...Gender Schema theory – Martin and HalversonOutline (AO1) 8 marks Gender Schema theory (GST) suggests that children learn about gender appropriate behaviour before gender consistency is achieved. The theory assumes that once a child has reached the gender identity stage at the age of 2-3 years. They start to accumulate knowledge about the sexes and order this information in the gender schema. Gender schemas are organised clusters of information about gender appropriate behaviours, attitudes and society’s explanations of each gender. This information is sorted so that it is relevant to their own gender, (the in group) and which is relevant for opposite gender (the out group). The children develop gender schemas by interacting with people and thus learning what toys, clothes and behaviour that are appropriate for each gender. Gender schema theory also suggests that children evaluate their own group positively and the out group negatively. This motivates them to be more like their own group and avoid behaviours of the other group. Children then start to imitate and display behaviours appropriate for their own sex. The theory assumes, once a child has developed a gender schema, they will show preference for the same sex play mates, gender stereotypes activities and actively ignore the other gender. GST also suggests that children ignore information that is inconsistent with their gender schema and therefore holds fixed attitudes about gender. Outline (AO1) 8 marks Gender Schema...
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...reproduction, such as sex chromosomes or sex organs. Gender: the psychological characteristics and social categories that human culture creates. Doing Gender: (West and Zimmeman) we display gender in our social interactions and we perceive gender in other people during those interactions. Sexism: bias against people on the basis of their gender. Racism: bias against people on the basis of racial or ethnic groups. Classism: bias against people based on social class Ableism: bias against people with disabilities. Ageism: bias based on chronological age. Typically directed toward elderly people. Heterosexism: a belief system that devalues lesbians, gay males, and bisexuals – or any group that is not exclusively heterosexual. Feminist/ Feminism: women and men should be socially, economically, and legally equal. Women and men who hold these beliefs are feminists, however many people believe in feminist principles, even if they do not identify themselves as feminists. Cultural Feminism: emphasizes the positive qualities that are presumed to be strong in women than in men qualities such as nurturing and caretaking. (Cooperation) Liberal Feminism: emphasizes the goal of gender equality, giving women and men the same rights and opportunities. (Reduce our culture’s rigid gender roles) Radical Feminism: argues that the basic cause of women’s oppression lies deep in the entire sex and gender system, rather than in some superficial laws and policies...
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...‘Spirited Away’ is an anime film by Hayao Miyazaki. ‘Spirited Away’ tell us the story about a young girl who has developed from a weak/vulnerable girl to a much more independent and stronger girl. It is highly entertaining and insightful partly because of the education on Japanese culture, but what I believe makes it more entertaining and insightful is the life lessons within the film. Does culture and gender provide entertaining and insightful material for the audience? I don't believe that the culture and gender title is the only factor that makes the film entertaining. Many of other things within the film make it much more entertaining. In my eyes there isn't much of Japanese culture that gives me interest apart from the buildings and more. The gender stereotype is mostly shown in Chihiro not any other characters which doesn't make it a large factor in the film other although it's put in the main character. Many more different factors of ‘Spirited Away’ make it entertaining and insightful, such as life lessons within the film and how some characters are exaggerated also known as a caricature. Life lessons teach more about what we should know more in general rather than Japanese culture which isn't necessarily important for the majority of us in the future. Hayao Miyazaki has used many...
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...Gender is a social construct created through culture, traditions and observed in texts we read. Texts such as novels and films reinforce gender stereotypes. In some cases, novels and films challenge these ideas as well. The construct of gender sets restrictions and constructs boundaries through stereotypes and traditions we have created ourselves. In news articles, the film Whale Rider directed by Niki Caro, and the novel Tomorrow, When the War Began, written by John Marsden, traditional stereotypes are challenged, either directly or indirectly. Different writing or film techniques are used to portray relatable and personal experiences that the viewer or reader can identify with. Gender is a construct that can be discussed through characterisation,...
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...Racial Stereotype in Society ‘A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing’. This is the definition of stereotype in a dictionary. To begin with my article I thought it’s important for me to give the exact definition of what a stereotype means. Coming back to my definition, stereotype in simple words refers to classifying objects and people based on certain attributes and characteristics such as race, nationality, gender to name a few. When we look at it this way, stereotype doesn’t have a negative connotation attached to it since it is only helping such classify things and people simply. We can always argue that a structured society with distinctly classified people and objects is much better than looking at this world as a ball of chaos. This is how the word ‘stereotype’ initially developed and the aim was only to give certain attributes and characteristics to people who were similar to each other. However, in the modern day, the notion of stereotype has changed dramatically. The reason why stereotype stemmed originally has been given a different dimension altogether. We call this the ‘negative stereotype’. Negative stereotype essentially means when you attach certain ‘personality traits’ to someone which is exaggerated or farfetched from reality. It is when you tend to attach personal attributes of a person to the overall characteristic of a particular ethnic society or a nationality. It is then stereotype becomes a...
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...Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Chelyabinsk State University Faculty of Linguistics and Translation Department of Theory and Practice of the English Language Intercultural Communication Project Stereotypes of gender roles in Egypt and Russia Written by: Elena Yakusheva Group: LIE – 503 Chelyabinsk, 2014 Table of contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3 Part one GENDER STEREOTYPES THEORY. …………………………….........6 1.1 Stereotypes: definition and functions…………………………………………..6 1.2 The gender concept……………….. ………………………………………….10 1.3 Gender stereotype: types and functions……………………………………….14 Conclusions on part one………………………………………………...…….......20 Part two. STEREOTYPES OF GENDER ROLES IN EGYPT AND RUSSIA….21 2.1 Research method on the stereotypes of gender roles in Russia and Egypt........21 2.2 The interpretation of the results of the research in Russia……………………21 2.3 The interpretation of the results of the research in Egypt……………………..24 2.4 The comparison of the results and its reasons………………………………...25 Conclusions on part two…………………………………………………………..29 Resources………………………………………………………………………….30 Online resources…………………………………………………………………..32 Appendix………………………………………………………………………….33 Introduction The questions connected with features of a sex of the person and his or her psychological and social distinctions, are among recently the most discussed in society. Today the role of the man and the woman undergoes considerable changes....
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...Introduction The issue of gender stereotyping is a prevalent global concern. When people apply gender assumptions to others, regardless of evidence to the contrary, they are perpetuating gender stereotyping. Many people recognize the dangers of gender stereotyping; yet continue to make these types of generalizations. Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is to put her family's welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, nurturing, and sympathetic; and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful. The male stereotypic role is to be the financial provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, career‐focused, and always initiate sex. These sorts of stereotypes can prove to be harmful; they can suppress individual expression and creativity, as well as hinder personal and professional growth. Children learn gender stereotypes from socialization. Gender socialization is the process where children learn to develop behaviours regarding what constitutes being a male or female. Beginning at a young age, parents, school, peers and the media highly influence the gender behaviours children replicate and ultimately internalize. My compilation of media entries focuses on the progression and adaptation of gender stereotypes in the media. Over time, perceptions of gender roles have changed, causing the media to modify traditional marketing tactics to conform to them. I chose to organize my entries into three sections....
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...Stereotype: Body of a person. According to (Northampton, Mecartney 2016), females body or males body could run a problem in a free society. Body stereotyping to people must be permitted before they will use for advertising. Not only in advertising but also in books, films, televisions and many more. According to SedaMayy, the media is and has been greatly effecting our youth, teaching them that it is better to be narcissistic and sycophantic then to simply be themselves and like what they want to. As a youth, we are constantly bombarded with body images and stereotypes that we “should” be or follow. Although the sexes differ on some parameters of body image, the present experiment was conducted to determine the manner and extent to which the...
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...In “Ghetto Bitches, China Dolls, and Cha Cha Divas,” Jennifer Pozner analyzes race and gender stereotypes present in the reality television series America’s Next Top Model (ANTM). Race is a symbol of what a person looks like physically. While on the other hand, ethnicity entails nationality, regional culture and language. ANTM, a show by Tyra Banks, is one of the many streams of pop culture that creates a mold of what stereotypes certain people fit into and justify these stereotypes for audiences to see them as real. One group that seems to always be plagued by media and pop culture is, African-Americans, specifically, women. Women are generalized to be, “Angry Black Women,” and it is broadcasted heavily. The “Angry Black Women” stereotype...
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...Cultural Perspective of Stereotypes and Prejudices: Stereotypes and Prejudices KP Stereotypes and Prejudices A stereotype can be explained by when a person categorizes another person or a group of people together and making a judgement about them without even knowing them. They are based on beliefs about a person or group’s looks, behaviors, and similarities to their own group, yet different from others There are three different categories people usually stereotype a person by. They are: ● Race - Racial stereotypes can be found for every race and ethnicity. They can be hurtful and may lead to harmful situations. ● Sex - Sexual stereotypes are presumed ideas of how a man or woman will act. ● Gender - Gender stereotypes pertains more to the person or group of people directly. (Example: A woman’s place is in the kitchen or the man is the provider and protector). Stereotypes and prejudices are often confused by people because they are assumed. Prejudices refer more to a personal attitude and feelings towards others. Jews, blacks, women, and gays are the main targets of stereotyping and prejudices. “There are advantages and disadvantages to stereotyping” Mcleod, S.A. (2008). The advantage is that it enables us to respond quickly to situations, whereas, the disadvantage is it makes people ignore the differences in people, says Mcleod (2008) “The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify our social world;...
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...kill her. Relationships between the characters are often gender specific as the roles between males and females are strongly defined. The Evil Queen, the Huntsman and the Dwarfs are all key characters which help with the demonstration of stereotypes, paternalism as well as gender roles. Stereotypes are very prominent throughout the tale. Snow White and the Evil Queen are quite different as far as stereotypes go. Right from the beginning, Snow White portrays typical female stereotypes such as being gentle, kind, sensitive, and dependent. It is also assumed by these qualities that she is not able to protect herself from...
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...Introduction In today’s society we encounter many differences in the people around us. Whether based on culture, gender, ethnicity, or age these factors all have some stereotypes attached to them. In our paper, we will discuss stereotyping, both thoughtful and non-thoughtful. We will also address stereotyping in an organization. Our society can be split up into many various groups by gender, race, or even by traits. The world consists of both men and women, blacks and whites, Democrats and Republicans, all who live their own distinct way of life. “Stereotypes are qualities perceived to be associated with particular groups or categories of people (Schneider, 2005).” We stereotype other people all the time because of gender, race, color, and we usually do not even realize it. Stereotypes are so widespread and used so often that they seem to be a natural behavior for human beings. The purpose of this paper is to give a clear explanation on stereotyping. We will evaluate the cognitive (thoughtful/non-thoughtful) approach that suggest putting people into categories is necessary in the thought process that surely sets the presidents of stereotyping. In the last 20 years our society has experienced in explosion of research and theories in stereotyping. Most information has been learned from using the difference between relatively non-thoughtful and relatively thoughtful thinking processes (Weegner, Clark, & Petty). The present research shows both thoughtful and non-thoughtful thinking...
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...DO STEREOTYPES EVER CHANGE? Many theorists have suggested that stereotyping will be stable as long as the nature of relationship that exists between our group and the stereotyped group is stable (Eagly 1987, Oakes et al., 1994; Tajfel,1981). That is because we construct stereotypes that reflect how we see members of different groups actually behaving, stereotype change should only occur when the relations between the groups change. In addition we generally hold stereotypes that are favorable to our own group in comparison to another group. Unless social conditions shift so that we no longer see in-group favoritism as acceptable, unfavorable stereotypes of groups we are not members of, can be expected to persist. (Spears, Jetten , & Doosje,...
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...Gender differences In today's society, people are becoming more aware of the problem of stereotypes. Although we are meant to live in a fluid society, the portrayal of rigid stereotypes by the media does not help to reduce this problem. Many issues involving sexual status and gender stereotypes have been disputed, including the ethical reasoning behind why stereotypes should be dismissed and avoided in advertising. Male and female stereotypes have always been present in our daily lives, but they were stronger in the early years before the fifties. These differences caused social problems such as forbidding women to use jeans instead of skirts or dresses, the famous stereotype in which the woman stays at home taking care of the children or housekeeping while the man goes to work. There is a lot of research regarding stereotypical views of men and women, and psychological testing has helped integrate and differentiate the documented "real" behavior. Even through the sexual revolution, there still exists gender-role stereotypes, although the stereotyping has decreased in recent years. However, times have changed, and now it’s becoming common to see both men and women work to sustain themselves, resulting in a new idea about marriage and stereotypes. I do not believe in stereotypes, as they are only based in what our education was before civilization: savages. I mean, people often judge using the nature as an example. Yes, it is commonly seen among the animals that the alpha male...
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...The influence of media on gender roles Over the last forty years, the gender roles for male and female have changed quite a bit. In the past, women were often viewed as having to assume the duties of the housewife, while the men are the breadwinner in the family. However, these stereotypical views of men and women alike have changed over time to shape the present. Firstly, in attempt to define the meaning of a stereotype Wikipedia (2009) notes that: “Stereotype is a preconceived, oversimplified, exaggerated, and often demeaning assumption of the characteristics possessed by an individual due to his or her membership in a specific group. [It] usually functions to deny individuals respect or legitimacy based on their membership in that group. They are the hardest to dislodge in situations where a dominant group desires to keep another group subordinate”. The purpose of this essay is to generate an understanding of how gender roles are shaped and defined in society due to an overwhelming amount of stereotyping and the influence of the mass media that has left an undeniable impact on our everyday life. When talking about gender, we are referring to “culturally learned notions of masculinity and femininity” (Tepperman et al., 2007, p. 187). As noted by Tepperman (2007), “From a social standpoint, gender is the social enactment of a biological difference.” The result of this is males are treated as men because they play masculine roles, and females are treated as women because...
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