...better half of humanity, the female sex”-Gandhi. The struggle women face for equality is a battle fought all over the world, but especially so in India. India was recently rated the worst place in the world to be a woman, defeating Afghanistan and Somalia. Women of India struggle to survive at every age from birth onward, facing hardships of neglect, rape, murder, poor healthcare and diet, violence, abuse, prejudice, and discrimination. The notion that Indian men have a hatred for women has really hurt India’s economy. Female tourist have become scared and turned off by the idea of visiting the country. India is the world’s largest democracy yet women there are treated as lesser beings. India has had women as prime ministers, a president, and other high ranking political positions and still they struggle to fight for equal rights for its women. This is ironic because many current politicians and powerful people in India are women. Although many politicians have made promises to change the poor treatment of their women little change has been seen. Many politicians in office currently have been charged with crimes against women as well. People are standing up to their politicians and government and letting their voices be heard. India has had an up and down battle with gender equality through the ages. It is believed that in ancient India women were equal to men, and women had many freedoms they now are deprived of such as the right to marry who they wished when they wished. Several...
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...INDIA: A critical analysis on the influences of gender on educational opportunities The discussion in this paper will focus on the influences being female has on educational opportunities in India. It is important to note that that there are issues for males in accessing education, particularly those from the poorest backgrounds, and that childhood and schooling differs depending on the era and location of birth as well as the culture into which you are born. However, educational opportunities in India tend to be greater for boys, especially those from wealthy backgrounds, and this should be the same for all children regardless of their class, caste, gender and socio-economic background (Gasterland, 2009). In India ‘[w]ide spread poverty and discriminatory cultural practices [particularly places] the girl child at a serious disadvantage that starts at conception and extends throughout her life’ (Kumar et al, 2007: 7). The essay will discuss the effects of early marriage, school infrastructure, opportunity costs and safety on girls’ educational opportunities whilst considering culture, poverty and government policy. Examples from the southern state of Kerala and the northern state of Bihar will be used to try to gain an understanding of why some girls are able to access schooling; as they demonstrate vast differences in male to female pupil ratios within schools. This can be noted in the fact that in 2004/05 the southern state of Kerala had an enrolment rate in of ninety-eight...
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...Date: 04/12/2013 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT ROHTAK Socio Economic Transformation of India Skewed Sex ratio- Improving the socio-economic fabric of India Submitted By: Section A Group No. 3 INDEX Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Global Trend 3 Indian Trend 4 State-wise analysis 4 Sex-ratio indicators 6 Child sex ratio 6 Sex ratio at birth 7 Son preference 7 Mortality differentials 8 Social Implications 8 Brought women 9 Polyandry/abduction 9 Social fabric 10 Crime rates 10 Economic Implications 10 Labor force 11 Unorganized sector 12 Consumer Power 13 Economic status 13 Policy Constraints 14 Recommendations 15 Immediate strategy 16 Short term strategy 19 Long term strategy 20 Role of NGO’s 22 What needs to be done 24 The future 25 References 25 Abstract The rise of boy child population in India for the past twenty years parallels the experience of other Asian Countries such as China and South Korea. There were 945 girls per 1000 boys in 1991, 927 in 2001 and only 914 in 2011. India’s increasing number of rich class seems to have increased the practice of sex selection in the new technology promoted by private health sector. The new technology has aggravated the social problem of bias against girl child and continues to have caused the drastic reduction in the proportion of female...
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...Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main University of Applied Sciences,Frankfurt Leadership in Global Environment Project LEADERSHIP : WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS Masters of Business Administration in Aviation Management Semester 3 Mukul Ringe, Reg No. 1042245 Deputy Chief Aircraft Engineer, Air India Limited Professor: Dr. Yvonne Ziegler 25 March 2014 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………5 1.1 Background …………………………………………………………5 1.2 Scope ………………………………………………………………..5 1.3 Structure of Report and Methodology …………………………...6 2. Women in Leadership Positions ……………………………………6 2.1 Women in Leadership in Indian Industry ………………………...6 2.2 Women in Leadership in world Industry ………………………….7 3. Higher education in women in India ……………………………….8 3.1 Sequential Growth ………………………………………………….8 3.2 Society perceptions and limitations ………………………………9 3.3 Government Initiatives ……………………………………………10 3.4 Economic Considerations ………………………………………..10 4. Carrier Family Balancing …………………………………………...10 4.1 Gender Discrimination ……………………………………………11 4.2 Historical Gender Bias ……………………………………………12 4.3 Duties of motherhood and Homemaker ………………………..12 5. Diversity Management Programs …………………………………12 5.1 Gender Diversity …………………………………………………..13 5.2 Diversity as a result of Religion, caste and Education ………..13 5.3 Managing Diversity ……………………………………………….13 6. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………14 References …………………………………………………………….15 Page i Table of Figures Figure 1: Positions held by women...
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...Female in India Women were considered inferior to men in practical life. But in scriptures they were given high position. Thus in past, the status of women in India was not clear. It was theoretically high but practically low. Women were prohibited to take part in domestic as well as in external matter. They were under the influence of their parents before marriage and their husbands after marriage. The number of girls per 100 boys enrolled in different levels of school education is on the rise over the years, but the gap still continues well over 10 in primary education, more than 20 at middle level and secondary classes. Even when the school enrolment reduces considerably from primary to secondary level and above, both for boys and girls, the reduction is more for girls. The difference in the male and female primary enrolment has reduced to a great extent over the years but still there is a huge gap in the male and female literacy levels A section of Indian women-the elite and the upper middle class- have gained by the exposure to the global network. More women are engaged in business enterprises, in international platforms like the Inter-Parliamentary Union, and have greater career opportunities as a result of international network. Freer movement of goods and capital is helpful to this section. But most women continue to remain marginalized as they are generally employed in a chain of work and seldom allowed independent charge of her job. Sharing of responsibility at work...
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...to be achieved by 2015; these goals include the elimination of poverty and hunger, improvements in primary education, gender equality, child mortality rates and maternal health and finally work towards combatting HIV, AIDS and other diseases. From figure 4 we can see that each country is at various stages of achieving the goals or not in some cases. An example of a succeeding country is Brazil, which has achieved all but two of the 5 goals by 2007 and is very likely to achieve the remaining two by the 2015 deadline. In contrast India is doing not so well with the unlikelihood of achieving any of the goals by the 2015 deadline (or however for a matter of many reasons no data has been issued). India may be in this state because of the really large population so its difficultly for any progress to trickle down from the richer to poorer areas, also the recent subjection to natural disasters postpone any attempts at achieving the goals. As we can see 3 out of the 4 countries are having difficulty at achieving goal 4, (combating HIV/ AIDS, malaria and other diseases). All are either not likely, no data issued or maybe likely to achieve it as only Brazil has accomplished it. This may be because of cultural taboos of not wanting to discuss and solve these diseases, however with enough aid and money invested should’ve been gradually achievable. With exception of India, all countries are making good progress or have achieved goal 2 (achieve universal primary education), even Bangladesh...
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...UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI PROJECT ON ‘PESTLE AND DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF FINLAND’ MASTER OF COMMERCE (BUSINESS MANAGEMENT) SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL MARKETING SEMESTER III 2013-14 In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement under Semester Based Credit And Grading System for Post Graduates (PG) Program me under Faculty of Commerce SUBMITTED BY RAJESHREE N. PATEL ROLL NO: 41 PROJECT GUIDE Ms. Shradha Jain K.P.B. Hinduja Collage Of Commerce, 315 New Charni Road, Mumbai 400004. M.COM (BUSINESS MANEGEMENT) III rd SEMESTER ‘PESTLE AND DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF FINLAND’ SUBMITTED BY RAJESHREE N. PATEL ROLL NO: 41 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Rajeshree Patel of M. Com. Business Management Semester 3rd [2013-2014] has successfully completed the project on ‘PESTLE AND DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF FINLAND’ |Project Guide |________________________________ | |Course Coordinator |________________________________ | |Internal Examiner |________________________________ | |External Examiner |________________________________ | |Principal ...
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...between an individual and its environment. The Dharma or Buddha’s teachings like stated in The Buddha’s Early Life reading, dictate to treat others with patience and compassion whether at home or out in the world with strangers. Since one’s happiness and living conditions are the product of each individual’s actions. In an excerpt from the Digha Nikaya 31, a Buddhist scripture from the Sutta Pikata that forms part of Theravada Buddhism a depiction of what makes a goof wife and husband is presented. The duties explained present no hierarchy among husband or wife and call for acceptance and emotional equality, for a merrier household. Although, this excerpt contradicts with historical views on gender roles presented in various Buddhist readings, it presents a more realistic depiction of gender roles in Buddhism today. It is important to note the excerpt from the Digha Nikaya 31, forms part of Theravada Buddhism that was essentially practiced centuries ago back in the time of the Buddha. One can argue societies back then were more conservative than contemporary societies yet the following quote demonstrates exceedingly contemporary words of advice, “ In five ways should a husband minister his wife: by respecting her, by being kind to her, by being faithful to her, by giving her authority, by adorning her, DN31”. Men are expected to attend the female’s emotional needs whether it is by showing her extra attention by “adorning her” -buying her gifts or allowing her to take command...
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...common. Sexism is one of the five major forms of discrimination. Discrimination in gender is indicated in jobs, sports, advertising, etc. Although, it has decreased compared to before, it is still alive and around. Women struggle to get the same rights as men, especially in the work place. For example, my parents both work as nurses, however, my dad gets paid more when they both do the same exact thing. So where does sexism come from? In the old days, sexism is learned from your parents or the people around you. However, we don’t live in the old days anymore. Children, nowadays, pick up things from the media. The media plays a huge role in kids and teenagers lives. They don’t entirely shape us as the person that we are today but they are a big reason for the way we think, act, and speak. In the media, women are displayed as objects instead of actual human beings. Take a Carl’s Jr. commercial for example, most of it includes a half naked woman advertising their food which I find very disrespectful, demeaning, and very insulting to women. How can we be taken seriously if we can’t be treated with respect. How would guys feel if the roles were switched, if instead of the women, we have men making a fool of themselves on commercials. I understand that discrimination does not only apply to females, however, we do have it worse. The music industry is also a good example for discrimination in gender. Often, most hip hop music and rap music are so sexist. The words used to describe...
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...Women, Constitutions, and Buddhism Gender inequality exists in most of the world’s religions. In Buddhism, many Buddhists have come to assume that being born a woman represents a lower status and a lesser spiritual potential (French & Nathan, 334). The stereotype of a female rebirth as lower than a male has historically resulted in discriminatory attitudes toward women and has been correlated with obstacles to women’s education and ordination. Id. Buddhist women, including nuns, have faced harsh discrimination by Buddhist institutions in Asia for centuries. However, the Buddha and even the Dali Lama himself have accepted the role of women as Buddhists nuns and acknowledged the possibility “of attaining all four stages of the religious path to liberation.” Id. at 344. This reflection paper will focus on the role of women in Buddhism and its effect on the law and also speak on the influence of Buddhism in the Constitutions of Bhutan. The Buddha taught a path to enlightenment and liberation from suffering for all sentient beings and people in every walk of life, to women as well as men, without discriminating class, race, nationality, or social background. For those individuals who wished to dedicate themselves fully to the practice of his teachings, he established a monastic order that included both a Bhikshu Sangha (an order of monks) and a Bhikshuni Sangha (an order of nuns). The first step in becoming a Buddhists nun (or monk) is the going forth or leaving the household...
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...Contents 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 4 1.11 Indian weddings 4 1.12 Indian greetings 4 1.13 Indian Food 4 Introduction to American culture 5 1.14 American music 5 1.15 American religion 5 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 6 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 7 2.0 LEVELS OF CULTURE 7 2.01 GLOBAL CULTURE 7 2.02 REGIONAL CULTURE 7 2.03 NATIONAL CULTURE 7 2.04 ETHNIC CULTURE 7 2.05 SOCIAL CLASS CULTURE 8 2.06 ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE 8 2.07 FAMILY CULTURE 8 2.08 GENDER CULTURE 8 2.09 AGE CULTURE 8 2.1 DETERMINANTS OF CULTURE 8 2.11 GEERT HOFSTEDE’S MODEL 9 2.12 INDIVIDUALISIM V COLLECTIVISM 9 2.13 POWER DISTANCE 9 2.14 LARGE POWER DISTANCE 9 2.15 SMALL POWER DISTANCE 9 2.16 MASCULINITY V FEMINITY 9 2.17 UNCERTAINITY AVOIDANCE 10 3.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 10 3.01 Culture is dynamic 10 3.02 Culture is pervasive 10 3.03 Culture is learnt 10 3.04 Culture is integrated 10 3.05 Culture is ethnocentric 10 3.06 Culture provides social cohesion 11 4.0 VIEWS ON CULTURAL TRENDS 11 4.01 The Convergent View 11 4.02 The Divergent View 11 5.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION 12 5.01 ANALYSIS 12 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.01 WHAT IS CULTURE? Culture rules virtually every aspect of your life and like most people; you are completely unaware of this. Culture is vital because it enables its members to function with one another without the need to negotiate meaning at every moment. Culture is learned and forgotten, so despite its importance we are generally unconscious...
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...THE WID, WAD, GAD APPROACH ON GENDER DEVELOPMENT March 19, 2013 · by cn2collins · Bookmark the permalink. · Over the years development programs have been criticized for ignoring gender roles and the impact it has on women in the global south. However we see a shift to integrate women into development programs in hopes of eradicating poverty and low social economical status. The six main theoretical approaches are: “(1) the welfare approach; (2) women in development (WID); (3) women and development (WAD); (4) gender and development (GAD); (5) the effectiveness approach (EA); and (6) mainstream gender equality (MGE). Martinez tries to understand the various outcomes and effectiveness of all 6 development theories. Despite the effort to reinforce gender mainstreaming into society we still see a vast number of gender inequality especially in the developing world. Women make up the 70% of individuals living in poverty and in sub-Saharan Africa 57% of HIV infected individuals are women. This also includes the disproportionate ratio of women to men in the job market and at leadership position, low level of education among women, and low socio-economic status among women. The term “Women, Gender and Development” could be seen a discipline much like ever other area of knowledge. However, what sets it apart from various disciplines is that, its major contributors are individuals that raise issues and concerns, concerning women, gender and development. These are academics, feminist...
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...THE PRACTICE OF DOWRY IN INDIA The last several hundred years of women's history in India has been painted black with dowry related incidences of murder, female foeticide/infanticide and domestic violence. An examination of dowry's history reveals that it is neither an exceptional nor a recent social phenomenon in India. Many societies in the earlier days of civilization had such practices. While such practices in most western societies vanished with modernization, they became more widespread and inflationary in India. Modernizing forces, namely colonialism and commercialization, have been at work in India for years, and they would prima facie be expected to suppress such primitive practices. However, even after more than forty years of its prohibition, the practice has spread and has increasingly ingrained itself in the institution of marriage. A dowry is the transfer of parental property to a daughter as her inheritance at her marriage (i.e. inter vivos) rather than at the owner's death (mortis causa). A dowry establishes a type of conjugal fund, the nature of which may vary widely.Dowry contrasts with the related concepts of bride price and dower. While bride price (or bride service) is a payment by the groom or his family to the bride's parents, dowry is the wealth transferred from the bride's family to the groom or his family, ostensibly for the bride. Similarly, dower[->0] is the property settled on the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage and which...
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...Equatorial Guinea while Sri Lanka strides ahead Over the past three decades, India has made good progress on the human development index (HDI), says the Human Development Report 2013, released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). However, India’s rank out of 187 countries is no better than last year’s. With a HDI value of 0.554 and a rank of 136 among 187 countries, which it shares with Equatorial Guinea, India is placed in the “medium development” category. There has been steady improvement in its HDI value, which was 0.345 in 1980. In 1950, Brazil, China and India together represented 10 per cent of the world economy, while the six traditional economic leaders of the North accounted for more than half. According to projections in the report, by 2050, Brazil, China and India will together account for 40 per cent of global output, far surpassing the projected combined production of today’s Group of Seven bloc. | | | HDI is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries in four tiers of human development. Since 2011, the UNDP report has included an inequality adjusted HDI, also known as IHDI, which attempts to include the effects of inequality on human development. The IHDI for India this year is 0.392. High gender inequality The country fails miserably on the front of gender equality. On the gender equality index, with a value of 0.610, India has one of the worst indicators in the medium human development category...
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...Human Rights “The Essence of Constitutional Governance“ “Problems can be solved by the same level of thinking that created them.” Introduction * Human: (noun) A member of the Homo sapiens species; a man, woman or child; a person. * Rights: (noun) Things to which you are entitled or allowed; freedoms that are guaranteed. * Human Rights: (noun) The rights you have simply because you are human. * Human rights are commonly understood as "inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.” Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. * Every person has dignity and value. One of the ways that we recognize this fundamental worth is by acknowledging and respecting a person’s human rights. * Human rights are concerned with equality and fairness. They recognize our freedom to make choices about our life and develop our potential as human beings. They are about living free from fear...
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