...Confederation b) Specific Terms c) General Results d) Shays Rebellion IV) Constitution a) 4 key debates B) Specific terms of the articles (about the national govt.) • Unicameral legislature • No power to tax • No power to raise army • No executive branch (could make laws but not enforce them) • No judicial branch • Unanimous vote needed to change Articles C) General results of the Articles • Weak and incomplete national govt. • Economic chaos o States fund the war by borrowing money from federal govt. o Govt. wants the money back o Economy dries up and leads to a “trade war” with competing interest o States taxes their own citizens since they can’t borrow money o People (mostly farmers) lose their possessions and property since they can’t pay taxes o Damages the economy even more since farm family is out of work • No sufficient national defense o Enemy 1 the British o French and the Spanish also potential threats o Native Indian tribes also potential threat • States are left largely on their own (13 separate states, no unity) D) Shay’s Rebellion 4 Key debates 1. Representation of the states (large population vs. small population) o States might be equal but not for individuals o Creates a Bicameral Legislation (2 houses) 1. Senate 2. House of reps (representation based on population) which is known as “the great compromise” o Defensive compromise; better at not getting stuff done than getting stuff done. 2. Slavery (north vs. south) • In the constitution...
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... Sunshine laws When negotiations are a concern to the general public, citizens have the right to know what is going on. These laws require parties in public-sector labor relations to make contract negotiations open to the public. National Labor Relations Act/date (Wagner Act) Also known as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, this act gave employees the right to form and join unions and to engage in collective bargaining. Ex. Wages, hours, and terms and conditions of employment National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) Consists of 5 members appointed by the president; Established to administer and interpret the Wagner Act, the NLRB has primary responsibility for conducting union representation elections. They only have remedial and not punitive powers. NLRB vs Bildisco & Bildisco/date 1984; The Supreme Court upheld a company’s right to file bankruptcy and have a labor contract nullified. Later legislation gives requirements for companies to set aside a labor agreement. Union busting an attempt by an employer to break and remove a trade union in order to secure a non-union workforce. Union avoidance Representation certification (RC) The election process whereby employees vote in a union as their representatives. Occurs once every 12 months. Representation decertification (RD) The election process whereby union members vote out their union as their representative. If majority of the members vote the union out, it’s gone. Injunction a court order to cease...
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...Labor Law Outline – Prof. West, Spring 2002 Historical Background, Etc Employment at Will A. History 1. Started from master/servant relations 2. Illustrates basic American way 3. Doctrine developed in response to industrial revolution B. CA Common Law 1. One can end the employment relationship at any time for any reason a) Either party can terminate at any time C. Exceptions 1. Limited statutory exceptions to employment at will 2. Unions a) If in one, may only be fired for just cause under labor K Wrongful Discharge Cause of Actions A. Common Law 1. Can’t order reinstatement if employees are fired and they sue for breach of K 2. Reinstatement is a traditional remedy only under statute B. California Causes of Action 1. Generally a) Tort claims—get damages including emotional distress, punitive damages. 1) Can’t get those through breach of K 2) Easier to find a lawyer to take case under tort claims b) Whistle blowing 1) Under statute, must complain to a govm’t official, not just internally c) Affects private employees 1) Public employees can’t be deprived of their jobs without due process and just cause 2. Discharge in violation of public policy a) Employee can have tort action if fired in violation...
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...bicameral (why are there two chambers?) 1. Practical Reasons ▪ Came from the Great Compromise 2. Philosophical Reasons ▪ To keep power spread out and dispersed • House of Representatives o Representation based on population o 435 Total o 2 year terms o Seats are reapportioned every ten years because we get the census back every ten years. o Entire membership elected in November of even number years. • Senate o 2 Per state o 100 total o 6 year terms that are staggered ▪ Staggered means that only 1/3 of the seats are up for election in each two year election cycle. This is so that it does not change radically in one election. o This means one third elected in November of even numbered years. • Congressional organization: o Leadership – the political parties work through the leadership structure of congress because the leaders of the majority political party are, at the same time, the leaders of the House and the Senate. ▪ Leaders (know the top posts) • Leadership in the House o The speaker of the house- the person who is recognized in the constitution and stands second in the line of succession to the president, after the vice president. o Nancy Pelosi from 2007-2010 ...
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...Delegated Powers: (expressed/enumerated powers) powers given to the federal government directly by the constitution. Some most important delegated powers are: the authority to tax, regulated interstate commerce, authority to declare war, and grants the president role of commander and chief of the military • Implied Powers: Powers not expressed in the constitution, but that can be inferred. “Necessary and proper clause” • Concurrent powers: powers shared by both levels of government. Ex: Taxes, roads, elections, commerce, establishing courts and a judicial system • Reserved powers: powers not assigned by the constitution to the national government but left to the states or the people. Guaranteed by the 10th amendment. Include “police power”-health and public welfare, intra-state commerce. Example of police powers: Gonzales vs Raich (2005) and California Medical Marijuana. The parts and relevance of the "Triad of Powers" • Interstate commerce clause • General welfare • 10th amendment – non-delegated powers go to the states Federalism between states (i.e. full faith and credit and privileges and immunities clause, original...
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...pressing reform on subsidised fuel price has yet again been postponed. In late March Indonesia’s revised 2012 budget was discussed in parliament. Following violent demonstrations, the President lost crucial support within his coalition failing to push the fuel price hike vote through parliament. The President’s Party has taken a hit in terms of popularity. A survey by the Indonesian Survey Institute showed that domestic support for the ruling Democratic Party has dropped sharply due to the perception that its fight against corruption is failing. Yudhoyono’s popularity has steadily fallen in the past year over concerns on progress in the fight against graft. The survey projected that if a general election was held today, the Democratic Party would win 13.7 % of the vote, down from 21 % in the 2009 election win. Poverty reduction and unemployment...
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...Initially, the commissioner found that Gonzales was indeed guilty of forum shopping for the ruling in either case would result in res judicata over the other and that he instituted the subsequent case without indicating the pending case. The commissioner ruled that Gonzales violated Canon 1 of the code for he disregarded the SC circular prohibiting forum shopping.Hence, suspending him for 1 month. However, the board of Governors of the IBP reversed the Commissioner’s recommendation and dismissed the case. Issue: Whether Gonzales committed forum shopping and thereby violating the Code of Professional Responsibility? Held: Yes. The court held that the respondent was guilty of forum shopping. Lawyers should be reminded that their primary duty is to assist the courts in the administration of justice. Any conduct that tends to delay, impede or obstruct the administration of justice contravenes this obligation. The Court has repeatedly warned lawyers against resorting to forum shopping since the practice clogs the Court dockets and can lead to conflicting rulings. Willful and deliberate forum shopping has been made punishable either as direct or indirect contempt of court. In engaging in forum shopping, Atty. Gonzales violated Canon 1 of the Code of...
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...The campaign for suffrage - a historical background Today, all British citizens over the age of eighteen share a fundamental human right: the right to vote and to have a voice in the democratic process. But this right is only the result of a hard fought battle. The suffrage campaigners of the nineteenth and early twentieth century struggled against opposition from both parliament and the general public to eventually gain the vote for the entire British population in 1928. ------------------------------------------------- Who took part in the campaign? The first women's suffrage bill came before parliament in 1870. Soon after its defeat, in 1897, various local and national suffrage organisations came together under the banner of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) specifically to campaign for the vote for women on the same terms 'it is or may be granted to men'. The NUWSS was constitutional in its approach, preferring to lobby parliament with petitions and hold public meetings. In contrast, the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), formed in 1903, took a more militant view. Almost immediately, it characterised its campaign with violent and disruptive actions and events. Together, these two organisations dominated the campaign for women's suffrage and were run by key figures such as the Pankhurstsand Millicent Fawcett. However, there were other organisations prominent in the campaign, including the Women's Freedom League (WFL). These groups were often...
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...now make a story for radio and TV RADIO * Origin of Broadcasting * Development of USA was adopted also in the Philippines. PERSONALITIES INVOLVED IN THE ORIGIN OF BROADCASTING Lee de Forest * Father of radio * Invented the vacuum tube on 1906, after 10 years it was perfected. * First to cover the Presidential Election David Sarnoff * a Russian immigrant * wireless operator * first to work together with the electronic companies in the U.S [Westinghouse, GE, AT&T] * Created the RCA (Radio Corporation of America) lead by David Sarnoff. * established the NBC (National Broadcasting Company) Frank Conrad * First to prove Sarnoff's convention that people will listen to radio. * Started to broadcast music in 1919, Pittsburgh. * Stimulated the sales of radio and leads the Three Companies to develop sets. * Westinghouse opened a radio station called KDKA on Nov. 2, 1920 KDKA * first fully licensed commercial broadcasting in the USA Early 1920's * KDKA was first introduced in the Philippines. * We had the first radio station in the Philippines called KZIB. But was closed due to financial reasons and they don’t have the technical ability. KZIB * Isaac Beck-first to invest * 20 watts Broadcast Call Letters * KZIB * KDKA * DYRC * DYAB * DYHP 1920 * KDKA was introduced in the Philippines (Manila) * KZIB (20 watts owned by Isaac Beck) 1924 * KZKZ was established...
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...Buhari vs Jonathan: Beyond the Election, by Charles Soludo on January 25, 2015 / in Elections 2015, Viewpoint 9:41 am / Comments I need to preface this article with a few clarifications. I have taken a long sabbatical leave from partisan politics, and it is real fun watching the drama from the balcony. Having had my own share of public service (I do not need a job from government), I now devote my time and energy in pursuit of other passions, especially abroad. A few days ago, I read an article in Thisday entitled “Where is Charles Soludo?”, and my answer is that I am still there, only that I have been too busy with extensive international travels to participate in or comment on our national politics and economy. But I occasionally follow events at home. Since the survival and prosperity of Nigeria are at stake, the least some of us (albeit, non-partisan) must do is to engage in public debate. As the elections approach, I owe a duty to share some of my concerns. In September 2010, I wrote a piece entitled “2011 Elections: Let the Real Debate Begin” and published by Thisday. I understand the Federal Executive Council discussed it, and the Minister of Information rained personal attacks on me during the press briefing. I noted more than six newspaper editorials in support of the issues we raised. Beside other issues we raised, our main thesis was that the macro economy was dangerously adrift, with little self-insurance mechanisms (and a prediction that if oil prices fell...
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...Economic Policy Paper on Political Stability and Economic Development: The Case of Bangladesh 1. Introduction Among the non-economic variables considered as sine qua non for development, political stability comes first. One may argue that other non-economic factors like rule of law, law and order situation are subsumed under political stability. On the other hand, major determinants of development like savings and investment, relative price stability, human resources, level of technology, factor productivity can play an effective role when political atmosphere is congenial. For example, it is argued that political stability and convenient law and order ensure the confidence of the people in the economy and its further development, which encourages the people to save. It also promotes confidence of the investors in the economy and convinces them to invest and reinvest. Of course, price stability, higher education and technical qualifications of the population, increasing factor productivity, technological modernity, export promotion etc. may not be directly related to political stability. But political stability in the long run ultimately ensures a relative price stability, improves educational and qualification status of the people, increases factor productivity, enables technology transfer, promotes exports. Those are the factors essential for economic growth. Moreover, long term political stability provides a congenial atmosphere for evolution of democracy. Democratic political...
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...Introduction Among this country’s greatest strengths has been its economic structure and diversity. As citizens and business professionals, we owe a lot of this to the Constitutional system of government. With a balance of power between the states and the Federal government, this country is ripe for economic development. Wall Street is one of our country’s icons, and affluent business tycoons such as Donald Trump, J. Willard Marriott, Sam Walton, and Warren Buffett receive celebrity status. This economic strength has carried us through war and peace. In fact, images of Rosie the Riveter represent how we secured the home front during World War (National Park Service). More recently, it was economic strategy (and this country’s outright economic dominance) that led to the fall of Communism and the end of the Cold War. (Garrity, 2002). Individual prosperity is a fundamental principle of our economic system, and is as important as collective wealth. One need not belong to an elite class or family (although it does help if you are related to millionaires), nor does one have to obtain special permission from the government. Another element of the economic system is the way it rewards success. If you seek it, you can find it; all you need is to find a way to build a better widget, or a better way to build what everyone else has been making. At least in theory, the system is designed in such a way as to reward ingenuity, work ethic, and perseverance. Unfortunately, not...
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...NIKE INC FORMReport) 10-K (Annual Filed 07/23/13 for the Period Ending 05/31/13 Address Telephone CIK Symbol SIC Code Industry Sector Fiscal Year ONE BOWERMAN DR BEAVERTON, OR 97005-6453 5036713173 0000320187 NKE 3021 - Rubber and Plastics Footwear Footwear Consumer Cyclical 05/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2013, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED May 31, 2013 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO . Commission File No. 1-10635 (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) OREGON (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) One Bowerman Drive Beaverton, Oregon (Address of principal executive offices) (503) 671-6453 93-0584541 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 97005-6453 (Zip Code) (Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OF THE ACT: Class B Common Stock (Title of Each Class) New York Stock Exchange (Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered) SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(G) OF THE ACT: NONE Indicate by check mark • • • if the registrant is a well-known...
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...China The first one is the economy. China's economy has been typically the best-performing economy or among the best-performing economies in the world since 1979 when reforms began, averaging about 7 percent growth. One note of concern, though, is that those conditions that allowed that 7 percent growth are not likely to be prevalent in the years to come, because for over 30 years, China has relied extensively on lower wage rates and export-driven growth. But wage rates have been bid up, as happens; the Chinese are victims of their own success, you could say. And secondly, the rest of the countries in the world are not going through high rates of growth, and they’re not going to be importing the way they had been historically. So, that formula isn’t going to be as successful going forward as it has been. China needs to shift away from an export-driven economy to more of a consumption model. It needs to be mindful about funding its state-owned enterprises, about subsidizing state-owned companies. It needs to lessen its reliance on low-end manufacturing and move up the value chain. By the way, these aren’t my observations; these are observations by Chinese leadership. If you follow any Chinese leader’s speech on China’s economic transformation, these are the points he’ll make. We would call that market rationalism or just normal evolution as a country rises to middle-income status. But there are also some countervailing impulses. There’s a strong streak of economic nationalism;...
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...Establishment Clause Hecklers Veto Probable Cause Schenk v. US/Clear & Present Danger Free Exercise Clause Exclusionary Rule Defamation Double Jeopardy Miranda v. AZ/Self Incrimination Due Process 6th Amendment Grand Jury Indictment Habeas Corpus Swing Justice Original vs. Appellate Jurisdiction Marbury v. Madison/Judicial Review 4th Amendment 8th Amendment Stare Decisis/Precedent Article I Article II 1st Amendment 10th Amendment Article III Eminent Domain 5th Amendment Arraignment Judicial Activism vs. Restraint Gideon v. Wainwright 7th Amendment Civil Law/Tort Law Criminal & Civil Negligence Federal & State District Courts Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 14th Amendment Preponderance of Evidence Majority Opinion of Supreme Crt Federalism Reserved Powers Police Powers Enumerated Powers Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Roe v. Wade (1973) Commerce Clause McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Supremacy Clause Necessary & Proper Clause Civil Liberties v. Civil Rights Incorporation Doctrine Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Party Primary General Election Closed Primary Open Primary Caucus Electoral College Gerrymandering Advise & Consent Filibuster & Cloture Speaker of the House Senate Majority Leader Standing Committee Conference Committee Pork Barrel Legislation Logrolling Council-Manager System Interest Group Public Interest Group Lobbyist Political Action...
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