...Definition: Gender Dysphoria Disorder was formerly understood by the term Gender Identity Disorder (GID). In this type of disorder, an individual’s biological gender and emotional gender do not accord. This means that an individual of one gender feels at ease with the opposite gender and is at odds with people of his own gender. For instance, an individual who is a male feels that he is more secure and confident with the female gender rather than in the company of males. In other words, confusion over identity or trans-sexualism (as it was formerly called) or transgender (as it is often referred to in current terminology) is a disorder that is felt by individuals who belong to one gender yet identify themselves with the opposite gender, while at the same time being uncomfortable in the company or interaction of the same gender. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) identifies gender dysphoria as “people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with” (Zucker et al, 2013). The person may be an adult, a child or an adolescent. Although the clinical term still refers to the condition as a disorder, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) states that it should not be called a disorder as such since it is not a mental illness. The intolerable situation for the individual suffering from the gender identity confusion or mismatch actually occurs due to stress and emotional disturbances associated with what the...
Words: 2226 - Pages: 9
...This paper will review research and policies that set up from Department of Defense (DoD) agencies and civilian nonprofit institutions addressing gender dysphoria (GD) effects and limitations of affected individuals by GD on the readiness in an operational environment. The material will discuss concepts, definitions, and restrictions shown in the policies of DoD and TRICARE policy manuals (2017). Current policy recommendations written by Secretary of Defense (SecDef), the Honorable James Mattis (2018) shows criteria set up in a DoD report (2018) for individuals with a history or diagnosis GD. Research from the Rand Corporation (2016) will illustrate the implications of individuals affected by GD and the impact of the military service....
Words: 1426 - Pages: 6
...wish? A major issue within the United States is the healthcare programs for inmates. One of the largest disputes when it comes to medical treatments/surgeries within the penal system is the sexual reassignment of inmates with gender dysphoria. It is reported that as of 2007 there are 750 inmates that are requesting gender reassignment surgeries (Brotheim, 2013). If polled today, some would say that a gender reassignment surgery at the tax payer’s expense is a frivolous waste of money. Some might even become infuriated at the thought of a non-law abiding citizen, one that has been deemed by society as someone who should be removed from the general public, most definitely does not deserve to receive this surgery. The states should not be liable to conduct gender reassignment surgeries for inmates with gender dysphoria, because of cost, the uncertainty that of the curability of this disorder, safety of the incarcerated offender and the moral dilemma of punishment versus privilege. Gender Dysphoria- formally known as Gender Identity Disorder (GID) is “a persistent unease with having the physical characteristics of one's gender, accompanied by a strong identification with the opposite gender and a desire to live as or to become a member of the opposite gender” (Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers, 2007). In accordance with the Standards for Treatment of Prisoners, the...
Words: 2200 - Pages: 9
...Ethical Considerations and Implications for Transgender Medicine In Western society gender and sexuality are believed to be binary and there is little room for variance. As the decades progress, more and more sociologists, scientists, and therapists are acknowledging that gender and sexuality are largely a social construct. With this new understanding, physicians are forced to grapple with how to treat gender-variant patients both physically and emotionally. As many patients seek to match their bodies with their minds, at times risky surgical and hormonal treatments must be prescribed. The physician is forced to weigh the risks and benefits to the patient and oftentimes it is the physician's decision that will determine if the transgender patient will complete the medical part of his, her, or hirtransition, allowing the individual to continue living his or her life in a body congruent with his or her gender expression. The psychiatrist’s recommendation for SRS and hormonal treatment is imperative in the process and this paper will examine the ethical implications of the essential causal diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) and the recommendation of surgical treatment in order for patients to fit into the Western gender binary. A brief examination of co-morbidity of mental disorders and their affect on consent and provider views on competence and capacity are also warranted. Adolescent transgendered patients under the age of eighteen experience more difficulties with the...
Words: 5990 - Pages: 24
...Abstract This paper will explain the timeline (Appendix B) for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) community in the United States Military between and the policies behind setbacks to the retention and entry of otherwise qualified personnel. Explanations of gender identity disorder and gender dysphoria disorder, defined as mental disorders by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], DSM-1, 1942; DSM-4, 2000; DSM-5, 2013). This textbook published and periodically updated by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), directly affects the guidelines for determining qualification of personnel into military service. Factual information is the only justification used for the policies put forth by the Department of Defense (DOD), Secretary of Defense (SECDEF), the Supreme Court of the United States, the office of the President of the United States and all categories of official office or position...
Words: 1576 - Pages: 7
...world. The Institute of Medicines report in 2011 states, “lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals have unique health experiences, but as a nation, we do not know exactly what these experiences and needs are ("LGBT health report," 2011, p. 4).For this reason their needs and health care inequities and inequalities should be addressed. The health promotion goal of the LGBT community is to “improve the health, safety, and well-being of lesbian, gay, and transgender individuals” ("," 2014). To understand the current health status of the LGBT community, one must understand some basic definitions. 1. Gender identity-A person’s basic sense of being male or female. 2. Gender expression- Manifestations that are defined as masculine or feminine. 3. Gender role conformity- The extent to which an expression conforms to cultural norms. 4. Gender dysphoria- The discomfort one has with the sex that one had at birth. There are many factors that affect the health status of this very diverse group. Among them are greater economic disadvantages. The Williams Institute reports that those identifying as LGBT have higher rates of poverty than heterosexual...
Words: 1150 - Pages: 5
...a number of effects on the way that the body functions and how hormones are produced. The common symptom of someone affected by an eating disorder includes: a. Mentally keeping a balance between calories taken in and calories used up b. Deep-seated feelings of anxiety if they consume a few calories too many c. Self-loathing, depression or panic if they haven’t lost any weight or put a little on, despite their best efforts Many scholars have researched the issue of diet quite deeply and know the damage they are doing to themselves but are still unable to stop. This just makes the feelings of despair and self-loathing even worse, causing their condition to continue. Common types of eating Disorders Research has given support to the existence of the different types of disorder put forward by Lask & Bryant-Waugh (2000). There are four main types of eating disorders namely; Anorexia is “self-imposed starvation and occurs when someone avoids food to the point that he or she is 15 percent or more below a healthy body weight.” According to Sim, et al. the remedial action for this disorder a multidisciplinary approach involving...
Words: 5268 - Pages: 22
...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Assessment 3 ------------------------------------------------- Working Across Difference With Transgender ------------------------------------------------- And Transsexual Individuals ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Student Name:------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- Clare J Clayton | ------------------------------------------------- Student Number:------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- S2847347 | ------------------------------------------------- Date Submitted: | ------------------------------------------------- ...
Words: 3787 - Pages: 16
...Women Kimberly L. Johnson Abstract This paper will examine the DSM disorder of Dependent Personality Disorder in Women. The focus of this paper will be to highlight the differentiation, diagnosis and treatment of this specific pathological personality disorder. According to the DSM, Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be cared for by others that usually lead to clingy and fears of separation. In professional counseling it is critical that clinicians understand the root causes of DPD and how this disorder can manifest in women. This disorder can be found in both men and women, but research seems to suggest that women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Therefore, understanding the pathology of DPD and its diagnosis and treatment will be critical to professionals working with women. This paper will also discuss how clinicians should be cautious when making diagnosis in women who present with DPD and knowing what gender and culture factors that exists. Dependent Personality Disorder in Women Clinical Definition of Dependent Personality Disorder According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be cared for by another person that usually lead to clingy and fears of separation. DPD as outlined in the DSM-IV-TR is considered the formal diagnosis of DPD needed for insurance, research, and communication between mental health professionals...
Words: 4909 - Pages: 20
...INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY of the CARIBBEAN SAVANNA-LA-MAR CAMPUS COURSE: Guidance and Counseling / Psychology (year 3) Borderline Personality Disorder TERM PAPER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the COURSE: Abnormal Psychology PRESENTED TO: MS. Loi Perry PRESENTED BY: Kerese Mckenzie ID#: 1220654 Date: March 24, 2016 The current diagnostic criteria set for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is taken from the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5 (APA, 2013). Patients must meet five of nine criteria in order to be diagnosed with BPD. Patients who partially, but incompletely, meet this criteria set may be considered to have borderline personality traits or features. Although not fulfilling criteria for the full disorder, such a formulation may nonetheless be useful in guiding treatment decisions. Borderline personality disorder is said to be one of the most misunderstood diseases. According to John Grohol, it is a condition marked by a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: 1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behaviour, as it is covered in Criterion 5. 2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation...
Words: 2686 - Pages: 11
...Sex and Gender are Different: Sexual Identity and Gender Identity are Different Milton Diamond, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology Pacific Center for Sex and Society Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry - Special Issue In Press for July 2002 Special Editors: Bernadette Wren, Portman Clinic Fiona Tasker, University of London | | | | | | | |Sex and Gender are Different: | |Sexual Identity and Gender Identity | |are Different | | | |Abstract: | |This paper attempts to enhance understanding and communication about different sexual issues. It starts by offering definitions to| |common...
Words: 8070 - Pages: 33
...Abstract The most prevalent female sexual dysfunction by women is arousal and orgasm. Many women have encountered orgasmic disorder their whole life. It is known as Female Orgasmic Disorder (Ohl, 2007). Female Orgasmic Disorder is one of the female sexual disorders, affecting 22-28 percent of female women (Zakhari, 2009). It is defined as a persistent or recurrent delay or an absence of orgasm during normal sexual activity marked by distress over the lifespan (Ohl, 2007). This paper will demonstrate Counseling Plan a woman who was referred by her gynecologist for counseling because she has never experienced an orgasm. It will include assessment of the dynamics of the couple’s relationship as well as issues regarding their sexual functioning, possible sexual dysfunction within the framework of the sexual response cycle, sexual normality as well as a evidence-based counseling interventions grounded through research and treatment plan with ethical considerations. . Table of Contents Abstract 2 Case Study: Michelle and Tom 5 Assessment of Sexual Issues 6 Biological Assessment of Sexuality 6 Cultural Assessment of Sexuality 6 Religious Assessment of Sexuality 7 Psychological Assessment of Sexuality 8 Assessment of Dynamics of the Relationship 8 Family and Couples 8 Diagnostic and Multi-Axial Impressions 9 Diagnostic 9 Multi-Axial 10 Integration of Disorder ...
Words: 7006 - Pages: 29
...Abschlussprüfung im Advancedmodul“Female Masculinity”(WS 2013/14)Dozenten Anna Hutnik, M. A. und Dietlind Falk, M.ABachelorstudiengang Anglistik/Amerikanistikder Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf Vorgelegt von:Nicole Jennifer BeckerNicole.Becker@uni-duesseldorf.de BA Anglistik KF, Informationswissenschaft EF, 3. SemesterMatrikel-Nr: 211199703.04.2014 Table of ContentTable of Content I.Introduction 3 II.Hermaphroditism vs Middlesex4 III.Cal's Intersexuality in Society6 III.a. Gender Identity and Transphobia6 III.b. Gender Assignment and Intelligibility9 IV.Dealing with Intersexuality10 IV.a.Stephanides Family and Dr. Luce10 IV.b. Beyond Middlesex: Other Cultures 12 V.Conclusion15 V.a.Outlook17 VI.Works Cited19 Introduction Inspired by the story of Herculine Barbin, a nineteenth-century hermaphrodite who committed suicide in 1868, the bestseller novel “Middlesex” by Jeffrey Eugenides deals with the condition of the pseudohermaphrodite Calliope “Cal” Stephanides. Since sex[1] and gender[2] are controversial topics that have been discussed by scholars such as Simone de Beauvoir, Michel Foucault or Judith Butler to name only a few, it can be assumed that the depiction of hermaphroditism in a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel like Middlesex might have an influence on how readers think of the topic itself. Due to this day especially hermaphrodites and intersexuals lack in most countries representation in form of the possibility of being recognized as a third sex. Does Eugenides...
Words: 6778 - Pages: 28
...Risk and Protective Factors for Depression: Implications for Prevention Depression in Children and Adolescents Linking Risk Research and Prevention Judy Garber, PhD Abstract: The National Institute of Mental Health has called for translational research linking basic knowledge about vulnerabilities that underlie mood disorders to the development of effective preventive interventions. This paper highlights research about risk factors for depression in children and adolescents and links it to current knowledge about interventions aimed at preventing depression in youth. Basic epidemiologic and clinical research indicates that increased risk for depression is associated with being female; a family history of depression, particularly in a parent; subclinical depressive symptoms; anxiety; stressful life events; neurobiological dysregulation; temperament/personality (e.g., neuroticism); negative cognitions; problems in self-regulation and coping; and interpersonal dysfunction. These vulnerabilities both increase individuals’ chances of encountering stress and decrease their ability to deal with the stress once it occurs. Although several existing depression-prevention studies have targeted one or more of these risk factors, the efficacy of these various prevention programs for youth with different combinations of these risk factors needs to be investigated further. Most existing depression-prevention programs in youth have used cognitive– behavioral techniques, with some success...
Words: 18951 - Pages: 76
...anxiety symptoms were made. Anxiety Scores of Informal Caregivers Family members of elderly, impaired individuals in the United States provide the majority of necessary daily care for their relatives (Sheehan & Nuttall, 1988). These caregivers may be described as informal: individuals who provide unpaid care to a friend or family member out of love and respect for the impaired person (George & Gwyther, 1986). Unfortunately, many caregivers reported significant stress, depression and anxiety (Sheehan & Nuttall, 1988). Research demonstrated a correlation between caregivers’ depressive symptoms and potentially harmful behaviors toward the recipients of their care (Pillemer & Finkelhor, 1989; Sheehan & Nuttall, 1988). Alternatively, caregivers who did not exhibit depressive symptoms of feelings of resentment were more likely to provide high-quality care to their relatives (Sheehan & Nuttall, 1988). Prior research showed that...
Words: 6639 - Pages: 27
