...DO STEREOTYPES EVER CHANGE? Many theorists have suggested that stereotyping will be stable as long as the nature of relationship that exists between our group and the stereotyped group is stable (Eagly 1987, Oakes et al., 1994; Tajfel,1981). That is because we construct stereotypes that reflect how we see members of different groups actually behaving, stereotype change should only occur when the relations between the groups change. In addition we generally hold stereotypes that are favorable to our own group in comparison to another group. Unless social conditions shift so that we no longer see in-group favoritism as acceptable, unfavorable stereotypes of groups we are not members of, can be expected to persist. (Spears, Jetten , & Doosje,...
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...Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Chelyabinsk State University Faculty of Linguistics and Translation Department of Theory and Practice of the English Language Intercultural Communication Project Stereotypes of gender roles in Egypt and Russia Written by: Elena Yakusheva Group: LIE – 503 Chelyabinsk, 2014 Table of contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3 Part one GENDER STEREOTYPES THEORY. …………………………….........6 1.1 Stereotypes: definition and functions…………………………………………..6 1.2 The gender concept……………….. ………………………………………….10 1.3 Gender stereotype: types and functions……………………………………….14 Conclusions on part one………………………………………………...…….......20 Part two. STEREOTYPES OF GENDER ROLES IN EGYPT AND RUSSIA….21 2.1 Research method on the stereotypes of gender roles in Russia and Egypt........21 2.2 The interpretation of the results of the research in Russia……………………21 2.3 The interpretation of the results of the research in Egypt……………………..24 2.4 The comparison of the results and its reasons………………………………...25 Conclusions on part two…………………………………………………………..29 Resources………………………………………………………………………….30 Online resources…………………………………………………………………..32 Appendix………………………………………………………………………….33 Introduction The questions connected with features of a sex of the person and his or her psychological and social distinctions, are among recently the most discussed in society. Today the role of the man and the woman undergoes considerable changes....
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...Gender Stereotype By Menglu Wu Professor T. Hyland Writing 1021G Feb 15th, 2011 The Oxford English dictionary defines stereotype as “a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing”. Society has formed the gender stereotypes that have four dimensions including traits, role behaviors, physical characteristics and occupations (Deaux and Lewis, 1984). I watched one episode of Desperate Housewives which talks about four housewives in the 7th season and found out some American gender stereotypes. Gabrielle, a model who is thin, sexy and beautiful, is married to a rich businessman. She has neither high academic degrees nor a steady job. Her daily routine is spending the money earned by her husband and enjoying lives. No matter how shallow a woman is, she can easily get what she wants if she has a slim figure and good look. Besides, Gaby’s husband is regarded as a successful man because he makes a lot of money and can afford their expensive cars and house. Meanwhile, Lynette was once a successful career woman and the financial support of the whole family. And her husband stayed at home to do the housework. However, she finally quitted her job and went back home to take care of her children and husband. From this result, men should be viewed as financial providers, whereas women should be viewed as caretakers. Last of all, the housewives have neighbors who are gays. When they moved in the town at first, they were not welcomed...
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...Female Gender Stereotype Miguel Mendoza English-100-TR-10:00AM Professor A.Cerda March 8, 2015 In the twentieth century, there was a time when men believed that women could not match the same intellectual levels of men because of the fact they were women and their only priorities were offerings, cooking, and keeping house clean. On the contrary, important women have made a difference our society, like Rosa Park, who fought for civil rights, or Francis Wright, who played an important role in women’s right movement, and many more. Now in our time, women have well paid jobs and successful lifestyles, with good careers because of these women, that helped shape are society and changed what were stereotypes to men, to equality of comprehension in women. Therefore, women should have the right to choose if they want to get an education and work, or become housewives. It is important for women to have the right to choose because it is a different era, they should be treated equally with men, and the rise of feminism has changed the social norms of society over the years. To begin with, the article of “Women’s Rights: Then and now,” talks about very important times, when women had no rights, or equality among men. Women were not allowed to vote, study, or work in the twentieth century because the only priorities given to women, were to giving birth and take care of the offerings. In addition, women were not allowed outside unless the husband gave them approval to step outside....
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...born, our parents begin to identify us by our genders. The way they take care of us and the way they speak to us help others identify whether we are males or females. Many people don’t realize that the way they treat their children determine the way they think when they grow older. Even though every person is born with their own minds and their own hearts, the way they are brought up can alter the personalities of their offspring. If a male is born, they are typically dressed in harsher colors, such as blue and gray. If a female is born, however, they are typically dressed in lighter tones, such as pink and peach. Males are told to wear loose fitting clothes, like t-shirts, loose jeans, and sneakers, while females are encouraged to wear things that appear cute, such as dresses, hairbands, and flats. Because of this, they are conditioned to believe that they are meant to wear specific types of clothing, because throughout their lives, they were told ‘girls are meant to wear this and boys are meant to wear that.’ When they grow older, they still believe that, and they heed their parents’ words. Seldom do I spot a kindergarten boy wearing a dress to school, and rarely do I see a kindergarten girl with a short haircut. Their parents are also brought up thinking that their kids are meant to look a certain way, and they pass that knowledge onto their children hoping that their grandchildren will also fit into the social norms of gender. While I do agree that parents should condition...
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...Gender Stereotyping in Advertising In the Swiffer® commercial, Morty Are You Listening? We meet Lee and Morty, an older married couple who are showing us how Swiffer® makes cleaning so much easier for Lee, the wife. We see Morty telling Lee to be careful climbing up on a stool to dust the top of a cabinet and saying, “There has to be an easier way.” This is a major gender stereotype. Morty could have climbed on the stool and dusted himself. After they receive the Swiffer® duster, we see Lee making her way around the house and dusting different areas. As she is dusting, she is talking to Morty and commenting about what a great job the Swiffer® is doing. They show Marty yawning, while Lee is talking to him. As Lee continues to talk to him, they show Morty fast asleep. This is another gender stereotype. The man of the house relaxes and falls asleep, while the woman cleans around him. For the older generations in the United States, many women will not have a problem with this. This was how they were raised and how they have lived for most of their lives. However, many women in the younger generations would most likely find this commercial offensive. They are being raised in homes where the woman can be the major breadwinner, while the man stays home and takes care of the house. It seems as though, the manufacturer is implying that women are the only ones who clean the home, while the man will sit and watch or eventually fall asleep. If the manufacturer...
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...Something as involuntary as your gender can have a huge impact on how you are perceived by others and how you perceive event. Previous studies state that women are expected to be the victim of an violent crime (Little), because they are seen as vulnerable and defense less. Therefore, it is the man’s job to protect women from potential danger (Stroud). Also, men taught as boys that to be a man you must be fearless and be able to protect. So, these boys grow up with the notion that as long as they were “manly”, they would be safe from violence. Interestingly, women are taught to be passive resulting in women reporting more feelings...
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...Name Professor’s name Course number Date Gender Stereotypes in Media The mass media plays a significant role in the contemporary society. It provides broadcast information at a fast race and gives entertainment to audiences from diverse social backgrounds. Mass media is made up of press, books, magazines, radio, television, and internet. The internet is the most embraced medium in the contemporary society where digital technology dominates. Nevertheless, TV also has a wide influence in the society. By creating and conveying certain type of information to the audience, media can manipulate the attitudes and opinions of people. In this study, we intend to discuss problems associated to media influence through an investigative study of its commercial structure. The study also tries to specify gender stereotypes as used in persuasive advertising technique. Humans organize their knowledge about the world sorting and simplifying the information they receive (Gu 291). They tend to establish cognitive schemes that are certain representations of reality portraying its basic elements and features (Everett 387). The schemes developed by humans are responsible for the definition of our perception and view of the world. They have significant influence our social understanding, situation, anticipation and emotional control. The most common type of these schemes used for social orientation in our environment is stereotypes (Darling 153). The stereotypes scheme represents the opinions and perceptions...
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...the majority of working women are also responsible for housework, cooking, and other homemaking tasks. The topic of sharing household duties is one of the primary sources of dissatisfaction for couples, especially in the early years of marriage and when both spouses work outside the home. Like other responsibilities that are shared in married life, homemaking is an important part of building a life-giving partnership, one that respects the dignity, the needs and the abilities of both spouses. When the husband does accept some chores it is usually the chores of the children, not actually sharing in equal measure the burdens of family leadership. Recently I was reading an article geared towards working women. The article discussed gender norms, specifically in communities of color. The big center of the debate was referring to men as the head of the household. The argument was deciding whether or not usage of this term was antiquated in today’s climate, or whether it was still relevant. Personally, calling a man head of the household gives him pride in his family. It is supposed to be his spiritual role in a Christian household. Judging by the growing and disproportionate number of single mothers out there, this ideal of men being the cornerstone of their families seems to be a necessity now more than ever. So honestly, what is the harm in bestowing this title upon our men? Of course, the trick is to make a man feel like he’s head of the household, when really women...
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...regarding discrimination of male students and nurses, the strengths that can be shown are the results of the study bringing to light the discrimination towards the male in the nursing field and how to counteract gender discrimination in nursing studies. By doing so, schools and hospitals can address these issues and create make opportunities for males within the nursing field. The study begins to have limitations is the use of case studies and literature. “Case studies are by their nature subjective and give weight to only one side of the argument, and literature review is limited to collecting information about what has happened in the past… However, cases studies provide examples that may help in challenging, analyzing, and/or forming a gender-equality strategy” (Kouta & Kaite, 2010). This study cannot be used by researchers to generalize to other populations. In nursing, the profession is mostly comprised of females. In other professions, the ration of women to men compared to nursing varies greatly. If researchers try to generalize these findings to other countries, the feedback from those countries would vary as well. Different cultures and practices influence these populations; many of which do not fall under the same situation. In conclusion, gender stereotypes are present in the nursing profession. With these findings, “Nursing faculty should prepare nursing students to interact with female clients and provide counselors to discuss problems that emerge during their training...
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...Gender Role Stereotypes: Constraining People in Our Society Since the beginning of time, gender has played a big role in how one acts and how one is looked upon in society. From a young age children are taught to be either feminine or masculine. Why is it that gender plays a big role in the characteristics that one beholds? For centuries in many countries it has been installed in individual’s heads that they have to live by certain stereotypes. Women have been taught to be feeble to men and depend on them for social and economic happiness. While men have been taught to be mucho characters that have to take care of their homes and be the superior individual to a woman. For the individuals who dare to be different and choose to form their own identity whether man or woman, they are out casted and secluded from their community. These stereotypes that people have been taught to live upon have been a huge burden on women because they are the ones who have been taught to be the inferior individual. Women have struggled to obtain their own identities and become independent, but as time has evolved women have developed and are able to be independent. Everyone in our society has watched television, more specifically cartoons, at least once. The male characters are shown to be “… not only more prominent than the female characters, but they also portray a broader range of masculine traits,” says Dr. Mary Hudak. Dr. Hudak and her colleague, Cynthia Spicher, watched multiple cartoons...
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...Stereotype: Body of a person. According to (Northampton, Mecartney 2016), females body or males body could run a problem in a free society. Body stereotyping to people must be permitted before they will use for advertising. Not only in advertising but also in books, films, televisions and many more. According to SedaMayy, the media is and has been greatly effecting our youth, teaching them that it is better to be narcissistic and sycophantic then to simply be themselves and like what they want to. As a youth, we are constantly bombarded with body images and stereotypes that we “should” be or follow. Although the sexes differ on some parameters of body image, the present experiment was conducted to determine the manner and extent to which the...
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...The fashion industry has always challenged stereotypes. When gender norms are challenged, it becomes a hot topic of discussion. The designers of Gucci & Yves Saint Laurent, Alessandro Michele and Hedi Slimane respectively have been dressing lads like lassies (and vice versa) for several seasons. Last month, Louis Vuitton’s designer, Nicolas Ghesquiere, signed up the 17 year old Hollywood actor, Jaden Smith to star in the advertising campaign for their recently launched ‘Series 4’ womenswear collection for Spring-Summer 2016. Jaden Smith has been very proactive in breaking the Gender Barriers in fashion. Not only did he feature in Louis Vuitton’s Advertising campaign for their SS16 womenswear collection, but has also been quite active on social...
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...Gender stereotypes are prevalent in our society and we are exposed to them from birth. Are these stereotypes an example of how our brains organize information to improve the ease of recall? Categories are a basic way to organize memories; the less categories there are, the better organized the memory will be. So people might not necessarily be intentionally sexist by organizing information into gender categories, but are using those categories as a useful tool to organize information for later recall (Valian, 2005). For example, Bem (1981) found that when participants were asked whether an attribute was descriptive of them, those that were sex-typed were faster in making schema-consistent judgments, and slower at making schema-inconsistent judgments than the other groups. These results are consistent with gender schema theory. Schemas are cognitive tool that we use to facilitate the organization and interpretation of information we encounter. Gender schema theory suggests that our gender schemas become a part of our self-concept....
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...Gender Stereotypes Kat The article on gender stereotypes was interesting, surprisingly. Most gender stereotyping articles are mostly the same, but this one had quite a bit uniqueness. It actually had studies, people finding things out. They studied the actions of children, which in my opinion is a good focus, but it really shouldn’t be the main. The main focus about gender stereotyping should be people over the age of 30. They are the people who have a real voice in the world right now, whether anyone likes it or not, it’s just how things are. In addition, they are the ones who have the biggest issues with gender stereotyping. It’s how they were raised. “Girls wear dressed, boys wear dirty and messed up jeans.” We need to try to explain to them that, that's now how things are anymore. Times are definitely changing, and we don’t need you putting more negativity into the world. We have enough of that. The article was very fact based, but they also had some opinions that weaken their argument a huge amount. They really only talked about girls. How girls get discouraged because of boys, how girls have to be a certain way or think a certain way. When gender stereotyping doesn’t just happen around girls. Boys are told they have to act a certain way,...
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