...Gender stereotypes are prevalent in our society and we are exposed to them from birth. Are these stereotypes an example of how our brains organize information to improve the ease of recall? Categories are a basic way to organize memories; the less categories there are, the better organized the memory will be. So people might not necessarily be intentionally sexist by organizing information into gender categories, but are using those categories as a useful tool to organize information for later recall (Valian, 2005). For example, Bem (1981) found that when participants were asked whether an attribute was descriptive of them, those that were sex-typed were faster in making schema-consistent judgments, and slower at making schema-inconsistent judgments than the other groups. These results are consistent with gender schema theory. Schemas are cognitive tool that we use to facilitate the organization and interpretation of information we encounter. Gender schema theory suggests that our gender schemas become a part of our self-concept....
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...Memory experiment In my research experiment, I will be finding out which gender has the better short term memory recall. I have conducted a Literature Review so that I can review the past experiments on memory. Literature Review The first experiment that I read about was conducted by Liz B, and was conducted from 2004-5. Her hypothesis was that gender had an effect on short term recall. This made it non-directional, since she wasn't sure how gender effected memory, or if it was a positive or negative effect. The Independent Variable was the quiz sheets that were given out and the Dependant Variable was the number of words the students got correct. The results of the experiment was that girls received a better score than boys, however because the difference between the results was so small - with the girls' average at 43% correct and boys at 40% - that Liz felt gender had no effect on short term memory recall. The second experiment was conducted by Danah Henriksen. Henriksen's experiment was conducted to test the memory of an individual. Henriksen’s Independent Variable is the list of words that Henriksen asked the participant to remember, and the Dependant Variable is the short term memory of the participant. Henriksen felt that the participant that he conducted the experiment on was fifty-six year old male 'who seemed motivated to score well, possibly in the hope of combating a reputation for age-related memory loss'. This means that the results are unreliable...
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...Child Psychology Exam 3 – Study Guide What will Exam 3 Cover? Exam 3 will cover all lectures and assigned textbook material from Chapters 7 (p257-260), 8, 9, 10 (p 366-367), 11, and 12. There may be some overlap between the concepts from the first parts of this course, as many of the ideas we discussed during infancy are also important during early and middle childhood, but the exam will focus on early and middle childhood. • What are some of the main advances in children’s thinking during early childhood? o Growth of representational skills- one objects stands/represents another ex. Banana as phone • Be able to describe the findings of the various conservation tasks. What do they tell us? o Conservation of number: young children (4-5 yo) don’t understand # of chips is still same b/c now occupy more space; older children understand concept of conservation o Conservation of length; area; mass; displaced liquid: all results are same as number task 4-5 yo unable to understand conservation concept; they think more now when still is same • What does the Judy Deloache model-room study examine? How do children do on this task at different time points in development? o 2 ½ - 3 ½ y.o watched as she hid toy in model room; Results: 2 y.o didn’t know tasks were related and searched larger room at random; 3 y.o searched in same location as model room o Study examines child’s representational skills: ability to recognize that one object stands for another ie. Small model...
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...PSY111- Foundations of Psychology for Health and Human Services Workbook- Assignment 2 Sonia Chiciak Student No.11534832 Word Counts (excl. citations) provided for each section. PSY111- Foundations of Psychology for Health and Human Services Exercise 1- Memory Question 1- Summary: (253 words) Grant, H. M., Lane, B.C., Clay, J., Ferrie, J., Groves, J.E., McDorman, T. A., Dark, V.J. (1998). Context-dependent memory for meaningful material: information for students. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 617-623. This study tested whether the environmental context dependency effect is seen through test performances where matched and mismatched study and test noise conditions were used. Throughout the study, the researcher used the same text to test the difference context dependency has on short answer (recall) and multiple choices (recognition). Using previous research that has shown that characteristics of environment are encoded in the memory, and can be used to retrieve other information; the researchers changed whether or not there was general background noise in controlled study and test conditions and measured the results based on performance in the test. Overall, studying and testing in the same environment resulted in better performance than in mismatching studying environments. This study also found that, unlike in Smith (1986, as cited in Grant 1998), the context dependency effect for newly learned material is seen regardless of whether short answer or...
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...Gender Differences in Verbal and Non-Verbal Tasks and Memory Recall Abstract Females are better at recall tasks than males. To test the level of recall a study was administered to test recall abilities in verbal and non verbal tasks and also immediate and delayed recall among males and females. It is often believed that males have a more superior recall memory than females due to the fact that more men are hired over women in jobs. And also men make more money than women. While females may earn less than men, through this study, females proved to be just as capable as males, in fact, more so, in the ability to recall memory. Introduction and Literature Review Comparing males and females is a natural occurrence: it occurs in the work force as well as in everyday happenings. Men are often hired over women, and men make more money than women. Psychologists Agneta Herlitz and Jenny Rehnman in Stockholm, Sweden asked a complicated question of human predisposition: Does one’s sex influence his or her ability to remember every day events? Their surprising findings did in fact determine significant sex differences in episodic memory, a type of long-term memory based on personal experiences, favouring women. Specific results indicated that women excelled in verbal episodic memory tasks, such as remembering words, objects, pictures or everyday events, and men outperformed women in remembering symbolic, non-linguistic information, known as visuospatial processing. For example, the...
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...MEMORY-WORK: AN INTRODUCTION Jennie Small University of Technology, Sydney Research methodology, from the perspective of Critical social science, is considered as: inherently political, as inescapably tied to issues of power and legitimacy. It is assumed that methods are permeated with assumptions about what the social world is, who the social scientist is, and what the nature of the relation between them is (Lather, 1991, p.12). Critical social science moves away from description of behaviour as enduring social fact to attempting to understand how behaviour is produced, thus recasting behaviour as “the effects of contingent and contested processes of change” (Churchman, 2000, p.100 citing Scott). Feminists and those working within a social constructionist paradigm have debated whether there are research methods specific to such approaches. In other words, is there a social constructionist or feminist method? Schwandt (1994), in discussing constructivist, interpretivist approaches to human enquiry, commented that “what is unusual about the approaches cannot be explained through an examination of their methods. They are principally concerned with matters of knowing and being, not method per se” (p.118). Feminists have also considered that it is the methodology and outcomes rather than the methods which define the research as being feminist. Nonetheless, while feminists have adopted a variety of methods, they have tended to prefer qualitative...
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...that are involved in memory management, proving that the three stores present in multistore models are valid. It will do that by collecting evidence on both short- and long-term memory, by calculating the recency and primacy effects with regards to words recollection. Meeting this objective involved engaging 65 participants of both genders and were between 17 and 34 years of age. The participants were subjected to recall tests the included both high- and low-frequency words. The results showed that 75% of the respondents were female with the average participants’ age being 19.49 years and 81.5% of them being native English speakers. The results further showed that there were higher recall rates for both the first and last items, as opposed to the middle items that reported lower recall rates. Additionally, the high-frequency words reported higher recall rates for the first-word items than the low-frequency words. The research concludes that memory management makes use of both short- and long-term memory. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Methodology 6 Participants 6 Apparatus 7 Design 7 Procedure 7 Results 8 Discussion 10 Conclusion 12 References 14 Appendix I 15 Primacy and Recency Effects Introduction From as early as mid 1960’s, there have been increasing evidence to support the suggestions that memory processes required different cognitive components (Parkin, 2014). The suggestions have been modelled on the notion that memory consists of discrete storage...
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...The study has two phases which was done to examine the effect of gender stereotypes on student's recollection of their school marks in stereotypically feminine and masculine domains (example arts and mathematics respectively). The results showed that , more students believed in gender stereotypes prior to recall, they biased their reported marks, compared to their actual marks, in a stereotype-consistent way i.e female students underestimated their marks in mathematics and male students underestimated their marks in arts. In study 2,the salience of gender stereotypes was manipulated prior to recall, yielded similar findings. The recall of school marks was more stereotype-consistent in a condition of high salience than in a condition of low salience of gender stereotypes. The theoretical implications of these results are...
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...Anna Quindlen shows us the differences between the genders, and the divide that exists between them, which starts from the first high school dance, where boys and girls are far away from each other, and all the game is about who is going to do the first move. I mainly agree with Quindlen, but there are some points that I have a different opinion, such as the conclusion is which the writer comes. Only one thing is certain• there are not only differences between men and women, but there are also between ages. The first thing I agree with, is that this gap between the genders is something real. Children, from young age, try all the time to come closer to the other gender, and most of the times, without a good result. It is not the fact that they cannot communicate, but the fact that they are so afraid to make the first move, that they end up saying irrelevant things, which do not help the conversation. The writers says that all of us have the memory of “the first boy-girl” party, in which memory there are boys on one side, and girls on the other. That it totally true. Once I read it, the memory came to my mind very clearly. We all had the same experience in our life, and there are always the shy people, and the braver to make the first move. And in fact, children who used to approach the other gender, had the greater acceptance. So, it is demonstrated that there are nothing to be afraid of the relationships with the other gender, and that the person who makes the first move always...
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...The research process Eating chocolate affects memory Eating chocolate increases memory power Eating chocolate affects memory Eating chocolate makes no difference to memory power IV= Chocolate eaten DV= Memory Firstly give a person a memory test to remember 10 numbers in order then give the same person a bar of chocolate and give them another number test with different numbers, if with chocolate, more numbers are remembered, then chocolate has an impact on memory. To control confounding variables, if you repeat it, use people of a similar age so that their natural memory powers are similar. People with similar IQ’s, and the same time of day. Rabbits are more aggressive than guinea pigs Rabbits are more aggressive than guinea pigs. Rabbits have different levels of aggression to guinea pigs. Rabbits and guinea pigs have the same level of aggression. IV= Rabbits and guinea pigs DV= levels of aggression Get someone to put a stick into each of the animals cages, the one that bites the stick and tries to kill is the more aggressive on. Do the tests at the same type of day, use animals that are of a similar, give them the same stick and the same temperature. The more positive a person’s mood the better they can concentrate The more positive a person’s mood the better they can concentrate The mood of a person affects how they can concentrate The mood of a person does not have any effect on how they can concentrate IV= the mood of a person DV= the levels of...
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...Psychology 1. Short term memory, also known as active or primary memory is information that we are currently aware of and thinking about. Some psychologist also refer to short term memory is the conscious mind. Long term memory, also known as preconscious or unconscious memory is the continuous storage of information. This information is largely outside of our awareness but it can also be brought into our working memory to be used when needed. 2. Most information kept in short-term memory will be stored for approximately 20-30 seconds, but this can be shortened to a mere couple of seconds if rehearsing this information is prevented. Lots of research has taken place in order to determine the capacity of short term memory. The most famous experiment, the influential paper titled “The magical Number Seven, plus or minus Two,” psychologist George Miller suggested that people can store between five and nine pieces of information on our short term memory. However, recent research suggests that we can’t store this much information, in fact we can only store 4 pieces of information. The duration of long term memory is a complete contrast to that of short term memory. While it is still possible to forget pieces of information, long-term memories can last for a matter of days to as long as decades and maybe even a lifetime. 3. This is the investigation I will carry out to research how many figures people can remember. * In my experiment, I will use number sequences...
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...Anna Quindlen shows us the differences between the genders, and the divide that exists between them, which starts from the first high school dance, where boys and girls are far away from each other, and all the game is about who is going to do the first move. I mainly agree with Quindlen, but there are some points that I have a different opinion, such as the conclusion is which the writer comes. Only one thing is certain• there are not only differences between men and women, but there are also between ages. The first thing I agree with, is that this gap between the genders is something real. Children, from young age, try all the time to come closer to the other gender, and most of the times, without a good result. It is not the fact that they cannot communicate, but the fact that they are so afraid to make the first move, that they end up saying irrelevant things, which do not help the conversation. The writers says that all of us have the memory of “the first boy-girl” party, in which memory there are boys on one side, and girls on the other. That it totally true. Once I read it, the memory came to my mind very clearly. We all had the same experience in our life, and there are always the shy people, and the braver to make the first move. And in fact, children who used to approach the other gender, had the greater acceptance. So, it is demonstrated that there are nothing to be afraid of the relationships with the other gender, and that the person who makes the first move always...
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...INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (McLeod, 2015) Psychodynamic approach includes human functioning that drives within the unconscious and between different structures of personality. The understanding of human behaviour is called ‘psychoanalysis’. (Freud, 1939), the father of psychology, assumed that mental illnesses wasn’t something to be treated medically but by what has come to be known as psychodynamic therapy. He advocated that the unconscious mind could influence the mental illness whilst recovering (Cardwell, 1996). This approach to psychoanalysis is demonstrated in his treatment of Anna O. Freud assumed that mental illnesses wasn’t something to be treated medically but by therapy. He implicated that unconscious mind could influence the mental illness whilst recovering (Cardwell, 1996). He diagnosed her illness as hysteria and developed a form of therapy to treat her symptoms (Webster, 2015). (Cardwell, 2004) Freud compared the mind to an iceberg with the water above being the conscious and the water beneath the unconscious part of the mind. The id - the primary part of personality follows pleasure and gratification, and dominates the unconscious part of the mind. Ego - driven by reality principles and penalties of an action dominates the conscious mind. Superego contains conscience and guilt, and also dwells mostly in the conscious mind. The superego develops as we become aware of societal rules. (Cardwell, 1996) According to Freud we have two drives which are sex and...
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...Young Children and Drawing Complexity: An Examination of the Effect of Age-related Cognition and Gender Understanding the way children develop cognitively plays an important role in psychological research. Part of the ongoing research has been in the area of evaluating the drawings of young children (Cherney, Seiwert, & Dickey, & Flichtbail, 2006). It has been suggested that these drawings provide a valuable insight into the emotional and social development of children and are often used for assessing cognitive maturation ( Golomb, 2012). Lucquet (1913, 1927) as cited in Anning and Ring (2007), was an early observer of this approach and noted that drawing stages in a child’s development exist. Picard and Durand (2005) suggest children five to seven years old evolve fundamentally from a period where they draw “what they know” about life around them to a period in which their drawings are “what they see”. The research conducted by Cox and Ralph (1996) involving children aged, five, seven and nine showed differences in abilities to children to adapt their drawings to cover different profiles of a modelled human figure. The five year old children were found to be less discrete and less successful . However, the older children were able to display a considerable amount of ability in adapting their models, in particular the nine year old children were able to include more facial details and draw the running model with “bent arms and legs”. Cox and Ralph concluded that...
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...People tend to observe and learn behaviors from others who are in the same environment as them. A male will observe male individuals and learn various behaviors from them. This is also the case for females. For instance, growing up my father, I observed his behavior of leading every family matter. In his absence, I would act like him and lead the family in various events. Biology determines the sex of a child. However, it is not ultimate in determine the gender roles a child will pursue as they grow (Kevin, 2017). Hormones tend to take this role. A girl child that is exposed to an environment full of men, tends to develop boyish tendencies. This develops to the roles they will be interested in and pick up. As a boy child, I mostly surrounded myself with males and this has shaped the roles that I have taken, such as being a defender, provider and...
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