...convicted of aggression towards women and to be associated with the reputation of physically harming women can be very damaging to a male celebrity’s career. Ironically, for a female celebrity, it doesn’t seem to have the same effect. In 2009, singer Chris Brown was charged with assaulting then-girlfriend Rihanna and later sentenced to 5 years of probation. This incident had nearly cost Brown his career; he lost endorsements, support, and has been publicly ridiculed for many years following the incident. On the contrary, singer Solange Knowles was caught on tape in 2014 physically attacking her sister Beyonce Knowles’ husband, rapper Jay-Z, in an elevator....
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...Between men and women, there is a concept that exists called gender roles. Gender roles are the expectations given t each man and woman that outline how they should act. An example of this, to state clearer, is a man acting more assertive and a woman acting more nurturing. With these roles also comes something identified as gender stereotypes; Gender stereotypes are fixed ideas about what men and women do. For instance, saying that all men are the breadwinners and all women are housewives. Although these terms are seemingly quite similar, actually, they’re quite difference. Gender roles (although) they link with how men and women are supposed to act, they are respectful explanations describing men and women. They do not offend, unlike gender...
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...ABSTRACT Self-concept is a person’s understanding of who he or she is in terms of personality ,appearance, personal traits e.g. gender and size. Self-esteem refers to person’s evaluation of his or her own worth ,either in specifics such as intelligence ,attractiveness etc. Unrealistic high levels of esteem may decline or lower achievement and at times lead to aggression at various levels of development. At school extracurricular activities has been seen to promote realistic self-esteem while friendship improves self-concept. Self-esteem as a social construction is considered a positive trait in various parts of the world including US while some nations tend to discourage it. Self-concept as a factor of self-esteem changes with time. Many researches have been done trying to identify relationship and effects of self-esteem/self-concept on various components. Some of the researches include; evaluating association between shyness, self-esteem and relationship satisfaction. Effects of self-esteem & self-concept on academic and aggression., influence of esteem on emotional health. The research has also been trying to identify whether gender has significant influence on various components of which the difference appears to be minimal. Darja, K., & Ronalta, G. (2011). Gender difference in self-concept and self-esteem component. New York: ACARDEMIC SEARCH COMPLETE. In the article the author (Darja and Ronalta ) use independent...
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...Annotated bibliography PSYC101 Stephanie Adams Jong hwan, Kim 30/07/2013 PERSONALITY TRAIT : Aggression Article 1, “Apparent motives for aggression in the social context of the bar” There are four types of motivation that aggression could be appeared. Compliance, grievance, identity, and excitement motivation could be indicated when aggression is used in response to unfair or perceived offensive behavior. After excluding incidents, where motives could not be coded or only staffs were aggressive, 1507 people had an experiment. For both men and women, compliance was negatively related with all other motives when grievance was positively connected with identity and negatively associated with excitement. Identity was positively associated with excitement for women but negatively associated for men. There were gender differences in motives. Men scored higher on identity and excitement, when women scored higher than did men on compliance and grievance. Women were more likely to have compliance as a primary motivation. There was also association of motives with escalation. Of these engaging in two or more aggressive acts, the later acts were more aggressive than first acts at the same level of aggression. Moreover, there was association of motives with severity of aggression. The coefficients from multilevel bivariate linear regression of severity on each motive with separate models for men and women and for the first or only act and for the second act. ...
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...must be heroic or villainous with skills that represent the ability to survive. The Walking Dead television series sends a double layered message about gender. Aggression, compassion, and emotional intelligence displayed by both genders on the show, but underlying differences exist because of how the two genders react to their new environment. Three key differences are implied about genders: first men are more aggressive than women; men and women behave differently even under the same situations, and that both genders have advantages and disadvantages in their quest for survival. The Walking Dead focuses on a group of survivors whose lives are destroyed by an unknown illness. The show contains various scenarios that both men and women characters face challenges in a new flesh eating Zombie world. The show indicates in several scenes that men are better suited for survival because of their aggression, physical strength, and lack of emotion. One example is the main character Rick who faces a multitude of events that require him to be violent and brutal when killing the walkers (the living dead) and in some cases the killing the living too. Rick is shown to be a symbol of strengthen as a leader and father. In contrast, women characters such as Andrea, Carol, and Laurie are shown to be weak lacking strength, aggression and emotional fortitude to survive the challenges of their new environment. From the onset of the plague, the males have been shown to take the lead and...
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...The tests subjects formed three groups each consisting of 24 children each with equal representation both sexes. The experimenters matched the personality of the test subjects in order to minimise any behaviour difference arising on this count. The control group has no exposure to any adult role model. Another group formation resulted in the sub division into two groups of 12 each consisting of 6 males and 6 females. In one subgroup, a random sex adult acted in an aggressive manner with the Bodo doll while in the other subgroup, a same sex adult role model acted in an aggressive manner with the Bodo doll. The formation of third group happened in a similar manner. In this group, a passive adult model acted in a passive manner towards the Bodo doll. Bendura proved the existence of imitation based learning as the underlying aggression in the adult role model behaviour impacted the aggression in the behaviour of the test subjects. The passive adult model group showed the least amount of aggression even lesser than the control group. The gender responses to aggression also varied with physical aggression being predominant in males and verbal aggression being predominant in females. Hence, Bendura and his colleagues on the basis of the results achieved all the expected aims (Bandura, Ross & Ross,...
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...Males and females have been different throughout history. The question we study is why and what drives them to be different. There are two forces that make us unique, which are biological and cultural. Studies show that male selections throughout the world are being analyzed studies done by scientists, biologists and sociologists to psychologists. Three books I used to understand this question are “The Third Chimpanzee: The evolution and future of the human animal” by Jared Diamond, “Same Difference: How gender, myths are hurting our relationships, our children, and our jobs” by Rosalind C. Barnett, and “Our Kind” by Marvin Harris. Some questions aren’t just about the biological and cultural aspect but about the social norms as well. In what ways are males and females different? Also what ways are they similar? These questions all can be answered going back to the beginning of time. Evolution is something we need to understand because it is responsible for the observable differences between males and females. A question that everyone wonders is, how did we get here? Jared Diamond’s “The Third Chimpanzee” answers this question. A strong theory comes from Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection and adaptation. Even though species are all different in its own nature they play a special role in life. The species that have the traits to allow them to survive in the environment will be able to reproduce which is mutation, or “survival of the fittest”. Humans take for...
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...study utilized a social cognitive theory framework in documenting gender portrayals in teen movies and investigating the influence of exposure to these images on gender-based beliefs about friendships, social aggression, and roles of women in society. First, a content analysis of gender portrayals in teen movies was conducted, revealing that female characters are more likely to be portrayed as socially aggressive than male characters. Second, college students were surveyed about their teen movie-viewing habits, gender-related beliefs, and attitudes. Findings suggest that viewing teen movies is associated with negative stereotypes about female friendships and gender roles. Research examining the effects of media exposure demonstrates that media consumption has a measurable influence on people's perceptions of the real world, and, regardless of the accuracy of these perceptions, they are used to help guide subsequent attitudes, judgments, and actions. For example, these results have been yielded for viewing media representations of race,1 the mentally ill,2 and the elderly.3 Past research additionally indicates that watching televised gender portrayals has an effect on individuals' real-world gender-based attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.4 Based on this research, and the tenets of social cognitive theory, it would be expected that consumption of teen movies would have an analogous influence on audience members' gender-based attitudes and beliefs. Despite the popularity of teen movies...
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...distinguishes between sex and gender where she says, ‘‘sex’ is a biological term: ‘gender’ a psychological and cultural one. Common sense suggest that they are merely two ways of looking at the same division and that someone who belongs to, say, the female sex will automatically belong to the corresponding (feminine) gender. In reality this is not so. To be a man or a woman, boy or a girl, is as much a function of dress, gesture, occupation, social network and personality, as it is of possessing a particular set of genitals.’ (Oakley, 1972:158). Sex as Oakley said refers to the biological difference of being a male or female which can be usually fixed, while gender is the cultural differences between men and women in the society and it can change over time. In societies women and men are expected to behave in ways which are usually expected of them. The differences with sex and gender yet, the perception have different connections. This means despite the fact that sex is biological and gender is social, social definitions are often given to biological attributes, and indeed, most social connotations arise from biological attribute. For example, the reference to women as the weaker sex has a biological base their possession of less physical strength relative to men. Analysing the statement made by Marchbank and Letherby (2007) which says, ‘Sex is deemed to be natural whereas gender is seen as the social expression of natural, biological differences.’ There are therefore different...
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...In the documentary Raising Cain programmed by PBS, host Michael Thompson debunks stereotypes found with boys. He explores the emotional development of boys in the United States, consulting with various psychologists, social activists, researchers, and educators in regards to issues young males encounter. The documentary provides researches about boys with their inner workings, dispelling a number of common misconceptions and highlight programs that bring out the best for boys. As an insightful film, it particularly would apply for anyone who parents developing boys. So what makes a boy, a boy? Is it nature or nurture? The nature aspect for boys refer to all of the genes and any hereditary factors that influence physical appearance and personality...
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...Gender and Development Gender-role development is one of the most important areas of human development. The moment a women finds out she is pregnant she is often anxious to find out the sex of her child. The definitions of the terms "sex" and "gender" need to be understood. The term "sex" denotes the actual physical makeup of individuals that define them as male or female. Sex is determined by genetic makeup, internal reproductive organs, the organization of the brain, and external genitalia. The behavior of individuals as males or females, the types of roles they assume, and their personality characteristics, may be just as important as a person's biological framework. In order to differentiate between biological features one may take into consideration behaviors and social roles to establish "gender." Sex and gender are often intertwined, and certain social expectations can be attributed to one’s biological sex. The sex of a newborn sets the agenda for a whole array of developmental experiences that will influence the person throughout his or her life. Overall, the sex differences between boys and girls in the first year of life are minimal. Boys may be a bit more active or fussier and girls more physically mature and less prone to physical problems, but that may be the extent of the significant differences. Mothers have a tendency to ignore more of their son's emotional outbursts in comparison to their daughters' outbursts. Boys may be rough-housed or played with in...
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...Gender Identity Paper Gender is determined at the time of conception. Gender Identity is defined as a personal conception of oneself as being male or female. Gender Identity issues can arise from several reasons and present in many different ways. Hormonal imbalance in the human body can cause an individual to question their true gender. The human body produces hormones which act as “chemical messengers” to try to regulate certain bodily functions like metabolism and growth. These hormones are produced in the endocrine system which includes the adrenal, pancreas, pineal, pituitary, and thyroid glands and manage things like puberty, growth, and physical changes. Hormones help the body maintain homeostasis or a state of balance within the body. When the body produces to much or to little of a hormone it can cause both physical and emotional problems. What are the interactions between hormones and do these interactions affect determination of gender identity? Hormones are responsible for sexual dimorphism (phenotypic sex differences) in the structure of the body and its organs. For example, hormones affect the internal sex organs, including genitals, and secondary sex characteristics that can operate to influence a person's behavior. Thus some research indicates that hormones are responsible for the gender makeup that acts as determinants of feminine and masculine traits. In addition, hormones affect behavior by interacting...
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...investigate the relationship between tendency to be involved in social conflicts (conflict potential) and locus of control beliefs (two types: intermal/external) as well as two types of typology (introversion/extraversion). Based on the previous studies (Holloran, Doumas, 1999; Benjamin, 1999; Williams and Vantress, 1969) it is hypothesised that that 1) there will be a significant difference between locus of control, extraversion and conflict potential; 2) introverts will score higher on group adaptation scale than extraverts; 3) externals will score lower on group adaptation scale than internals. Two more hypotheses derived from the earlier findings (Bookwala, Sabine and Zdaniuk, 2005; Harris and Bohnhoff, 1996): 4) the results will differ between age and gender groups; 5) with the increase of age the conflict potential will decrease. The findings of the study suggest that locus of control (β=-1.146, p<0.01) and typology (β=.816, p<0.01) are strong predictors of conflict potential. Despite the fact that results differed between age and gender groups, no significant age (β =1.09, p>0.01) or gender (β =-4.523, p>0.01) effects on conflict potential were found. It was found that extraverts and those with external locus of control scored significantly lower on group adaptation scale thus showing...
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...Level of and Aggressiveness of Special Science Class High School Students Exposed to Video Games Vincent Michael Baclaan Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study Chapter One, is divided into 5 parts: (1) Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms and (5) Delimitation of the Study. Part One, Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, presents the rationale and the reasons why the study is being conducted. Likewise, it describes the theoretical basis of the study as well as the conceptual framework. Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses, describes the general goal of the study and the specific questions to be answered in the study with corresponding hypothesis to be tested. Part Three, Significance of the Study, enumerates the different beneficiaries and corresponding benefits that they can derived from the results of the study. Part Four, Definition of Terms, list alphabetically technical terms used in the study. These terms are defined conceptually and operationally. Part Five, Delimitation of the Study, identifies the scopes and limitations encountered during the conduct of the study. It identifies the variables, the subjects, research designs and statistically analysis procedures used in the study. Likewise, it specifies the location and time in the conduct of the study. Background and...
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...those games involve mature content that often includes violence. The connection between violent media and aggression has also spawned a body of research that has gone back and forth on the issue.” Children who repeatedly play violent video games are learning thought patterns that will stick with them and influence behaviors as they grow older, according to a new study by Iowa State University researchers. The effect is the same regardless of age, gender or culture. Douglas Gentile, an associate professor of psychology and lead author of the study published in JAMA Pediatrics, says it is really no different than learning math or to play the piano. “If you practice over and over, you have that knowledge in your head. The fact that you haven’t played the piano in years doesn’t mean you can’t still sit down and play something,” Gentile said. “It’s the same with violent games – you practice being vigilant for enemies, practice thinking that it’s acceptable to respond aggressively to provocation, and practice becoming desensitized to the consequences of violence.” Researchers found that over time children start to think more aggressively. And when provoked at home, school or in other situations, children will react much like they do when playing a violent video game. Repeated practice of aggressive ways of thinking appears to drive the long-term effect of violent games on aggression. “Violent video games model physical...
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