...that domestic violence against women is still a universal problem. This paper will explore the phenomenon gender-based violence in Hong Kong as compared to the global situation. An extensive literature review was conducted to explore the existing theories and risk factors associated with domestic violence. A qualitative study of women victims was then undertaken to gain further insight on the current gender-based violence situation in Hong Kong. In the discussion, the limitations of the study were examined and the results were compared of with literature findings. A STUDY ON GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN HONG KONG INTRODUCTION Worldwide Phenomenon of Gender-based Violence Domestic Violence has endangered the lives and well-being of millions of women worldwide. This is no longer a private matter between individual family members but should be recognized “as an obstacle to equality, and as an intolerable offence to human dignity”. (United Nations, 1996). In a statement to the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in September 1995, the United Nations Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, said that violence against women is a universal problem that must be universally condemned. Studies in 10 countries have found that between 17 per cent and 38 per cent of women have suffered physical assaults by a partner (United Nations, 1995). The United Nation (1995) defines violence against women as “any act of gender-based violence that results...
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...GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT Causes of Gender Based Violence in Kenya Author Note This research is being submitted on Friday, April 17, 2015 for HCOB 2508 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT course. CAUSES OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN KENYA The causes of gender-based violence are many and varied depending on the types of violence. Traditional attitudes towards women around the world help perpetuate the violence. Stereotypical roles in which women are seen as subordinate to men constrain a woman’s ability to exercise choices that would enable her end the abuse. Culture has been cited as the leading cause of violence against women. Some men it seems still subscribe to outdated traditions for example battering a woman is seen as a way of discipline and is acceptable. Some of the examples of cultural based violence include: • Child Marriage – the early marriage of girls is an accepted part of many economic and social systems. Child marriage has been described as ‘the socially legitimized institutionalization of marital rape or in other words the rape of young girls. It is the practice of marrying very young girls to older men. An example is in the Maasai community which allows older men to marry young girls. Young girls are considered as trophies or source of richness to their families. • Female genital mutilation - is a traditional practice that involves cutting or altering the female genitalia as a rite of passage or for other socio-cultural reasons. This is commonly...
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...HOW COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN TFD FOR GENDER BASED VIOLENCE CHALLENGES PATRIARCHY BY Agnes Nthenda UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI FACULTY OF HUMANITIES FINE AND PERFORMING ARTS DEPARTMENT- DRAMA SECTION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE IN HUMANITIES. 26 AUGUST 2013 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of community participation in TfD for Gender based violence in challenging patriarchy. It discusses the idea of TfD and community participation in relation to patriarchy and gender. It also discusses the idea of community participation in relation to TfD, Patriarchy and participation in gender related projects. The analysis in this dissertation focuses on GEWE project which was carried out by CRECCOM as a form of TfD for gender based violence. I look at field work in research, i conduct the performance analysis of the TfD for gender based violence performance and i conduct the analysis for the whole case study, i provide evidence for gender based violence and patriarchal rule in the community and i analyse the involvement of both men and women in the performance and how this helps in challenging...
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...Gender and Transitional Justice An Assessment of the Contribution of Transitional Justice Mechanisms in Addressing Gender-Based Violence in post-Conflict Sierra Leone Introduction Sierra Leone, a relatively small country with a population of just over 6 million people, has been the focus of considerable attention due to the recent Ebola epidemic and, prior to that, the decade-long civil war (1991-2002) (Mills, Nesbitt-Ahmed, Diggins & Mackieu, 2015, p. 4). After the war, the transition from civil war to peace witnessed a number of landmark procedural innovations with widespread implications for gender justice. The decade-long conflict had shattered the West African country, displacing more than one million people and leaving more than two hundred thousand women and girls dealing with the aftermath of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). Then, in 1999, the Lomé Peace Agreement traded amnesty for peace, making provision for the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Sierra Leone to work parallel to the Special Court of Sierra Leone (otherwise called the Special Court or the SCSL) in order to prosecute those who bore “the greatest responsibility” for mass atrocities committed during the civil war. While there is a growing consensus that truth and reconciliation commissions as a transitional justice mechanism can be effective tools “in the construction of a post-conflict society that is more democratic and more respectful of human rights” (Wielbelhans-Hrahm...
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...Kritika Ku ltu ra NEW SCHOLARS FORUM Gay Language: Defying the Structural Limits of English Language in the Philippines Norberto V. Casabal Lyceum of Subic Bay, Philippines nvcasabal@yahoo.com Abstract Gay language has achieved a higher degree of acceptance in recent years in the Philippines. Both gays and nongays can be heard uttering gay expressions. But the main role of gayspeak for gay people in the Philippines is to function as an “armor” to shield themselves from the chasm and the social stigma caused by gender differences. From a linguistic point of view, this paper not only describes the nature of this gay language and how expressions are coined; it also looks at how code mixing (gayspeak + English language) is made possible. This paper also examines how this code-mixing creatively violates the grammatical structure of the use of the English language in the Philippines. Keywords code-mixing, gayspeak, gender difference, Philippine English, street-talk About the author Norberto V. Casabal is Head for Academic Affairs of Lyceum of Subic Bay. He is currently pursuing his MA in English Language and Literature Teaching at the Ateneo de Manila University. Introduction Binabae and bakla are familiar words in Filipino street-talk. But what about badaf, baklush, and baklers? These are a little confusing for the average Filipino speaker, while the expressions Bading Garci, pa-mihn, pa-girl, X-men, will lose most expert speakers of the Filipino language. These are terms which...
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...GAY LESBIAN INTRO- DIANE RICHARDSON AND STEVEN SEIDMAN > history and theory - Homo is learned, inherited identity; deviant/ dangerous - Theories define homo as a separate human or personality type - supporters argued for decriminalization of homo's and to provide them with treatment (disorder); others viewed them as regular people like heater - homo's view them sales as political activists challenging male dominance and heterosexuality - homo viewed through a medical model perspective - sociologists viewed homo as neither normal or abnormal but as a way to identify themselves in a hostile environment - homo feelings may be inborn but have to be learned to keep up with the identity - homo is defined based on pp.'s response to it which varies in diff societies - constructionists challenged the notion that homo always existed b/c, then it would be normal - queers value the multiplicity of meanings attached to homo - queer theory challenged a key idea that all homo's share the same interests; but in truth, there are many ways of being gay - these homo differences can be factored into varied political strategies - queer politics objective is to widen sexual theory by factoring in all forms of sexuality and sexual behavior each group holds exclusively > identity and community - many societies are intolerant of homo while others create the identity to justify heteronormativity - homo is said to not be inborn but something that is learned in the context...
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...Memphis is one of the most culturally diverse cities in the south. Located in what is known as “the bible belt”, a vast array of customs, religions, and lifestyles blend together to make Memphis the unique and captivating city that it is. In just my neighborhood alone, ethnic differences, religious, and lifestyle differences makes for a very complex, yet interesting and informative community in which to raise children. This melting pot that I experience is not seen in all neighborhoods, cities, or even states. This paper will discuss cultural issues that exist between two diverse groups in my community, teenage mothers of multiple children who are unemployed, and the gay and lesbian lifestyle as well as the implications that these cultural differences have on the delivery of healthcare and community wellness. The Gay and Lesbian community has endured much heartache and controversy over the years both nationally and locally. Issues over the rights to marry legally and discrimination issues are in the media almost on a daily basis. Although Memphis is not as liberal as a lot of cities on this issue, there are a lot of resources being made available to the gay and lesbian community. There are clubs and community centers all over the city that are exclusively available for the education and uplifting of the gay and lesbian lifestyle. Nightclubs and festivals all are geared towards public acknowledgement, acceptance, and celebration of this group (about.com Memphis). In...
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...Be Heroic, Make a Point Have you ever imagined living in a world so cruel that a man or a woman could not become a political leader? Harvey Milk is a prime example of this situation. Based on a true story, Milk is a 2008 film directed by Gus Van Sant on an American gay activist who struggles for gay rights. It all started in the 1970’s when he lived in New York opening a camera shop, Castro Camera, which becomes the store for San Francisco’s increasing gay community. Throughout the process Milk organizes gays to pull together upon political coalition. Milk moves to San Francisco while running for office with his significant other Scott Smith as his campaign director. Harvey Milk runs several times for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and finally wins. Milk became the first openly gay man to be selected in politics. I agree with this inspiring film on a gay activist with passion who came through showing the world it doesn’t matter who you are, become what you want. As I compared my life to the film, I realized I have a certain someone that goes through some of the same cruelty day to day. I grew up with a brother who came out when he was a sophomore. This was a big issue where I come from because my town is very stereotyped. I’m from a small town where if you were different from everyone else, you were very easily judged by everything you did. Therefore, it was a very difficult process for my family and I to accept. We all had to cope with the challenges that...
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...gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Philippines have a distinctive culture but limited legal rights. Gays and lesbians are generally tolerated, if not accepted, within Filipino society, but there is still widespread discrimination. The most visible members of the Filipino LGBT culture, the Bakla, are a distinct group in the Philippines. According to the 2002 Young Adult fertility and Sexuality Survey, 11% of sexually active Filipinos between the ages of 15 and 24 have had sex with someone of the same sex. Filipino poet and critic Lilia Quindoza Santiago has speculated that Filipino culture may have a more flexible concept of gender because kasarian, the Tagalog word for "gender", is defined in less binary terms than the English word gender. Kasarian means "kind, species, or genus”. The English word gender originally also meant "kind". In the Philippines, the term gay is used in reference to any LGBT person. For Filipino gays, the Tagalog phrase paglaladlad ng kapa ("unfurling the cape"), or more commonly just paglaladlad ("unfurling" or "unveiling") refers to the coming-out process. Tibo, T-Bird and tomboy are derogatory terms for butch lesbians just as bakla is for effeminate gay men. Some lesbians, both butch and femme, use the terms magic or shunggril to refer to themselves. Neutral slang terms for gay men include billy boy, badette, bading, and paminta (straight-acting gay man). While many of these terms are generally considered derogatory...
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...Chapter 1 The Problem and its Setting Introduction Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication. According to Bloomfield, every language changes at a rate which leaves contemporary persons free to communicate without disturbance. Among persons, linguistic change is uniform in ratio with the amount of communication between them. If linguistic change results in groups between which communication is disturbed, these group speak dialects of language. If linguistic change results in groups of persons between which communication is impossible, these groups speak related languages (1926) In the Philippines, where sexual orientation has become a moral, political and social issue of acceptability, homosexuals have become victims of condemnation- in school, at work place, in church or elsewhere. These places therefore become daily battlegrounds for them, and to win this bloodless battle they have developed a most potent weapon that will shield them from flying missiles of verbal incantation and poetic malady fired by people with strong patriarchal orientations. The new, vibrant, potent weapon of marginalized gays is language- creatively crafted like a magic spell that colors their tongue and weaves their protection. It is a language that only homosexuals can understand. “Gayspeak” or gay language in the Philippines is a form of verbal sublimation of gay people against domineering power of patriarchy. Yet the positive response of the people...
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...Copyright © eContent Management Pty Ltd. Health Sociology Review (2010) 19(4): 437–450. Embodying the gay self: Body image, reflexivity and embodied identity DUANE DUNCAN Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia ABSTRACT The emphasis on a sexualised muscular body ideal in gay social and cultural settings has been described as facilitating body image dissatisfaction among gay men. Drawing on a concept of reflexive embodiment, this paper uses qualitative interviews to analyse gay men’s embodiment practices in relation to discourses and norms that can be found across and beyond any coherent notion of ‘gay subculture’. The findings reveal body image to be more complex than a limited focus on subculture or dissatisfaction can account for. In particular, gay men negotiate a gay pride discourse in which the muscular male body generates both social status and self-esteem, and deploy notions of everyday masculinity that imply rationality and control to resist gendered assumptions about gay men’s body image relationships. KEYWORDS: body image; gay men; reflexive embodiment; sociology INTRODUCTION Body image dissatisfaction and gay men Following the shift from individual pathol-ogy to cognitive-behavioural and feminist perspectives in psychology (McKinely 2002; Pruzinsky and Cash 2002), a significant volume of psychological and health research has identi-fied a greater incidence of body...
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...Reynaldo Holguin PSYC3019 Dr. Christopher Jones February 19, 2015 Response Paper Milk For this response paper, we learned about the movie "Milk". He was the first openly gay person to be elected to public office in the state of California. Going forward with these questions: I feel that people should not be arrested for being gay, everyone has a right in this country to be an outspoken. It's one thing for our laws and another for God's Laws. With that we are not to judge of what is happening on earth when it comes to God's Law. Harvey and Scott shows their affection in front of the store, because another business man had warned them about being openly gay people will be arrested and maybe placed out of business. Not just people were carrying whistles, but Gay people were carrying whistles to warn other gays of police or any type of mob that came into the streets. There were a few things why Harvey got elected after his few failures, he used Anita Bryant's crusade that provided to gays to group together in other parts of the country, used the expertise of Ann Kronenberg to spread in newspapers of his vision and to bring hope in the state. When gays were coming out her reaction was to start a crusade in Dade County to protect homosexuals from getting jobs and housing. Harvey had said after the election what Bryant had said "There is a draught in California". After so many failures, Harvey decided to run again, and Scott could not deal with more humiliation...
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...The lesbian, gay, bisxual and transgender (LGBT) community has been the hot topic of conversation for years. Being a part of the community or even supporting the community opens you to discrimination and ridicule. Being outcasted can cause someone to be affected physically or mentally for the rest of their lives. Hate crimes have led to a growth of suicide rates within the group. Many gay rights organizations have formed in retaliation to discriminations and hate, they work to gain rights for the LGBT community. It is no secret being gay is not always welcomed and there is discrimination all over the world. People discriminate based on religious beliefs, not being open minded to something new, or because they are different from them. Some areas of the world are trying to pass laws allowing discrimination if premised on a religious belief, such as, “in Indonesia, which has a predominantly Muslim population, recently came to be regarded as a place in which members of the LGBT community faced persecution” (orange). Some people believe being gay is an...
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...Being different: A sin? Being different on the eyes of others creates different effects. It may be good but most of the time, bad effects. We humans are often fooled by our eyes. Things that are uncommon to our sight always become the center of insults. Gays and lesbians are no exception. Accusations, public opinions, insults.Are all of these part of being different? Do they really have to suffer all of these because they’re different? A gay once said, “This is me. This is where I met my happiness. This is where I belong.” HAPPINESS, a great part of being fully human. And we don’t have the authority to take that happiness away from them. “Being surrounded with people who truly care, it’s priceless. They have said that we can never choose our family, but I just did.” a lesbian said. They never wanted to be accepted in this sinful world. All they want is understanding, respect. Human rights are also their rights. Nobody is a picture perfect but we are all worth it. They are still humans. They have the capacity to love, to think, to choose. And they choose to be happy. Was that considered sin? God made everything for everyone. We do not have the rights to create limitations for gays and lesbians. IT’S GOOD TO BE TRUE- a famous cliché. But how can being true be good when we are discriminating the way they express their selves? We are not letting them feel what normal persons usually do. According to research, common challenge faced by gays and lesbians- A father...
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...Rachel Gem C. Venus March 1, 2013 COM33 ZOMBADINGS: Patayin sa Shokot si Remington 1. What is the main message of the film? As I interpreted the film per se, it shows how some people in our country haven’t totally accepted the gay community. They most certainly perceive them as what Filipinos call them “salot sa lipunan.” The main message of this film is that either you are straight or gay, it doesn’t make any difference, equality must be measured. Gay people should be judged, thus, should be treated equally. 2. What do you think is the current status of gay acceptance in the country? What does the film project about it? Given that our country remains conservative (if some may say it), there are people who completely loathes the idea of having a gay member in the family and in the society. Thus, it is not veiled that there are several gay relationships, even gay marriages, that take place in the country. With that, I must say that there’s a very thin line between acceptance and indifference when it comes to this matter. I think sooner or later, the society will completely accept be get used to the idea of having LGBT community. Somehow, I see that the film tries to suggest that gays should be treated accordingly and equally because they showed the inevitable (not the gaydar laser part) and exhibits how people make fun and ridicule gay people. 3. What do you think identity really is? What does your identity lie? I personally think that...
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