...During the 15th-19th centuries, art was considered to be a subject of superiority and was generally created by men. Because of this, stereotypes and social norms in regards to women were inferred and asserted. The art created during this period was affected by a phenomenon known as the ‘male gaze’, which is paramount in constructing ideal portrayals of women. With reference to the male gaze, women are depicted through these paintings as entirely existing to be viewed by men. On the topic of the male gaze, John Berger (cited in Ways of Seeing, p. 64) states that ’the "ideal" spectator is always assumed to be male and the image of the woman is designed to flatter him’. Not only was art in this time primarily created by men, it was also created...
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...DO STEREOTYPES EVER CHANGE? Many theorists have suggested that stereotyping will be stable as long as the nature of relationship that exists between our group and the stereotyped group is stable (Eagly 1987, Oakes et al., 1994; Tajfel,1981). That is because we construct stereotypes that reflect how we see members of different groups actually behaving, stereotype change should only occur when the relations between the groups change. In addition we generally hold stereotypes that are favorable to our own group in comparison to another group. Unless social conditions shift so that we no longer see in-group favoritism as acceptable, unfavorable stereotypes of groups we are not members of, can be expected to persist. (Spears, Jetten , & Doosje,...
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...Name Instructor Course Date Stereotypes in Mass Media Mass media has become a main source of popular culture in modern society. The media does not only entertain or feed information to the audience, but also transfers the beliefs, values and stereotypes of the society resulting to a change in the order of life in society (Wells 514). According to Althusser, families, schools and religions play a crucial role of ideological state apparatuses. Such institutions indoctrinate and transfer the ideologies of society into the minds of people in the society in order to control them. However, in modern society, the media is turning out to be yet another apparatus for controlling the minds of people. To most people, the pieces of art such as movies, magazines, documentaries and music in the media seem unique. However, all these products are no different from each other. The content in the media reflects the life of people in such a way that people would comprehend. Such a reflection occurs through reproduction of stereotypes which impacts profoundly on life in society (Wells 514). This paper examines the stereotypes mass media in more detail by considering the works of Betye Saar, the use of the concept in advertising and images in popular culture such as Aunt Jemima among others. The Liberation of Aunt Jemima Betye Saar is one of the few women who challenged the male artists’ dominance in the museum and gallery spaces in the 1970s. Some organizations such...
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...Name Course Tutor Date Honor of Chinese culture in film. The Hero is a Chinese film based in Hong Kong China, and it is entirely a wuxia film. It is a martial art film, and it depicts the Chinese culture and unity. The king in the film is trying to bring together warring kingdoms and also come up with a standard Chinese language among the variations. There is a conflict depicted in the film that of who to trust. The king is almost lured to believe an assassin who finally forgives the king. There is an excellent use of flashbacks in the film hence making it a narration film as most of the stories narrated, and flashback is used. Most of the fights shown in flashbacks where nameless and the king of Qin are conversing at the palace. Hero is filming that entirely depicts the ancient Chinese culture and uses visual designs in a relevant way. The film uses the fascist aesthetics that represents authoritarianism. The film represents the Chinese culture in a number of ways. It does not concentrate on the multiculturalism as other Chinese films could do. First, the movie shows the Chinese culture in the form of leadership. At the beginning of the film, the narrator tells of ancient China being a kingdom ruled by kings, and initially it was made up of seven kingdoms. The film also shows the ancient Chinese leadership to have had many wars. It was during this wars that the parents of nameless (jet li) were killed making him come for revenge in the palace. The evidence is when the king...
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...Essay Question 2 Gender has shaped Hip-hop since the very beginning by influencing Hip-hop narratives and redefining gender roles; it comes to no surprise that gender has also influenced MCs and their work. In fact gender identifications have been so impactful they help determine an artist’s success in the music industry. MCing is known to be a male dominated art form and it is very difficult for females to become successful without having to conform to the preconceived notions about women in the music industry. In the Hip-hop world many male artists have created stereotypes for both men and women and their place in the Hip-hop music (NHP 06-11-2012). For some male artists these stereotypes have made success more achievable while, on the other hand, these stereotypes have made it harder for female MCs to rise to success. There’s no denying that Hip-hop stereotypes are an important component of Hip-hop performance (NHP 06-13-2012) in fact many artists today feel the need to utilize these stereotypes in order to get ahead in the game. For example, Big Sean is one talented MC in mainstream Hip-hop that doesn’t refrain from having half naked women dancing around in his music videos. His videos emphasize the most popular stereotypes which refer to women as “hoes”, “bitches” and “gold-diggers” (NHP 06-13-2012). Although these names are degrading and disrespectful to women, it is quite unfortunate that they have become acceptable in the music industry. It is also unfortunate that...
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...complete exemplification to the idea of gender role stereotypes. With Jackie being a typical hard man who sees no prospect outside of the mining industry, and Billy, who possesses a great deal of talent toward the deeply taboo art of ballet, the conflict of gender role expectations is amplified. Because of Jackie and Billy's relationship, the viewer can therefore understand the fact that Billy faces a major challenge, as far as gender roles are concerned, if he chooses to pursue a life of Ballet. Jackie gives powerful illustration to the stereotypical psyche of male roles in society. His identity as a miner of North England during the miners' strike and ex-champion boxer already reverberates the fact that he holds very traditionalistic male values. He literally cannot perceive life outside of the mining industry "Why would I want to go to London? There are no mines in London" In effect, when Jackie sees his son Billy in dancing school behind his back for the first time, there is major repercussion, "You, out, now!" He then drags Billy back home and informs him that "Lads do football... or boxing... or wrestling, Not friggin' ballet", expressing his views of gender role. Billy then questions him "I don't see what's wrong with it", to which Jackie replies "You know quite nicely what's wrong with it" Jackie expects his son Billy to realize the fact that ballet is supposed to be a pastime for girls or poofs', portraying gender role stereotypes and, for all the above reasons posed...
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...Political Movements in the 20th Century HUM/300 Political Movements in the 20th Century During the 20th century several major political events took place that changed the worldwide view of civilization and shook up the collective consciousness. World War I and II showed the dark side of technology when used to hurt humanity. Civil movements surged around the world as a result of minorities trying to regain their identity, which various governments throughout the world restricted. The authors will examine major political events that had a notable effect on the 20th century, including, the influences of World War I and II, the surge of the Civil Rights Movement, and the Gender Equality Movement. The author’s examination will consider the works of artists and how his or her creative expression reflected the mood of the era. Political Events: World War I and II World War I (WWI) started in 1914, and lasted through 1918. The political event that triggered this war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The war tactics employed in World War I changed the methods and strategies in future conflicts bringing more devastation. Some of the new strategies included trench warfare, chemical warfare, and upgraded technology; it introduced chemical weapons including chlorine and phosgene, which produced devastating damages. The exposure to high levels of these gases resulted in temporary blindness, difficulty...
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...inferior and weak whilst the men focus on violence and sexual domination, always expected to be prodigious and valiant. These stereotypical gender roles relate to main characters Romeo and Juliet, star-crossed lovers who are pressured into acting the way their gender is depicted throughout the play. In this text, Shakespeare asserts that acting feminine is seen as weak. Feminine characteristics are depicted in such a way because the Capulet servants talk about their...
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...Effects of Gender Differences in Word Selection February 27th, 2010 OVERVIEW Young children believe that they can be anything and can do anything. But gender stereotypes limit their dreams and experiences. If a child enjoys doing something that is different from the usual , that child might feel embarrassed or uncomfortable. That child might feel that there is something wrong with him or her. It is important to remember that a person’s sex is different than a person’s gender. “Gender is learned. Gender is what people think about being boys or girls growing into men and women. These attitudes and behaviors are learned from society and the culture that people live in. Gender is not what we “are” but what we “do” ”. Society as a whole, teachers , and parents collectively and respectively “teach” gender roles in many different ways. There are many problems if children learn that boys and girls can do only certain things. Those children may not get a chance to use their talents. It is not fair for some children to be able to do things when others cannot. Everyone can help children to use all their talents. Society, teachers and parents can help girls learn to do active things and also quite things. They can teach boys to be gentle and also compete. Children do not need to worry about whether activities are “boy things” or “girl things. “Children who don’t worry about gender roles seem...
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...have been guilty of an unfair and inaccurate portrayal of gender roles especially for women. In the early years, women were portrayed as submissive, emotional and dependent on males and males are portrayed as the lead hero in the movie, saving the day and getting the girl in the process (Gilpatric, 2010). However, in recent times, we can observe a new trend in recent movies. Films such as Tomb Raider (2000) and Kill Bill (2001) have emerged showing women in a new light. Similarly, films such as Gladiator (2000) and Finding Nemo (2003) have showed a softer side of males that is rarely shown on screen. So what is have the film industry progressed towards a fairer and more accurate of gender in movies? Literature Review In recent studies, Gilpatric (2010) uses violence as a tool of measure to demonstrate that movies are still depicting gender stereotypes in violent female action character. This is backed by Sternheimer (2003) as she argues that even though females appear to be independent, they are still dependent on males which reinforces traditional gender stereotype. Nevertheless, there has been a noticeable trend that there is a fairer portrayal of gender in films in recent years (Nelmes, 2007). Such a trend is evident in Finding Nemo as Brydon (2009) claim that even Disney, the champions of gender stereotype, has the capacity to steer away from traditional gender roles. Heroines in films have “cross[ed] variable gender boundaries” (Brown, 2003, p. 52). In another article, Brown...
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...The Curious Case of Gender Identities in Films Assignment No. 2B by Justin Wie Mao Sheng (S8927155Z) Group No. 1 (G1) Academic Writing WRIT001/Term 2 – 2010/2011 I declare that this Assignment is my original work and all information obtained from other sources has been cited accordingly. Turnitin Similarity Index _______________________ Signature and Date Course Instructor: Shirley James % Literature Review “Eroticized as a woman and masculinized as action heroine” (Smelik, 2009) – this seems to be inevitable for any woman who ventures into the world of cinema, occupying nontraditional roles particularly in the action-genre because such films have become synonymous with a cardinal male figure. What then is left for females in this male-dominated genre? Can a female action-heroine, considered unconventional and non-traditional, exist without ultimately emphasizing a more dominant male, hence re-articulating gender stereotypes? I will, by discussing how gender patterns in films affect gender identities, argue that this is not likely, simply because of hegemonic masculinity. Eschholz & Bufkin (2001) established the difference between (biological) sex and gender and how they were linked to criminal violence in films, concluding that film depictions of a “structural hierarchy” emphasizes women (femininity) being physically and emotionally subject to their masculine counterparts. Gilpatric (2010) however, focuses on violent female action characters (VFACs), claiming...
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...Professor Amy Goldman GPS Writing Workshop Section010 3:15PM 13 March, 2014 Reckoning with Research—Final Draft The Double-sided Blade: Gender Stereotype Often times, the word “gender discrimination” brings out the image as women being the victims and men as the attackers. Such notion is proven by the simple fact that the word “feminism” is known and used every day while “masculinism” is not. In this context, Betty Friedan, author of the Feminine Mystique, raises question on stereotypes based on gender. She fiercely argues for the housewives whose lives are mainly comprised of being mothers and housewives. Freidan expresses her central issue by asking the question “these women have no dreams of career, no visions of a world larger than the home; their only ambition, their only dream is realized [as mothers and housewives]. But were they fulfilled women?” (Friedan, 225). Friedan’s text is a representation of people’s perception of gender discrimination—women kept in households with their world revolving around domestic matters rather than the world outside of their homes. Although it is true that women did and still do suffer these tilted standards of society, a more holistic view should be sought in terms of acknowledging the suffering of both genders. Betty Friedan, in her writing The Feminine Mystique, identifies how gender stereotypes have confined women by examining the white, American, middle-class housewives in the suburbs. The time frame is limited to the late 1960’s...
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...Holocaust: Effects of Dehumanization in Art Spiegelman’s Maus War broke out in Europe in September of 1939. Everything went downhill from then, Germans began to take over and minorities such as Jews were quickly forced to go to concentration camps, these horrible camps were stationed all over Europe. One of the main camps in Poland was Auschwitz. Opened in May 1940, it was an extermination camp located in southern Poland in a small town named Oswiecim. The camp consisted of three separate camps not far from one another so that communication could be kept between them. These three camps included: Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II–Birkenau and Auschwitz III–Monowitz. Auschwitz I was classified as the base camp where prisoners mainly worked, Auschwitz II–Birkenau was the main extermination camp where prisoners went to die in a variety of ways after being too weak to work, and Auschwitz III–Monowitz another labor camp, which held prisoners who worked at a German chemical factory, IG Farben. The killing methods ranged from being lined up at a wall and shot to being put into ‘showers’ that realized a toxic gas. Once the prisoners were dead, they were then burned in the crematoriums at the camp. Essentially the prisoners of the labor and death camps were treated as objects and not as the humans that they were. Many might even go as far as refer to the Germans as heartless for doing the things that they did to the innocent Jews and other monitories. Art Spiegelman’s Maus shows the effects...
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... saying “girls aren’t as fast as boys, or a strong, or as athletic. This is not me talking, it’s a scientific fact” (Fickman). Outraged, Viola does everything in her power to prove this, as well as many other stereotypes wrong. Viola, played by Amanda Bynes, disguises herself as her brother and try’s out for his schools’ boys’ team. “This transparently cross-dressed performance advances a distinctly conservative perspective on both gender identity and the human subject” (). She’s the Man uses a humorous approach to help viewers understand the gender roles of teenage life when Viola is able to break through the barriers of femininity versus masculinity, disproving stereotypes about romance, athletics, education, and beauty along the way. There are many different stereotypes of femininity and masculinity in the movie, but the main one focused on in the movie is romance and the different ways that each gender enacts the roles of their individual relationships. Main character Viola Hastings is in a relationship with Justin, who is a typical macho man with no respect for women. In society, women are usually stereotypes as timid, dependent on the men in their lives, and able to be easily controlled in a relationship. However, Viola is able to break through those stereotypes when she holds her own against Justin as he lies to her face and tries to act dominant over her in front of his friends and teammates. When Viola is shot down by...
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...Gender Stereotypes Social Psychology Week 5 Writing Assignment Gender Stereotypes I do not believe in being a "traditional" stereotype of an American Family. I believe whatever one can contribute; one should despite gender or anything else. Cultural stereotypes are beliefs about the sexes that are communicated by the mass media, religion, art, and literature (Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D. O. 2012). They tend to leads us to believe that females should do all house work and males go to work and support the family financially. That being said, my wife and I fall into very traditional roles, albeit unintentional. I work and my wife stays home with our two boys. Not because of any particular value, but because we have been fortunate enough that my income has exceeded our monthly expenses and financial needs. We have decided that rather than putting our kids in daycare or having other family members watch them, they would be better raised if one of us was home raising them. Since we can financially afford that lifestyle from my income that's what we have done. If the roles were reversed the situation would still be the same, only that I would be staying home with the children, if my wife had the earning power. There is a duality in our relationship, sure, I am the head of the household, but so is she. We attempt to make decisions, the significant ones, where we both agree. We both nurture, but she has the position that allows her to be home more than...
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