...protest against unfair and unequal wages as early as 1820. In 1844 women who were mill workers in Lowell Massachusetts created the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association which testified that the work they were doing was dangerous and ended up finally leading to an investigation in worker safety. (Leckie, 1) This was critical because it allowed women to be heard. A step forward for women in the workplace occurred in 1881 when the members of one of the largest and most important labor organizations of the 1880s, the Knights of Labor, voted to finally admit women. This organization stressed equal pay regardless of sex and this was a huge accomplishment. Although the organization did not last long, it helped women immensely by...
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...I think the biggest weakness of my composition one was that my evidences did not focus on my topic very well. My topic was that the gender based wage gap always existed since the WWII and it was difficult to eliminate it completely. However, at first, I gave an example, which was a woman who protected her basic right successful through the Equal Pay Act, which was contrary to my claim. Moreover, I also mentioned the Pregnancy Act in my previous draft, which was out of topic. My strength was that I wrote a lot about the history of gender discrimination in the workplace and I thought realizing the history related to a social problem was the first step to clarify this problem. I think I spent more than twenty-four hours to write my...
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...Factors Contributing To Pay Gaps in Australia Name: Institutional Affiliation: Introduction Factors that contribute to the pay gap in Australia and why the difference is more significant in some industry sectors than others. The labor market is composed participants who are basically men and women. The rewards of the labor market are wages. The concept of wages is complex and has to be considered critically by employers. One of the greatest concerns in the labor market has been the disparities in the mean income between men and women. Differences between wages received by participants in the labor market is measured by the gender pay gap. The differences arises due to various aspects that differ from one organization to the next (Cohen 2007). In Australia for example, the wages pay gap is computed on the basis of full-time weekly earnings excluding overtime and salary sacrificed pay. Currently, the wage pay gap in Australia stands at 17.5%. The gap has been fluctuating with small margins but the figure has remained unchanged overtime. Differences in income levels of men and women are, for this reason, an important economic and industrial aspect worth consideration. In order to address the disparities in the pay gaps, it is important to examine the possible reasons as to the existence of remuneration differences between men and women. Why does the difference exist? Well, the answer to such a query is often critical and complex. However, the real explanation is the fact...
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...Employment Outlook © OECD 2008 Chapter 3 The Price of Prejudice: Labour Market Discrimination on the Grounds of Gender and Ethnicity Despite some progress, there is still evidence of discrimination on the grounds of gender and ethnic or racial origins in OECD labour markets. Field experiments show pervasive ethnic discrimination in many countries. Indirect evidence shows that on average at least 8% of the gender employment gap and a larger proportion of the gender wage gap can be attributed to discrimination. Virtually all OECD countries have enacted anti-discrimination laws in recent decades, and evaluations as well as cross-country analysis suggest that, if well-designed, these laws can be effective in reducing disparities in labour market outcomes. However, enforcement of antidiscrimination legislation is essentially based on victims’ willingness to claim their rights. Thus, public awareness of legal rules and their expected consequences (notably, victims’ costs and benefits of lodging complaints) is a crucial element of an effective policy strategy to establish a culture of equal treatment. Moreover, legal rules are likely to have more impact if the enforcement is not exclusively dependent on individuals. In this respect, specific agencies may play a key role. 139 3. THE PRICE OF PREJUDICE: LABOUR MARKET DISCRIMINATION ON THE GROUNDS OF GENDER AND ETHNICITY Introduction Employment outcomes are far from being evenly distributed among the various sociodemographic...
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...Introduction 2 Literature Review 4 Analysis 6 Data Limitations 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography. 16 Introduction A wage differential or also known as wage gap is the difference between pay rates of two identical jobs or types of worker that happens because of different reasons. Generally, wage differential might be due to different factors as geographic location, education, gender, occupation, experience, age and so on. Some argue wage differential might happen due to characteristics of employer and employee, even though other third parties effects also should be considered. For instance, the following factors are said to be important for analyzing wage differentials between countries. Generally speaking, wage might differ due to different cost of living, region size, city size, race, gender, schooling level and etc. While comparing interregional pay rates between countries, slightly different factors are used, such as sex, occupation, gender, marital status, household size and average firms size. Several studies as it will be shown below had concluded that average firms size might be very important in determinant in wages, since firm operating with larger profits might pay higher level of salary, this phenomena was latterly explained as rent-sharing. Limiting effect of wage differential, especially, when wage differential has a discriminative behavior, is very important for the Government. For instance, high level of wage differential between urban population...
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...REFERENCES 1. Ashton, Deborah. "What HR Can Do to Fix the Gender Pay Gap." Harvard Business Review. Harvard Business Review, 02 Dec. 2014. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. 2. What We're Watching in the Gender Wage Gap. (2010, September 1). Retrieved October 8, 2015. 3. Neale, M. (2015, June 29). More Reasons Women Need to Negotiate Their Salaries. Retrieved October 8, 2015. 4. Maatz, L. (2014, April 5). The Awful Truth Behind the Gender Gap. Retrieved October 9, 2015. 5. Smith, K. (2014, April 10). The Gender Pay Gap Is Just the Beginning of America's Pay Inequity Problem. Retrieved October 9, 2015. 6. The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap (Fall 2015) (AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881) 7. Mind the Gap: How One Employer Tackled Pay Equity. (n.d.). Retrieved October 9, 2015. 1. It’s no secret that women are paid less than men, even when occupations are held constant, and even when those occupations are high-pay and high-skill. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median weekly earning for American female physicians working full-time is $1,497, while for men it is $2,087. A 2013 BLS report shows pay inequity by occupation for women of all races: women in architecture and engineering occupations earn 83.7% to the dollar in comparison to men and in computer and mathematical occupations 81% to the dollar in comparison to men. When Forbes analyzed 2012 median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers data from BLS for the top-paying professions...
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...The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Gender Wage Differentials in India’s Manufacturing Sector* Nidhiya Menon, Brandeis University Yana van der Meulen Rodgers, Rutgers University April 2007 Abstract: As trade liberalization in India has unleashed a new wave of competitive forces in the economy since 1991, firms have faced growing pressure to cut costs in order to continue production. This study addresses the question of whether the increasing competitive forces from India’s trade liberalization affected the wages of male and female workers differently. Neoclassical theory implies that costly discrimination against female workers should diminish over time with increased competition (Becker 1971). We incorporate this idea into a theoretical model of competition and industry concentration in which the net impact of international trade on the gender wage gap could be positive or negative depending on the initial size of Becker’s discrimination coefficient. Our study tests the theoretical model using repeated cross sections of India’s NSSO household survey data merged with trade and production data from 1983 to 2004. We employ OLS and Fixed Effects techniques at the industry level to estimate the relationship between the male-female residual wage gap and measures of domestic concentration and international trade competition. Results indicate that increasing openness to trade is associated with a widening in the wage gap in India’s concentrated manufacturing...
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...through media. However, society is negatively affected when media portrays bias and non-credible information through technology and published articles. There have been several resources on the problem regarding wage gaps due to ethnicity and genders. In the article, It’s Time We Talked About the Ethnicity Pay Gap, Sadiq Khan uses her personal experiences to prove that blacks and women have a more difficult time trying to...
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...Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Stephanie Seguino Professor, Department of Economics Old Mill 340 University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05401 Tel. 1 802 656-0187 Fax 1 802 656-8405 Email sseguino@zoo.uvm.edu July 2008 Acknowledgements: I am grateful for helpful comments and insights from Rhoda Reddock, Christine Barrow, Caren Grown, three anonymous referees, and participants at the Building Capacity for Gender Analysis in Policy Making, Programme Development, and Implementation: Research Seminar and Workshop, University of West Indies, Barbados, November 2007. Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Abstract Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated the two-way relationship between gender inequality on the one hand, and economic development and growth on the other. Research in this area offers new ways to address the economic stagnation and crisis developing countries have experienced over the last two decades. This paper contributes to that literature, exploring the channels by which gender inequality affects, and in important ways, constrains economic development and growth in the Caribbean region. It further explores the endogeneity of gender inequality to the macroeconomic policy environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic policies that can promote a win-win outcome—greater gender equality and economic...
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...65-82 ISSN 2152-1034 Gender Compensation Discrimination: An Exploration of Gender Compensation Gap and the Higher Education Connection Judith E. Grey-Bowen, Miami-Dade County Public Schools Donovan A. McFarlane, The Donovan Society LLC and Frederick Taylor University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the gender gap and the potential factors that contribute to income inequality. Since the passing of the equal pay act, the median weekly earnings of women is still just seventy eight cents on each dollar that men earn (Center for American Progress, 2010). To put this in context, the pay gap in 1970 was sixty two cents and in 1992 it was seventy five cents (Institute for Women’s Research, 1993). Undervaluation of women’s work, occupational gender segregation, and discriminatory treatment in the workplace continue to hamper efforts to reduce the gender pay gap. A pay check is women’s and men’s most important source of income. Therefore, it is surprising, discriminatory and unfair to know that after both genders have worked satisfactorily on the same job; they do not receive the same pay. The gender pay gap is the best way to measure pay inequality between men and women. The authors discuss Gender Compensation Discrimination and examine the historical trends in pay difference, the various causes and the methods and paths considered for closing the Gender Compensation Gap. Key words: Gender Compensation Discrimination, Gender Compensation Gap, Equality, Rights and...
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...Discrimination in the labor market University of Minho, Braga, Portugal June 2012 SUMMARY This paper analyzes three types of discrimination (age, sexual orientation, gender and race) in the labor market in the different countries all over the world. The results show that the skin color discrimination is the most widespread type of discrimination followed by the sexual orientation discrimination. Unexpected result was about gender discrimination which is the least likely in the EU but the evidence indicates that sex discrimination remains a possible explanation of the unexplained gender pay gap between men and women. Key words: labor market, discrimination, women, skin color, sexual orientation. JEL: J71 Introduction It’s all about the money, isn’t it nowadays? We need to buy our food, pay our bills and educate our children. Money is the “necessity bad” today. But even in our modern, global, without barriers world, world in which they teach us that everything is possible, there is still big inequity. The chance for some people to achieve job and to feed their families is much lower than to the others. Even nowadays not only dream and ambitions are enough. When it comes for having a job and building career there is also comes the problem with discrimination in the labor market. This topic is one of the most difficult for researches and usually is hard to be proved that this still exists nowadays. In the following paper we will discuss discrimination in the labor...
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...Wages: Is There Really a Gender Pay Gap Abstract The wages used in the following research paper were taken from a population of 100 workers and divided by 12 descriptive statistics. The purpose of this research is to determine if there really is a gender gap with wages. The following descriptive statistics were used: wage, industry, occupation, education, location (from the south or not from the south), non-white, Hispanic, female, ex-military, marital status, age and Union. This research paper will include the problem statement, research question, hypothesis, definitions, presentation of data, conclusion, implication, recommendations and reference page. This research paper is composed from peer reviewed journals and references are available on the last page of this research paper. Wages – Is there really a Gender Pay Gap Introduction Is the United States work force still facing the issue of gender pay gap? According to The American Association of University Women (AAUW) it’s real, it’s persistent, and it’s undermining the economic security of American families. This research paper will define that there is indeed a pay gap between men and women working full time in the United States. (Linda D. Hallman, CAE AAUW Executive Director, 2012) Problem Statement The American Association of University Women (AAUW) has been on the front lines of the fight for pay equity since 1913. AAUW members were in the Oval Office when President...
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...GENDER WAGE GAP INTRODUCTION Nowadays there are a lot of women graduates from universities, master programs and colleges. Also some studies showed that women are doing better in school then men (Buchmann, 2006). So why are women still not getting paid equally as men? We see that the gap is getting narrower and narrower throughout the years. However, pay gap between men and women still exist. After World War II, women were paid 60% of what men paid. This situation got better in 2000s. Studies showed that in 2009, women earn 80% of what men earn after one year they graduate from college (Day and Hill, 2007). Even though women's level of education is getting higher throughout the years, this improvement is not enough to getting pay equally as men. Women are continuing to earn less than men on average, and the convergence is not enough to compensate the gap in the upcoming years. This paper focuses on the worldwide gender pay gap and it gives general insights about the issue. I will try to explain the reasons of the gender pay gap between men and women. At the first part, I will briefly look at the issue historically. I will try to explain the trends of pay gay throughout the years. I will analyze the gender wage gap starting from the post World War II period. At the second part, I will explain some theories and studies about the reasons of gender wage gap. Some theories attribute this situation to “gender-specific”...
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...[Type the company name] | Gender discrimination in workplace in Pakistan | Research Methods | | HIRA ARSHAD | 3/30/2013 | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Introduction: Nature has always maintained a balance in the objects of this world in order garnish it with a beauty, and so it produced a balancing factor for each and every object. These balancing factors vary in the proportion of the support they provide to their counterpart. In the very same context, ALLAH created man and woman as the supporting counterparts for each other. When a baby boy is born in a family, everyone congratulates the parents but if it is found out that the baby is a girl, the reaction is opposite, there is no happiness, either the baby is killed or accepted with least happiness. Gender discrimination is something in which a woman is discriminated and given less rights and opportunities as compared to males. Importance of the study with respect to the world: Gender discrimination has been a problem not just in this era but since the beginning of humanity. It doesn’t matter that which part of the world we look at, we will always find that woman are at the disadvantage. The major drawback is that this problem has become so common that it is considered normal now and accepted as a part...
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...differences in male and female wages using data from Statistics Canada’s annual Survey of Consumer Finance (SCF) and Survey of Labour Income Dynamics (SLID). In addition to information on annual income, this study also looks at hourly wage data, which is a more precise measure as the earnings data series takes into account the price of labour as well as quantity (i.e. individuals’ work/leisure preferences). This study looks at the variables of race, highest achieved level of education as well as age to examine the existence of a wage gap. Like other studies, we have found that males have a higher wage in each of these areas, with females earning an average of 80 – 87% of the males’ average. Furthermore, we have examined the existence and size of a wage gap in three industries; law, nursing and the education industry. Finally, we looked at the Canadian gender-based wage gap statistics compared to International gender-based wage gap statistics. We deduced that there is, indeed, a wage gap in each of the mentioned industries, and can be partially attributed to human capital theory and occupational segmentation theory, however, a substantial portion of the gap remains unexplained. 2. General Existence of Gender-Based Wage Differentials in Canada The existence of gender based wage differentials in North America have been well documented for decades. Although female-male wage ratios have closed significantly since the mid 1980s, progress in wage equalization has seen some stabilization...
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