...In new France, the French settlers were living a very simple life because they had just travelled miles and miles across the ocean and they didn’t have all the same resources that they had in France. They ate different foods and wore different clothes than we do today, and what their friends in France wore. The French persevered and worked really hard to start a settlement and create their own culture and expectations. In New France they wore really modest clothing with many layers, mainly because it’s really cold in Canada and because that was part of their culture as Christians. The men wore a type of button up shirt called jerkins, breeches ( pants ), knitted wool stockings, and depending on the man's job, either a vest or a waistcoat. They also wore leather boots with buckles or moccasins. “Aboriginal influence on inhabitants’ clothes was more apparent with men’s fashion.” (1). Women's clothing usually consisted of an ankle long dress that buttoned up at the front up to the collar, with full sleeves, a petticoat underneath, and a pair of knitted wool stockings. The pattern on the dress was usually a...
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...Modern-day Western society holds excessively strict views about gender roles in society, specifically when concerning who performs certain moves in the intricate dance of relationships. Many stereotypes have developed due to different pieces of literature and society in general. Men court women and rescue them from danger. Women learn the necessary skills to become a proper housewife and mother. For a man to successfully complete the requirements of his “part” in the relationship, he must provide for his spouse and assert his dominance as the head of the household. The woman must then complete the dance by deferring to her husband’s wishes and presenting the perfect picture of a cultured, subservient wife. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer and Lanval by Marie de France challenge this notion. In both works, the women represent the dominant force in the relationship, reversing gender roles and overturning modern-day gender stereotypes. However, despite the fact that both pieces of literature oppose the standards of the time, the social commentary the two works provide greatly contrast. Although Lanval still incorporates many of the common romantic stereotypes, The Canterbury Tales does not address these stereotypes; not only does the work present a profoundly different picture, illustrating a highly negative image of what occurs when women contain the power in a relationship, but also it also gives this classic piece of literature less relevancy in the eyes of the modern-day...
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...>> Version of Record - Nov 13, 2006 What is This? Downloaded from asj.sagepub.com at University of Huddersfield on October 7, 2012 ACTA SOCIOLOGICA 2006 Work–Life ‘Balance’ in Europe Rosemary Crompton and Clare Lyonette Department of Sociology, City University, London, UK abstract: Although work–life ‘balance’ is an EU policy priority, within Europe there are considerable variations in the nature and extent of supports that national governments have offered to dual-earner families. In general, the Nordic welfare states offer the highest level of supports, although other countries, such as France, have historically offered extensive childcare supports to working mothers. We examine national variations in reported levels of work–life conflict, drawing upon questions fielded in the 2002 Family module International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys for Britain, France, Finland, Norway and Portugal. We find evidence of a ‘societal effect’ in the cases of Finland and Norway, in that significantly lower levels of work–life conflict are reported in these countries even after a range of factors have been controlled for. However, support for childcare in...
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...The cold war did not impact the superpowers (the United States or the Soviet Union) alone. In fact most countries in the world were affected by this long and tedious war, one of which was France. France was involved with the Algeria war and Indochina war; these wars ware brutal just like any war, they caused political tensions, bloodshed, and economic problems. France was in a good strategic location. They also had military powers in many locations such as in Britain, America, Germany, and in the Soviet Union. Because of this, France will be having many economic, political and societal modifications. Government: The Government of France is known as a Republic, (also known as a Democracy). Edith Cresson became France’s first female Prime Minister...
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...Characters IV IV.1 IV.2 IV.3 Pedro Romero Pedro Romero - Character Description Romero‘s Male Identity Relevance of Female Characters 10 11 12 V Conclusion 13 VI Works Cited 14 1 I Introduction While North American literature up to the 20th century clearly defines gender roles, there is a shift in thinking after World War I. Not only are gender stereotypes and boundaries between the sexes gradually dissolving within the course of the history of literature and culture in general, but also the topic of gender itself is addressed more openly. This holds especially true for Ernest Hemingway‘s writings. Hemingway did not only make gender and gender identification a topic, but his writings often also contain elements of deconstruction of gender stereotypes, an example being The Garden of Eden, which is partially devoted to the conflict of reversed gender roles. Unsurprisingly, Hemingway was also preoccupied with the mutual influence and effect of the two sexes, male and female, on each other. One piece of literature which underlines this change towards thinking more freely across fixed gender boundaries but which also stands out as a case study on how gender identity is formed, is Hemingway‘s novel The Sun also Rises, which was first published in 1926. On the surface level, The Sun also Rises tells the story of a group of American expatriates living in Europe, who engage in a trip to Pamplona in order to see the bullfights. Mainly, the plot revolves around...
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...time, until I was about 11 but life couldn’t stop; my friends at schools were mostly boys and, as I grew up, I was more familiar with soccer and kickboxing than classical dancing. Soccer in France is mostly for boys anyway and since there was no girls’ team, that’s where I ended up, and I loved it. I felt more familiar around boys because they weren’t complicated. I didn’t mind bruises or being sweaty or even fighting, it was what I was made of. Being a girl and girl’s values was totally foreign to me. Until that time where a teenager becomes a young woman, I tried to discover my real identity and what I believed in, which is when I started reading some feminist novels and related myself to them. I believe that feminism is not only a movement; it can also be a certain kind of identity. My country has always been known to be faithful to our equality values that funded our republic. Some actions has been taken, on our territory and were directed towards women of all age and all the social categories that needed their rights protected. When the law passed in 2010 forbidding the hiding of the face in public spaces. I believe it is a law that preserves women’s dignity because this practice ends up for some of them as a constraint. The way women emancipated themselves and took a significant role in...
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...together. My interviewee is a divorced female, 59 years of age mother of two adult children and two granddaughters. Her name is Frances Hicks. She is well educated and was employed for the Federal government for 25 years. Her professional was a secretary to the judge and in her later years became a data entry consultant. .She is presently retired but does consulting and charitable work for many organizations. . The interviewer and the interviewee believe that seeing the behavior being performed gives a more vivid picture than reading. I believe that I do not also remember everything I read or may not comprehend it in the same manner, whereas she believes that reading helps her to form her own description of how the behavior is truly unfolding. The interviewer and interviewee have similar feelings, I have found it easier to study in a library where it is quiet and peaceful, but my feelings are so much more comfortable at home with the background noises and some distractions. Home is preference for both of us with the presence of family. This environment creates less worry about what is happening at home when not there. She has the same feelings about studying at home but believes that there is always the option to get up and move around and soak into the studying without being distracting to others. Frances has taken the Myers Briggs test many years ago early in her working career. She...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS International Journal of Intercultural Relations 28 (2004) 577–594 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijintrel Learning styles and their impact on cross-cultural training: An international comparison in France, Germany and Quebec Christoph I. Barmeyerà ´ IECS—Ecole de Management de Strasbourg/Universite R. Schuman, CESAG (Centre d 0 Etude des Sciences ´es ` ˆt Applique a la Gestion), 61, Ave de la Fore Noire, F 67085 Strasbourg, France Abstract Every person has his or her own individual way to learn and to solve problems in day-to-day situations. These personal cognitive strategies, acquired in a long socialization process are called ‘‘learning styles’’ and may differ depending on gender, age or culture. In this study, the learning styles of over 300 students in business administration in France, Germany and Quebec are examined with the Learning Style Inventory (LSI). Representative and signiï¬cant learning differences where found. This is why the LSI can be used in a ï¬rst step for the illustration and comparison of typical patterns of learning. In a second step the results may be of use to international trainers in making decisions about course design and methods of cross-cultural training in relation to the learning proï¬les of the participants. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Learning styles; LSI; Culture; Cross-cultural management; Socialization; Intercultural training; Cultural differences; Training methods ÃFax:+33 3 90...
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...Gender Roles: Still affecting us Today Even though gender roles have significantly changed and improved throughout history, women still face discrimination today. Gender roles are mainly focused in the aspects of femininity and masculinity. Women are required, since an early age, to view and portrait themselves as objects to be admired; while men are expected to possess physical strength and make a life for themselves. During the process of growing up, the world opens to males, and closes for females. According to said Kristin Mari, associate professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health "Adolescent health risks are shaped by behaviors rooted in gender roles that can be well-established in kids by the time they are 10 or...
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...It’s difficult to pick a side of this issue. On one hand, I agree with France. Women should have the same roles in the church that men have. They are people too, and to deny them equal rights based on gender seems a bit medieval. I’m glad women’s roles have changed with society. If they hadn’t, we would still be living in a sad time of gender inequality. After all, people are people regardless of race or gender. I completely understand denying someone rights based on decisions that a person has made. Instances include crime, where someone may be denied certain amounts of social privileges because they may present a danger to society. However, denying a sector of society certain rights based on qualities that they had no part in choosing seems a tad bit harsh. In this way I feel that Christian practice should change with society. After all, Biblical writers are writers of their times, and social no-no’s of the first century are no longer in play. On the other hand, I disagree with France. Yes, women’s role in society has changed, but does that mean we should change...
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...Student’s name Instructor’s Name Class Name Date Concept of Capability and UNDP Human Development Reports Introduction The source of the human development approach is from the theory of Sen which says that development comes about only when capabilities expand. The idea generated from the theory is that the core reason for development is to ensure that human lives are improved. This can only be achieved if there is expansion in what they can be or do. It could include things such as the being well nourished and healthy, participating in the activities of the community and being knowledgeable. Hence, development can only occur once the obstacles that were present preventing an individual from doing something are removed. The obstacles might be in the form of ill health, illiteracy, lack of resources or lack of freedom- both political and civil. When these obstacles are removed one is said to be capable; hence the origin of the concept of capability Sen, 160). Purpose Statement The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concept of capabilities approach that was developed by Amartya Sen, a Nobel Prize winner, and M. Nussban. Amartya has enabled the measurement of human development by the United Development Program (UNDP). He helped invent the capabilities approach, which is the foundation of indices used by UNDP in their measurements. Through these indices the achievement in education and health can be measured in addition to income (Nussbaum, 67). Objectives The main...
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...constitutional law that the state cannot impose or pursue race or gender quotas.[1] In the private sector, an employer’s pursuit of numerically fixed race or gender balance is suspect under Title VII.[2] Under both bodies of antidiscrimination law, quotas are regarded as discrimination. If a civil rights initiative can be portrayed as encouraging employers to adopt quotas, its political demise is nearly certain in the United States.[3] Narrow forms of affirmative action have survived, legally and politically, only to the extent that they can be distinguished from quotas. Quotas are so widely regarded as legally, politically, and morally repugnant that they are taboo: The “q-word”[4] is rarely the subject of any serious debate, even by those who favor stronger civil rights protections for women and minorities. The related belief in the illegitimacy of ever pursuing numerically informed demographic balance – especially along lines of race or gender -- is gaining strength in the Supreme Court’s major antidiscrimination cases in the last several years.[5] It is widely accepted – even by civil rights advocates – that pursuing racial or gender balance as a goal, “for its own sake,” would be illegitimate.[6] This principle threatens the constitutionality of race-based affirmative action, which may meet its demise in Fisher v. Texas next Term. Meanwhile, in Europe, quotas have made a definitive comeback, as a way of pursuing gender equality. Legislative and constitutional transformations...
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...a Struggle from Gender Identity to Political Balance Long before Song Liling made her debut as M. Butterfly on stage, there was a woman called Cho-cho-san, playing Madama Butterfly with the fullest of her life. M. Butterfly’s counterpart Madama Butterfly presents readers Cho-cho-san, a pitiful and submissive Oriental Butterfly. Cho-cho-san’s character traits fit in almost every single aspect of the ideal of Oriental women, for instance, Cho-cho-san is a geisha, an exotic representation of Japanese women in the eyes of westerners, Cho-cho-san eventually dies of seppuku, which is the Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment, and her ultimate sacrifice of her everything from her religion to her very life. The attributes of Cho-cho-san are not exclusive to this character only but imposed on all Asian women. The western presupposition of some certain fixed and bounded Asian attributes defines the identity of Asian women and thus, creates an image of the sacrificial and submissive Oriental women. Moreover, the historical backgrounds of Hwang’s Butterfly and Puccini’s Butterfly are, in fact, the extension of gender tension to international power struggle. Cho-cho-san’s love story happens in the Meiji Period in which Japan first opened its door to foreigners; while Gallimard and Song Liling begins having an affair in the 1960s, in the midst of Cold War. Hwang’s M. Butterfly parodies Puccini’s Madama Butterfly by reversing the conventional narrative on the gender identities and the...
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...as well as committing, in general, more serious offences. It also found that men are many times more likely to be found guilty of cautioned for offending. For example, men are 50 times more likely to be convicted for sex offences, approximately 8 times more likely to be found guilty for robbery and drug offences, and 5 times more likely to be convicted for violence against a person. Otto Pollack (1950) argues that official statistics regarding gender and crime are misleading, arguing that they do not account for the true extent of female criminality. He suggests that there are a number of crimes that females are more likely to commit than males. He states that nearly all shoplifting offences and criminal abortions are committed by women, suggesting that these types of crimes are not accounted for in official statistics due to them being less likely to be reported to the authorities. Pollack also argued that a large proportion of unreported crimes were carried out by female domestic ‘slaves’, and said that these domestic roles allowed them to hide crimes. Pollack offers two explanations for the under-reporting...
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...emphasizing the important aspects of an individual that ultimately decided their faith within a society. Farmer analyzes the poverty from an elite’s perspective, while supplying sufficient details on the gender roles among the poor and the social classes among society that separated the poor from the rich. Such factors not only played a major role in forming their social standing and networks available to them, but also affected the altruistic assistance by those in power that...
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