...Gender equality and equity are useful aspects in the development of communities. The importance of gender equality is underscored by its inclusion and recognised globally as one of the eight Millennium Development Goals. In this writing the writer would first define terms gender equality and equity. The writer is going to dwell much on issues like income generating projects, education, health services, politics, family issues, and religion which are some of the useful aspects that promotes community development. Gender equality is, first and foremost, a human right. According to Momsen (2004), gender equality means equal valuation of men and women and sameness in the enjoyment of rights, power, opportunities, treatment, and control of resources between male and females in the society. P (2007) congruently agrees with Momsen when depict Gender equality, as that men and women should receive equal treatment, unless there is a sound biological reason for different treatment. This concept is a key factor in the development of communities, where the ultimate aim is to provide equality in law and equality in social situations, especially in democratic activities and securing equal pay for equal work. Momsen (2004) went on to define gender equity as a process of achieving fairness and justice among men and women in distribution of opportunities, responsibilities and resources as well as accessing and controlling benefits from these resources. Kaiser (2005) as well defines gender...
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...There are some countries which are neither improving nor declining in the climb for gender equality. Germany, Austria, and Rwanda are examples of this. 1. Traditionally, women in Germany are believed to just stay at home, take good care of their children, go to church with the family, and cook for them (Goordeeva, 2017). However, women and men now receive equal pay because of a campaign called the Gender Pay Gap Campaign. Before, not many women had jobs, but there is a changing pattern in employment tradition for women. The share of female graduates went up, legal protection for all sexual harassment was established. Although, some areas still need to be addressed for lack of child care facilities. 2. Austria is both doing well and bad in...
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...There are many issues that are constantly brought to light by public figures such as racial inequality, judicial injustice, and political corruption. Although many issues are important and are talked about by public figures, the issue that has been talked about throughout the decades is the pay gap between men and women. The pay gap began in the past and has continued to be a consistent problem throughout time. The issue of pay equity has been mentioned in multiple speeches in order to sway the public’s opinion on whether or not policy changes need to be made in workplaces across the country. As big as the publicity surrounding the pay gap between men and women is, researchers have found that the gender pay gap is not as wide as some people...
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...The search for gender equity and empowerment of Caribbean women through education has yielded mixed opinions. On one hand it is felt that social mobility for women is best realised through education, while on the other hand it is believed that current academic curriculums simply reinforce the subordinate, inequitable role for women to fulfil. At women’s conferences around the world, many ideals have been targeted for actualization. Among them, the need to improve the quality and relevance of education for girls, ensuring equitable representation of women at all levels of the political process, and encouraging and enabling men to take responsibility for their sexual and reproductive behaviour. According to Bailey (2003), be it the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CDAW), or the World Conference on Women, education was highlighted as a ‘vehicle’ for change. Thus, the 1990 World Conference on Education for All admonished world governments to deconstruct “cultural barriers” to women’s education (Bailey, 2003; p. 109). In spite of these advancements, Bailey’s argument is that the increased participation and performance in education as a guarantee for women’s empowerment and equitable status with men is a misguided assumption; highlighting the Caribbean context, Bailey exposes this reality. Research has shown that women outnumber, and quantitatively outperform men at the tertiary levels of the education system. At the Secondary level, data...
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...employment” (Dessler, 2013, p. 352). According to Dessler (2013), it consists of both “direct financial payments and indirect financial payments.” As we explore the case study of Acme Manufacturing, we will see the salary inequities and the struggles that the newly appointed president, Joe Black, has to go through to fix those issues. In an article titled “Fair Pay or Power Play?” Shin (2013) reported that “pay inequity provides strong motivation for CEOs to restore equity.” For this case, I will identify some issues and recommend some plans to resolve the salary inequities in the Acme case. Some key issues that existed within Acme Manufacturing were: lack of individual equity, internal equity issues, no pay structure for salaried employees, and lack of legal considerations in compensation. Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA) “makes it illegal to pay different wages to men and women if they perform equal work in the same workplace.” (“Laws Enforced by EEOC,” n.d.). With the previous president, Bill George, salaried employees bargained their pay. Joe Black identified that there were female supervisors that were earning less than male supervisors. Ultimately the underlying issue was management failed to create a compensation plan that aligned with a reward strategy. According to Dessler (2013), “A compensation plan should first advance the company’s strategic aim.” Therefore, management should create an aligned reward strategy that consists of the compensation package. The package would then...
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...Gender discrimination Gender discrimination refers to the practice of granting or denying rights or privileges to a person based on their gender. In other hand, Gender discrimination is the difference between male and female in respect of enjoying human rights. It is severe in Bangladesh where it starts at birth. Despite having achieved gender parity in primary school enrolments, Bangladesh still has a long way to go to achieve gender equity, access to quality education for all girls, completion of basic education with acceptable competency levels and relevant life skills and equal roles for women and girls in society. Some of the key issues which must be addressed are as follows: Perceptions of lesser value and limited roles of girls: Gender discrimination starts from birth and continues throughout life in Bangladesh. The perceived lesser value and limited roles of girls and women are embedded in the socio-economic system. Girls’ education, very broadly defined, can play a part in changing these norms and practices. The issue must be addressed both within schools and in the broader society, starting from early childhood and continuing through adolescence. Quality of basic education: As the statistics illustrate, neither girl nor boys are receiving an education of an acceptable standard. By age 11 only just over a quarter have achieved the expected minimum competencies of primary school. Besides low academic achievement, there is little scope for developing relevant life skills...
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...How to End the Gender Wage Gap After women fought for and were allowed an opportunity to join the workforce alongside men, another issue came to the forefront. That issue being a gender wage gap. Women noticeably get paid only 77 percent of what men get paid for doing the same exact job. A plethora of steps need to be taken and enforced before the workforce as a whole takes action towards an equal gender wage. Pay equity is not something women have been totally deprived of. What women have received under the means of "equity" are slim to none and compared to the possibilities, it is not at all acceptable. Women are constantly fighting for equality as opposed to men because unlike the men, the women are put into and presented unfortunate situations. "Pink collar jobs" are what women are subjected to in the workforce. That very same subjection is what affects and deducts their pay. While it is overpoweringly domestic and of service, women who work in the service industry are paid very little by men who believe they should be performing the tasks of their said "job" for free in the comfort of their own home. There are many loopholes in consideration of how women are paid. Especially the "Motherhood Penalty" which literally means that a woman's pay can be cut simply because she is a mother to a child. Being penalized for a natural occurrence that typically can't be controlled once the deed is done is unethical. Most policies and penalties that are amongst the workforce are...
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...Equality and Discrimination Hundreds of millions of people suffer from discrimination in the world of work. This not only violates a basic human right, but has wider social and economic consequences which perpetuate poverty and inequality while worsening social tensions. Lessening discrimination could help the world dramatically decrease poverty and promote decent work for all. Unions can play a crucial role in fighting discrimination nationally and internationally through political action and collective bargaining. But, their leaders and members are themselves subject to discrimination as workers are penalized for joining unions or participating in union activities. However, by better understanding discrimination in its many forms and devising strategies to combat it, unions could help eliminate discrimination and, at the same time, strengthen their organizations. What is discrimination? Discrimination in employment and occupation takes many forms, and occurs in all kinds of work settings. It entails treating people differently because of certain characteristics, such as race, colour or sex, which results in the impairment of equality of opportunity and treatment. In other words, discrimination results in, and reinforces, inequalities. With discrimination the freedom of human beings to develop their capabilities and to choose and pursue their professional and personal aspirations is restricted without regard for ability. Because of discrimination, skills and competencies...
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...Gender Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females...
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...development projects that emerged in the 1970s, calling for treatment of women's issues in development projects. Later, the Gender and development (GAD) approach proposed more emphasis on gender relations rather than seeing women's issues in isolation.[1] Ever since the First World Conference on Women in Mexico City in 1975, approaches to «women's issues» have changed considerably. Development agencies, including FAO, first advocated the Women in Development (WID) approach, which was useful in making the importance of women's productive work more clearly visible, as well as in recognizing women's essential role in development. This approach focused on using development resources to improve women's conditions, for example through projects for women. However, the WID approach tended to focus solely on women as a separate, homogeneous entity and to ignore the basic structure of the unequal relations between women and men. Because it failed to take into account the wider social and economic context, WID often ignored the issues of how men might be affected and how important gender interactions are. | Over time, WID evolved into Gender and Development (GAD), which focuses on analysing the roles and responsibilities that are socially assigned to women and men, the social relations and interactions between women and men, and the opportunities offered to one and the other. The GAD approach defines gender and the unequal power relations between women and men as essential categories of...
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...Report No 55 Gender and Development: Concepts and Definitions Prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID) for its gender mainstreaming intranet resource by Hazel Reeves and Sally Baden February 2000 BRIDGE (development - gender) Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9RE, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1273 606261 Fax: +44 (0) 1273 621202 Email: bridge@ids.ac.uk Website: http://www.ids.ac.uk/bridge/ © Institute of Development Studies ISBN 1 85864 381 3 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 2. Quick Definitions ................................................................................................... 2 3. Detailed Explanations and Further Reading ....................................................... 4 Culture ..................................................................................................................... 4 Gender Analysis ...................................................................................................... 6 Gender Discrimination ............................................................................................. 7 Gender Division of Labour....................................................................................... 8 Gender Equality and Equity................................................................................... 10 Gender Mainstreaming ................
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...Multicultural Organizations to inherit the assumption that Work Life Balance Policies are Gender Neutral? Introduction Definition Work Life Balance is not a homogenous concept, and not amenable for precise definition as different people interpret WLB differently; the ideal ‘balance’ can vary at stages of the life cycle (Chandra, V., 2012). Experts within the field have faced difficulties in trying to define the concept, regardless of the wealth existing literature on the subject. WLB policies have been defined as ‘those that enhance the autonomy of workers in the process of coordinating and integrating work and non work aspects of their lives (Felstead et al, 2002). From an employees perspectives it is the maintenance of a balance between work and family responsibilities. This definition allows for a wide range of policies to be included under the guise of WLB initiatives. WLB policies in an organizational setting include, but are not limited to, flexible working arrangements, child and dependent care and family and parental leave (Bardoel, 1998). Importance Many Human Resource Professionals, employers associations, government departments, trade unions, academics and voluntary organizations around the world are currently debating and often enacting, policies and practices designed to promote work life balance (Fleetwood, S., 2007). The effective management of WLB is an issue increasingly recognized as of strategic importance to organizations and of significance...
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...Report No 55 Gender and Development: Concepts and Definitions Prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID) for its gender mainstreaming intranet resource by Hazel Reeves and Sally Baden February 2000 BRIDGE (development - gender) Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9RE, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1273 606261 Fax: +44 (0) 1273 621202 Email: bridge@ids.ac.uk Website: http://www.ids.ac.uk/bridge/ © Institute of Development Studies ISBN 1 85864 381 3 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 2. Quick Definitions ................................................................................................... 2 3. Detailed Explanations and Further Reading ....................................................... 4 Culture ..................................................................................................................... 4 Gender Analysis ...................................................................................................... 6 Gender Discrimination ............................................................................................. 7 Gender Division of Labour....................................................................................... 8 Gender Equality and Equity................................................................................... 10 Gender Mainstreaming ................
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...purpose of this paper is to discuss if pay equity legislation has worked to eliminate the wage gap between males and females in the workforce. This paper will discuss current pay equity legislation. Federal legislation includes the Canadian Human Rights Act, the Equal Wages Guidelines, and the Canada Labour Code, Part III. Provincial legislation includes the Ontario Pay Equity Act. This paper will also cover a brief time line of the history of pay equity and who is actually covered by pay equity legislation. Lastly, this paper will discuss the gender wage gap and why it exists. Graphs from Statistics Canada will aid in demonstrating the current wage gap and the significant difference in pay for males and females. Has Pay Equity Legislation Worked? Men and women are different in many ways, physically, genetically and anatomically; however they are the same in that they are both human beings who have a right to fair and equal treatment. All throughout history women seem to have taken a back seat to their male counterparts, as women were not officially deemed persons until 1929 after a Supreme Court hearing, they had to struggle to get recognition in the workplace, and to this day are continually fighting for pay equity in the workplace. Pay equity is defined as “the principle that men and women should be compensated equally for work requiring comparable skills, responsibilities, and effort” (Pay Equity, n.d., para. 1). The goal of pay equity “is to stop discrimination related to...
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...The private roots of public participation: Women’s engagement in democratic politics in Pakistan Dissertation – MA Gender and Development Marion R. Mueller, September 2004 Abstract This paper contributes to the discussion about the involvement of women as decision-makers in democratic political processes. It questions the conditions that are necessary to promote such involvement and that open up spaces for the translation of women’s representation into political influence. The context of the devolution of power process in Pakistan shows that it is not enough to only set up democratic institutions to achieve women’s political effectiveness. Instead there is need for significant support through the state, political parties and civil society. To personalise the political is necessary for successfully being able to achieve policy outcomes that reflect women’s interests. Table of contents Abbreviations & Foreign Words 4 List of Figures and Tables 5 Acknowledgements 6 1. Introduction 7 Choice of case study 8/ Methodology 9/ Dissertation structure 10 2. Locating women’s engagement in democratisation 11 3. Imagining the political: women and the nature of the state 16 The framework of the state 16/ Defining access: affirmative action policies in Pakistan 16/ Devolving power to the grassroots 18/ Personalising the political: the presence of women councillors 20 4. Institutionalising the political:...
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