...begin to form on the outside of the jar will vary depending on the environmental conditions where the experiment is taking place. Observation At what point did you start to see water droplets? Can you explain what's happening? How could the water droplets be forming on the OUTSIDE of the jar when the ice is on the INSIDE of the jar, and the cap is screwed on tight? Where have you seen other natural occurrences of condensation? (here's a hint... think of what's on the ground on a cold morning). Result The salted ice quickly makes the sides of the glass jar very cold. As the water that exists in the air as a gas hits the cold sides of the jar, it changes into a liquid! This process is known as condensation, which is the opposite of evaporation. There is water in the air at all times, but we don't see it since it's in a gaseous state. Our experiment turns the gas into a liquid, allowing us to physically see the...
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...no changes, state so. (1 point) Please Note: This lab involves a lot of waiting for the gas collection. Make sure you allot yourself the full three hours to perform the experiments. Observations: Use this table to record all your observations for each section of the experiment. Please use complete sentences. Section in procedure 1: Hydrogen 2 : Oxygen 3: Hydrogen/oxygen mixture 4: Carbon Dioxide: Part 1 4: Carbon dioxide Part 2 4: Carbon dioxide Part 3 4: Carbon dioxide Part 4 Observations 1 Summary of data: Summarize your data in the following two tables. It is not necessary to use complete sentences here. If you did not test a particular property, please indicate so by using N/A. Effect on lighted match Effect on glowing splint Gas H2 O2 H2/O2 mixture CO2 Color Other Questions: (3 pts) A. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen. You will first need to determine the product for the reaction. (If you have trouble with determining the product, use Google.) B. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide with limewater. The formula for the active substance in limewater is on the pipet, and the products of the reaction are calcium carbonate and water. 2 C. Based on your observation for when you blew gently into the limewater, what is present in your exhaled breath? REFLECTION (5 pts) Think about the gas laws we are studying. Boyle’s law tells us that pressure and volume are inversely...
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...Objective: Analyzing three of the fraction samples from the previous lab: “Separation, Extraction, Fractional Distillation & Gas Chromatography” to determine the contents purity Equations: Area of peak=1/2HxW % composition= (Area of peak/Total area of peak(s)) x 100 Properties: Diethyl ether 1,2-dimethoxy ethane Formula C4H10O3 ClCO(CH2)8COCl Melting Point −116.3 °C -58°C Boiling Point 62 - 64 °C 82 - 83°C Density 1.005 g/cm3 1.121 Physical Properties Clear, colorless liquidSweet, ether-like odor Clear, colorless liquidSharp, ether-like odor Hazards Extremely flammableIrritant Flammable liquid and vaporMay cause irritation to skin Procedure: 1. Use a syringe to obtain 0.5uL of fraction 1 2. Insert syringe as far as possible into the Gas Chromatography (GC) 3. Quickly press plunger to release fraction sample into GC 4. Press “Start” on the integrator 5. Remove syringe 6. At the end of process, approximately 3 minutes, press “Stop” on integrator 7. Press “shift” and “enter” keys to feed paper through integrator 8. Clean syringe with cleaning solvent 9. Repeat steps 1-8 using the other fraction samples 10. Determine the percent composition to each of the fractions Data & Results: Glass Beads: Run Time (min) Area (%) Fraction 1 Ether 0.7 70 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1.2 30 Fraction 6 Ether n/a n/a 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1.1 100 Fraction 10 Ether n/a n/a 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1.1 100 Raschig...
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...Distillation and Gas Chromatography Goal: The goal of today’s experiment is to collect three different fractions for each distillation by separating two different volatile solutions. Once the fractions are collected, we will record the boiling point range and perform a gas chromatography an original mixture along with the three different fractions that were collected. Significance: This lab is very important if someone needs to separate two different volatile solutions. They can do the simple and fractional distillation, and then using the gas chromatography and compare with other people. This lab basically just teaches you how to separate solutions. During the separation process, there are some factors that must be taken in account, such as: vapor pressure, how polar is our compound, what our temperature for the column is and how long the column is. 1 Theory:...
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...In this lab, the use of gas chromatography was used to separate a mixture of components. These components then underwent infrared spectroscopy in order to identify their identity. For this lab, the unknown mixture had the code 130-O. This unknown was identified as t-butyl alcohol and cyclopentanone. These compounds were isolated by using the GC and determining when to change vials. The determination of when to change vials came when the first peak began to level of at the bottom. This was around 1.5 according to the GC screen. A source of error in this lab comes from the lack of a GC graph. Not acquiring a print out of the curve from the GC, causes inaccurate analysis of the data. A print out would have given the precise area of each curve...
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... Chapter 5—Gases 5.1: Substances That Exist as Gases Air: 78% N2, 21% O2, 1% Other (such as CO2) Ionic compounds do not exist as gases at 25 degrees Celsius as well as 1 atm (due to strong electrostatic forces holding cations/anions together in an ionic solid). The stronger the attractions (intermolecular forces), the less likely the compound can exist as a gas at ordinary temperatures. The characteristics of gases include: assuming the volume/shape of their containers, most compressible of the states of matter, will mix evenly/completely when confined in the same container, lower densities than liquids and solids. 5.2: Pressure of A Gas Gas molecules are constantly in motion, causing them to exert pressure with the surfaces they come in contact with. Pressure is known as the most readily measurable properties of a gas. SI Units of Pressure • Velocity is the change in distance with elapsed time. It uses the unit m/s or cm/s • Velocity = distance moved/elapsed time • Acceleration is the change in velocity with time. It uses the measurements of m/s2 or cm/s2 • Acceleration = change in velocity/elapsed time • Second law of motion is formulated by Newton and this law defines force as mass times acceleration. The SI unit for force is newton (N): 1 N equals 1 kg m/s2 • Pressure is the force applied per unit area. The SI unit for pressure is pascal (Pa): 1 Pa equals 1 N/m2 • Pressure = force/area Atmospheric Pressure • Air’s density decreases rapidly...
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...and pressure of a gas are inversely proportionate. Put simply, when the volume goes up, pressure drops, and vice versa. The mathematic equation is equally as simple: PV=K where P=Pressure, V=Volume, and K is simply a constant. This has become a basic principle in chemistry, now called "Boyle's law" and is included as a special case into the more general ideal gas law. Spray paint uses a real life application of Boyle's law to work its magic. Spray Paint While there are a couple different types of aerosol cans, one being a little more elaborate than the other, they both operate off of the same basic principle: Boyle's law. We'll examine the more elaborate of the two, since it's far more popular. We know that before you spray a can of paint you are supposed to shake it up for a while, listening as a ball bearing rattles around inside. There are two substances inside the can, one being your product (paint for example), and the other being a gas that can be pressurized so much that it retains a liquid state even when it is heated past its boiling point. This liquefied gas will be a substance that has a boiling point far below room temperature. The can is sealed, preventing this gas from boiling and turning into a gaseous state. That is, until you push down the nozzle. The moment the nozzle goes down, and the seal is released, there is now an escape route. The propellant instantly boils and expands into a gas and pushes down on...
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...Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants, gases, and animals are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. "Many observers have hailed natural gas as a solution to several energy problems facing the U.S. Utilizing the country's ample domestic supply of the resource, many have said, could greatly decrease U.S. dependence on foreign oil and possibly drive energy prices down." In order to access the natural gas in the U.S. shale formations, energy companies have employed a controversial procedure called hydraulic fracturing—also known as "hydrofracking" or simply "fracking." Hydrofracking is a technique that releases natural gas by pumping millions of gallons of water, laced with sand and chemicals, thousands of feet underground to blast open, or fracture, shale formations, freeing the gas. [See Today's Science: Natural Gas—Bridge to the Future?] This process has raised numerous questions and uncertainty in minds of many critics and supporters. Supporters of hydrofracking are arguing that there is no proven case of hydrofracking contaminating drinking water, and the process is perfectly safe. On the other hand, Critics of hydrofracking arguing that the chemicals used in fracking fluid are toxic and pose a danger to public health if they contaminate drinking water reserves or leak out of wells. Oil and gas companies are not being honest with the public about the dangers of hydrofracking, and the federal government should apply much stricter...
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...A SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT ON “Pricing and affordability of Gas for Different industries in India.” AT SBI Capital Markets, Mumbai Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement For the award of the degree Of Masters of Business Administration Session (2011-2013) Submitted to: Submitted by: Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Ankit Johri Mumbai MBA Capital Markets Roll No. A34 NARSEE MONJEE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, MUMBAI * Contents Acknowledgement 4 1. Introduction 4 History 4 GAS Utilization Policy: 5 NELP 6 Production sharing Contracts 6 2. Demand and supply 7 Supply Scenario: 7 Status of NELP discoveries 9 Supply from various regions: 9 Demand 10 Need for Imports 11 TAPI Pipeline Agreement : 12 3. PRICING 13 History 13 Prices Of Different fuels: 14 Pricing Regimes in the Indian Gas Sector 15 Pricing under the APM and Discovered Fields Regime 16 Pricing under the NELP regime 17 Pricing of LNG 18 4. Fuels and their shares : 20 Sector Demands and supply: 21 5. Gas v/s Coal and other liquid fuels: 22 Cost of Gas to different industries: 24 Power 24 Fertilizers: 26 CGD, Refineries and Petrochemicals 27 Other Advantages of Natural Gas: 28 6. Cost of Different fuels for Ceramic industries: 30 Asian Granito: 30 Nitco 32 7. Pooling mechanism: 35 Need for Pool Pricing 35 Proposed Roadmap of Pool Pricing Mechanism...
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...switching between natural gas and residual fuel oil kept natural gas prices closely aligned with those for crude oil. More recently, however, the number of U.S. facilities able to switch between natural gas and residual fuel oil has declined, and over the past five years, U.S. natural gas prices have been on an upward trend with crude oil prices but with considerable independent movement. Natural gas market analysts generally emphasize weather and inventories as drivers of natural gas prices. Using an error-correction model, we show that when these and other additional factors are taken into account, movements in crude oil prices have a prominent role in shaping natural gas prices. Our findings imply a continuum of prices at which natural gas and petroleum products are substitutes. 1. Introduction For many years, natural gas and refined petroleum products were seen as close substitutes in U.S. industry and electric power generation. Industry and electric power generators switched back and forth between natural gas and residual fuel oil, using whichever energy source was less expensive. Consequently, U.S. natural gas price movements generally tracked those of crude oil. As shown by Yücel and Guo (Energy Journal, 1994), crude oil prices were shaped by world oil market conditions, and U.S. natural gas prices adjusted to oil prices. Over the past 10 years, however, the number of facilities able to switch quickly between natural gas and refined petroleum products...
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...demand for natural gas has increased in the past decade and that has lead to exploration into unexplored areas of the United States. These explorations lead to the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia. The Fernow is well known for long-term Silviculture, watershed, and ecological research (Kochenderfer 2006). As the preparation drilling a total of over 700 hundred trees were removed. During hydraulic fracturing which is a process in which fractures in rocks below the earth's surface are opened and widened by injecting chemicals and liquids at high pressure to extract natural gas ("hydraulic fracturing," 2012). During this process many of the trees and shrubs showed signs of being affected by the process. The trees started to brown early, they stared weltering and fell to the ground earlier then they should have. One would think that due to drilling and the release of natural gases that you wouldn’t find signs of wildlife. That’s not the case with the white tail deer. The white tail deer require the intake of salt and other minirals especially during the summer and spring months. The water coming from the gas site had a high concentration of minerals that the deer liked. That’s the one unqie thing about deer is they are an adaptive species. The black bear population did see a slight decrease in activity around the drill site. According to the CIA world fact book the U.S. has the highest demand for natural gas with 683,300,000,000 cubic meters of gas in 2010, with the...
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...impacting the environment and economy 1. Environmental impact Economic impact * Conclusion Hydraulic Fracturing Hydraulic fracturing has been used since the 1940s both naturally and man-made. This process allows fracturing to be widened, allowing more oil and gas to be extracted form the certain area of land. The process of fracturing is extracting larger amounts of gas and oil by injecting sand and water mixture into fractures of rocks and rock formations. This allows the underground to be forced open allowing more oil and gas to me extracted. Hydraulic fracturing is being performed all over the world because of the amounts of oil and gas that can be extracted. There are a number of countries that are preforming the process of fracturing which include: United States- Arkansas, Louisiana, New York, Oklahoma, West Virginia, California, Maryland, North Carolina, Michigan, Wyoming, Colorado, New Jersey, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Mexico, Ohio, Texas. Europe: Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Ukraine South America- Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil. Hydraulic Fracturing has created an increase in American energy production and economic growth. Its also been started that burning natural gas to generate electricity is cheaper and cleaner than coal for the first time in history. Fracking is underway is a number of other states and counties however, the process is on hold due to establishing regulations for the process of the fracturing in that particular area....
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...Impact of Shale Gas Production on the Market Fundamentals and Energy Security of Certain Countries ICCG Think Tank Map: a worldwide observatory on climate think tanks IMPACT OF SHALE GAS PRODUCTION ON THE MARKET FUNDAMENTALS AND ENERGY SECURITY OF CERTAIN COUNTRIES Ekaterina Zelenovskaya, ICCG 1 Impact of Shale Gas Production on the Market Fundamentals and Energy Security of Certain Countries Impact of Shale Gas Production on the Market Fundamentals and Energy Security of Certain Countries Ekaterina Zelenovskaya, ICCG Abstract The world’s unconventional gas base such as tight gas, coalbed methane (CBM) and shale gas are estimated to be as abundant as conventional gas resources. The recent start of shale gas production in the North America has significantly influenced major regional gas markets around the world. This article intends to examine the impact of shale gas production to the situation with the energy markets and energy security of particular countries, such as United States and countries of Continental Europe. 2 Overview of Shale Gas Production Activities and their Impact on Regional Energy Security Shale Gas and Energy Security Energy production and use have various environmental implications since energy represents about 1 65% of global anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions. The general belief/opinion is that fossil fuels will remain the dominant source of primary energy in the following decades. However, natural gas, having...
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...Gas Storage With the ever growing reserves of natural gas being discovered, production of this fossil fuel is at an all-time high. Production of natural gas in the US has increased year over year for the past 11 years up to about 29 million cubic feet in 2015. With this surplus in supply, produced gas must be stored until it’s needed. There are 3 main areas where gas can be stored for longer durations once brought to surface. These 3 areas are depleted gas reservoirs, which make up about 85-90% of storage, aquifers and salt caverns. “Typically, the turn-over rate for natural gas in these facilities is a year; natural gas is generally injected during the summer (non-heating season), which usually runs from April through October, and withdrawn during the winter (heating season), usually from November to March.” (naturalgas.org). Unfortunately, this year that wasn’t the case. Due to the relative warm winter in the US, gas wasn’t needed as much as in years past and gas withdrawal from storage was at one of the lowest points in Pennsylvania history. If you pair that with record production, you can understand why the natural gas industry has been hit so hard recently. Depleted Gas Storage Fields In general these are the most common and cheapest ways to store gas. They can date back in the US all the way to 1930. These storage wells are just wells that had already been drilled and had the gas brought to the surface. This helps with the storage for a few reasons...
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...Natural Gas Name Course Instructor’s Name Date Submitted Natural gas is classified as a fossils fuel and is abundant in most parts of the world. It is referred to as ‘natural gas’ because it occurs naturally as a hydrocarbon that is an element from carbon and hydrogen atoms. It consists mainly of methane and is colorless. It is known to be the simplest type of hydrocarbon (Originenergy.com.au, 2015). Natural gas is a very efficient energy source apart from being environmental friendly. It is known to be the cleanest-burning conventional fuel because it emits smaller amounts of greenhouse gases as compared to the heavier hydrocarbon fuels like coal. The primary compositions of natural gas are methane (CH4), ethane and propane. Natural gas is mainly used to fuel electric power generators, the raw material for making consumer products from plastics and heats buildings. This paper explores the advantages and problems associated with extraction, processing, transportation and use of natural gas. Advantages of natural gas Natural gas is available worldwide in abundance. In the US only, there are over a trillion barrels of gas reserves that are yet to be harvested. Just like other sources of fuel like coal and oil, natural gas is a viable power source that has to be conserved. It is estimated in the coming years more sites with natural gas will be discovered. The US department of energy predicts there will be a rise...
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