniques are extremely helpful in meeting goals and objects. Project management techniques define a path to a specified goal and then supervise the implementation. MS Project can help you establish your initial plan as well as monitor progress. MS Project can quickly produce reports and other information that will help keep management, customers, and your project team informed. To get the most from MS Project, not only do you need to understand project management terminology, you also need to be familiar with the software itself. Therefore, do not attempt to quickly finish the lab, but take your time and read all instructions carefully. Understanding Project Scheduling A typical project is composed of tasks and resources. After tasks are identified, you organize the tasks in a logical hierarchy, also called a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). Eventually, this sequence will show the interdependencies of each task. Then each task is given a duration. In MS Project, this can be in weeks, days, hours or minutes. You can also specify a milestone, which will represent an event that marks the completion of a group of related tasks. To accomplish any task, you need resources. Resources can include people,...
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...missile program and the emphasis was on completing the program in the shortest possible time. In addition PERT had the ability to cope with uncertain activity completion times (e.g. for a particular activity the most likely completion time is 4 weeks but it could be anywhere between 3 weeks and 8 weeks). CPM - Critical Path Method Definition: In CPM activities are shown as a network of precedence relationships using activity-on-node network construction – Single estimate of activity time – Deterministic activity times USED IN : Production management - for the jobs of repetitive in nature where the activity time estimates can be predicted with considerable certainty due to the existence of past experience. PERT Project Evaluation & Review Techniques Definition: In PERT activities are shown as a network of precedence relationships using activity-on-arrow network construction –...
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...Tutorial for Preschoolers (Alphabet, Numbers, Shapes, Colors and Animals) SERVDAD, REYCHELLE A. CRUZ, MARY JOY B. RAMIREZ, CHERRY A. A project submitted to the Mr. Ronel E. Asas of the Department of Computer Studies, Imus Campus, Cavite State University, Imus, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the final requirements for the subject ITEC55- System Analysis and Design. INTRODUCTION Preschool is a time for developing good learning habits and positive self-esteem. The skills learned at this stage may seem simple but it will set a preschooler for a lifetime of learning. People around them must be aware that they are still trying to figure out the world and everyone must understand them for being distracted and unfocussed with their tutorials. The tutorial is designed to provide opportunities for users to learn essential information. (Meade,2011) Learning from preschool software can start as soon as children can effectively handle a mouse. Usually, around three or four years of age, preschoolers can readily spend up to a half an hour per day on the computer. Children like the independence and stimulation of interacting with computerize activities. If they are able to use a mouse, that was an indication that they are ready to get started. While using a computerize tutorial, children would not just sit and watch; they will laugh, learn, participate and explore. Parents will see smiles and hear giggles. It is an indication that their children are having fun and when their...
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...Analysis & PERT Charts Planning and scheduling more complex projects The benefit of using CPA over Gantt Charts is that Critical Path Analysis formally identifies tasks which must be completed on time for the whole project to be completed on time, and also identifies which tasks can be delayed for a while if resource needs to be reallocated to catch up on missed tasks. The disadvantage of CPA is that the relation of tasks to time is not as immediately obvious as with Gantt Charts. This can make them more difficult to understand for someone who is not familiar with the technique. A further benefit of Critical Path Analysis is that it helps you to identify the minimum length of time needed to complete a project. Where you need to run an accelerated project, it helps you to identify which project steps you should accelerate to complete the project within the available time. This helps you to minimize cost while still achieving your objective. As with Gantt Charts, the essential concept behind Critical Path Analysis is that you cannot start some activities until others are finished. These activities need to be completed in a sequence, with each stage being more-or-less completed before the next stage can begin. These are 'sequential' activities. Other activities are not dependent on completion of any other tasks. You can do these at any time before or after a particular stage is reached. These are non-dependent or 'parallel' tasks. Use the following steps to draw a CPA Chart: 1. List all...
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...Objectives - MS Project 2010 * Creating a summary task * Working with subtasks * Establishing task dependencies * Specify lead and lag times A project task list can be as few as 10 or as many as several hundred tasks. With a large project, it can become difficult to locate a specific task. Using MS Project, you can organize the task list by creating a hierarchical structure. This process of structuring a task list is known as outlining. Outlining is used to organize common tasks into groups within the task list. The groups can represent phases of the project. In this lab, we will first use outlining to group the tasks of our project into phases. We will create a main summary task to represent the entire project and then several levels of summary tasks below the main summary task to represent the phases of the project. Creating an Outline 1. Log onto Windows. Open MS Project. 2. Open your project file that you created in Lesson 1, Part A (MyLab1a_XXX.mpp, where XXX are your initials.) 3. Save this file, using Save As, as MyLab1b_XXX.mpp, where XXX are your initials. Creating a hierarchical outline organizes the project tasks list into groups of tasks. Each group of tasks is preceded by a summary task, which describes the tasks within each group. The outline of a project generally begins with a main summary task. The main summary task is a brief description of the project and all tasks are subordinate to the main summary...
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...Micro Mouse Competition Team 1: I-Robotics Motto: Robotic creations for a better world http://i-robotics.webnode.com Team Members: Cory Balmelli, Nathan Crawford, Dave Engebretson, David Reuter, Frank Thomas Table of Contents Problem of the overheating servo motors – Cory Balmelli 3 Part 1; Review Course of Action; K.T. Decision Analysis 3 Part 2; Implementation 3 Part 3; Checklist Questions 4 Part 4; “P” 4 Part 5; Ethical Considerations 4 iRobot Sensor Failure - Nathan Crawford 6 Part 1; Course of Action; Decision Analysis 6 Part 2; Implementation 6 Part 3; Checklist Questions 6 Part 4; Patience 7 Part 5; Ethical Considerations 7 Technique 3: Statement Restatement - David W Reuter 8 Part 1; Review Course of Action; K.T. Decision Analysis 8 Part 2; Implementation – Using the Follow-Up Action 8 Part 3; Checklist Question 8 Part 4; Pride 9 Part 5; Ethical Considerations 9 Works Cited 10 Index 11 Problem of the overheating servo motors – Cory Balmelli Part 1; Review Course of Action; K.T. Decision Analysis In my previous report I used Kepner-Tregoe Decision Analysis to determine a course of action to solve our team’s problem of overheating servo motors. K.T. Decision Analysis helped to narrow down possible courses of action and determine which course would fit our criteria. I came up with three possible courses of action: reprogram the controller, buy new motors, or install a resistor. K.T. Decision Analysis quickly weeded...
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...Running head: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Torey Golden Unit 6 Assignment 6 IT510 Kaplan University Table of Contents Part 1 3 Part 2 4 Part 3 7 References 9 Part 1 The team is now at the end of this information systems project for the company’s advertising personnel. We have been recently informed that they will be an employment reduction that will affect the systems analysis team and our budget which in turn has affected moral based on Ontha Weyout’s response during the meeting. We have identified that while we do have documentation, there is no consistency in it. A standardized method is in need to consolidate it and make the information understandable for users and stakeholders to use. One of the programmers suggested using psuedocode to standardize the documentation. However the advertising personnel are not familiar with that method. Had Al who is one of our newest programmers explained how Rouse (2005) stated that psuedocode “is a detailed yet readable description of what a computer program or algorithm must do” he might have received a different response from Mark in advertising. In addition, Al’s peer Flo and advertising executive David do not embrace the idea of using psuedocode. They have been using the systems development process with the use of CASE tools. The CASE tool can output graphical diagrams to give programmers a picture of what they are creating and non-technical users a map of sorts. It also provides “Compatibility...
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...McDonalds Influences and Project Management In any organization there will be many influences that impact on the way that the firm operates and the way that they undertake operations and manage projects are influences by these factors. Looking at a large firm, such as McDonalds there are many internal and external factors. McDonalds is operating in a complex environment with a number of different legal, social and economic influences. McDonalds has to comply with a range of local laws for each of the environments in which they are operating, these include labour laws, health and safety as well as retail and food safety laws. The firm has used the legal tools available to protect itself aggressively, but this has not always been effective, the well known McLibel in which the company perused a case against a very small amount of individuals and gained much negative publicity (Guttenplan, 1996). This type of publicity will always have a negative effect as t appears to disregard the personality of the individual person (Hooley et al, 2004). Even though McDonalds won the case they lost the fight for public opinion (Europe Intelligence Wire, 2004). The presence of social and cultural influences on many business are likely to have a major impact, this represents the attitudes and perceptions that individuals may have of industries as a whole, as well as on potential individual companies, especially where there are Lord organization such as McDonald's. One of the major changes...
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...RESEARCH STUDY OUTLINE COVER PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENT * In paragraph form, write down the researcher’s acknowledgments ABSTRACT * An abstract is a shortsummary of your completed research. If done well, it makes the reader want to learn more about your research. * These are the basic components of an abstract in any discipline: 1. Motivation/problem statement: Why do we care about the problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical or artistic gap is your research filling? 2. Methods/procedure/approach: What did you actually do to get your results? (e.g. analyzed 3 novels, completed a series of 5 oil paintings, interviewed 17 students) 3. Results/findings/product: As a result of completing the above procedure, what did you learn/invent/create? 4. Conclusion/implications: What are the larger implications of your findings, especially for the problem/gap identified in step 1? The Abstract is a summary of all key sections of the Research Study and should work as a separate, stand-alone document. Interested parties will read this section first in conjunction with a glance at the financial section when deciding whether or not they read the rest of the plan. Key points to remember include: * Write this document after the content section of Research Study is completed * Although the Executive Summary is written last, it is presented first * The Executive Summary should be no more than one page long TABLE OF CONTENTS * Table of...
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...Week 5: Checkpoint: The System Development Life Cycle A system study needs to be performed on an accounting information system. There are four stages of the system development life cycle (SDLC) of a business information system. The cycles are; planning and investigation, analysis, design, and implementation, follow-up and maintenance. A broad view point needs to be used to perform a system study for planning and investigation. A mission, planning goals, and objectives needs to be placed. A team should be set up that will speak with the management continuously. This team can be outside the IT department for that broad view point. Also, management will need to appoint a steering committee to work with the study team. Problems may appear and the study team should do a crucial investigation of the system. Advising the steering committee of the findings will be done. After finding the source the committee will decide what is to be mended. Either, do nothing, do a further investigation, or execute a formal system analysis. The system analysis stage is organized to examine the system in detail. Goals need to be set, such as; general system goals, top management goals, and operating goals. General system objectives show benefits, decisions, access and flexibility to change. Top management goals provide managers with planning data to assist in creating important decisions for the future. Operating management goals provide specific managers with assistance in present decisions. System...
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...B | Make event schedule | A | 7 | C | Organize The event | A | 3 | D | Surveying venue | B,C | 3 | E | Selecting and Booking venue | D | 2 | F | Sound System | E | 4 | G | Decoration | E | 3 | H | Making a video of unforgettable moment | E | 5 | I | Gown Rental for 800 student | E | 3 | J | Organize Food, beverage, and liquor | E | 3 | K | Invitation | F,G,H,I,J | 5 | L | Calculating Cost | K | 12 | M | Payment | K | 3 | N | Collecting Graduation Fees From Student | K | 5 | O | Review and Finalize the Project | L,M,N | 19 | P | Prepare the Venue (decorating, soundcheck, etc) | O | 3 | Q | Graduation Party | P | 1 | Critical Path : A,B,D,E,H,K,L,O,P and Q 59 Q 60 0 Graduation 59 1 60 56 P 59 0 Prepare Ven 56 3 59 37 O 56 0 Review project 37 19 56 25 N 30 7 Collecting fees 32 5 37 25 M 28 9 Payment 34 3 37 25 L 37 0 Calculating 25 12 37 13 E 15 0 Booking Venue 13 2 15 10 D 13 0 Surveying 10 3 13 15 I 18 2 Gown Rental 17 3 20 15 H 20 0 Making Video 15 5 20 15 G 18 2 Decoration 17...
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...Objectives - MS Project 2010 * Change the task type settings to control how resources affect task assignments * Apply a preset resource contour to change work value distribution * Working with task information forms When planning a project schedule, adjustments are often needed to reflect necessary changes in project scope, assignments, etc. In MS Project, when an assignment is changed, the schedule is recalculated to display the changes. You can work with the scheduling method and the task type settings when making changes to the initial resource assignment. In the previous lesson, the initial resource assignments were made for our project. But we need to learn how to make adjustments to how those resources are used. It is important that you read every part of this lab carefully, if not twice. Working with Effort-Driven Scheduling How a task reacts to the addition and removal of resources is defined by the scheduling method and the task type settings. In MS Project, the default scheduling method is effort-driven scheduling. Effort-driven scheduling extends or shortens the duration of a task to accommodate changes to resources but doesn't change the total work for the task. Work is the amount of effort, or number of hours, resources put into a task. The total work for a task is determined by the duration estimate for the task and the initial resource assignment using the following formula: Work = Duration * Units For example...
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