...insinuates the violation of social norms in society which has been defined through law. Deviance can be described as adjacent to criminal and improper behavior imposed by the people who break the social norms of a society, thus becoming subjective to a label of “deviant”. Deviants often have punishment bestowed upon them by law enforcement officers and their local court systems. The question asked by criminologist throughout time is, “what is the underlying cause of crime?” “Is crime a learned behavior forced by strain due to the depleting environment an individual inhabits?” “Are individuals with a genetic mutation destined to become deviant?” All of these may be a result of biological and social constructionist theories of deviance, this essay will define the opposing differences and the relation of the two in this essay. Both hold contributing factors to the construction of deviance in society, but are both highly conflicting theories. Before going into the theories of deviance, the definition of deviance must be further explained. The codification of deviance can vary widely between different cultures, a norm in one culture can be considered deviant in another. For example, the notion of cannibalism has been proved by anthropologists to be a spiritually divine form of ritualistic sacrifice in the ancient Aztec culture of Mexico. Yet in Western culture murder and the consumption of human flesh is considered highly revolting, dealt with by harsher consequences by law...
Words: 1440 - Pages: 6
...Deviance in general is seen as violating social norms. Numerous researchers and individuals such as Robert Merton (1938) and William Sheldon (1949) have tried to present ways to explain deviant behaviours in the past. The two main theories that have been developed to explain deviance are biological theories and the social constructionist theories. This essay will examine social theories such as Becker’s labelling theory, and biological theories such as Sheldon’s body type theory, and contrast between the theories mentioned. Finally this essay will examine the differences between the theories and whether the biological explanation or the social constructionist explanation can be better used to explain deviance. Looking at social control can help clarify definitions of what crime and deviance are. Social control refers to both the formal and informal means by which society responds to social deviance. While there are many possible explanations for what could be the underlying causes behind deviant individuals, the social constructivist theory is that deviance is a “failure to conform to culturally expected norms of behaviour” (Llewellyn, Agu & Mercer 2008: 90). What is viewed as deviant in one particular culture or society may be considered normal practice in another. Social norms are not universal; they are contextual to the culture in which they are formed. Without deviance, society would remain the same, restricted to tradition and stagnant social norms, because no individual...
Words: 2254 - Pages: 10
...This example illustrates the structure that should ideally be used in an introduction. Yellow highlight = information to open the intro that provides a context, or ‘sets the scene’, for your discussion – elements of the essay question can be used here. Pink highlight = your overview of the issues you intend to address in the main body of the essay. Green highlight = the summarising statement of your overall conclusions ------------------------------------------------- To what extent do sociological theories of the causes of crime and delinquency explain the composition of prison populations, especially the disproportionate minority presence, in the UK? (Consider any alternative explanation(s).) ------------------------------------------------- Although prison, as a social system, has frequently been described as ‘a microcosm of society,’ (Flynn, 1998, p.67) there are fundamental differences between the prison and general populations in terms of age, gender and ethnicity For instance, current figures show that males account for 94% of the total prison population (Cross and Olowe, 2004, p.5), which is clearly not representative of the population as a whole. Essentially, the prison population is a complex and dynamic entity that demands a more robust critique than that which considers the more individually focussed differences such as age, gender and ethnicity as Flynn’s (1998) observation implies. The appraisal of prisoners’ social and economic backgrounds as well as a more...
Words: 482 - Pages: 2
...Explanations of how and why crime occurs can be divided into theories that either put emphasis on the process within the person either being biological, physiological or psychological (Including cognitive and personality) or those that relate to a person’s interactions and environment. Essential to understand and acknowledge different theories and explanations for the cause of crime within a much broader framework. This essay will aim to compare and contrast both psychological and sociological factors of the causes of criminality Psychology is a study of individual characteristics or qualities such as personality, perception, intelligence, reasoning, thought and imagination which it uses to explain human functioning and behavior (Williams,...
Words: 1384 - Pages: 6
...Criminals are born as such. Discuss: Five year old girl abducted, raped and murdered. It is headlines like this that often make newspaper headlines. When reading a headline such as this the question is often asked ‘How could a human being be capable of doing such a thing to another human being? Another headline may read ‘what led young people to riot?’ in reference to normal young people who took to the streets of London and broke into shops and set fire to pubs. There are many theories as to why people commit crimes. Are these crimes due to inherited predispositions? Are they a response to the strain of disjunction between goals and the means of achieving? Is this because they were written off as delinquents at school? Are these crimes a result of being labelled a murderer or a hooligan? Is the inequality in the capitalist world responsible for these people’s actions? This essay will look at biological, physiological and sociological perspectives to consider why people commit crimes. Deviance can be defined as behaviour that differs from the normal and is subjected to public disapproval. What is labelled as deviant is relative and will clearly differ between cultures. Similarly what is seen as deviant behaviour changes over time, it was once deviant to bear a child out of wed lock but over time it is now considered to be the norm. Lastly deviance is subjective depending on location for example it would be considered to be deviant to chant, shout and walk around topless at...
Words: 3001 - Pages: 13
...bought and used various PC’s and software. This happened without support of the IT department. When end-users contacted the IT-department they were unconfident, because they didn’t get help of them. The staff of the IT-department were focused on mainframe computing and operational systems and not about the PC’s and the software’s. This led to a high amount of complaints of the line business units about the unresponsiveness and the incompetence of the IT-department. So the senior vice president ‘John Cheng’ wanted to change this situation. He and senior managers developed a one year plan. This plan is structured in a three step approach: PC Research and Development Knowledge Management End User Education and Support The focus in this essay is on the end-user education and support strategy. The key manager is Elise Smart. She is 32 years old and was the senior manager in the development group of the IT division. She is a high performer and has special knowledge in the field of IT. Also a strong leading competence is one of her values. Her strategy was to implement a new drop-in-centre. As she took her new role the staff was unmotivated and tired. After analyzing the situation she started to get things organized. Within six months, her team performed well, was motivated and disciplined which...
Words: 3097 - Pages: 13
...HOW DOES SOCIAL POWER AFFE\ ;L’;’’;’PL;L[P[P0O;;;.’;/;.’[‘’;/;L.L,/,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,M QQQQWQW4FCW2 C ‘T DEVIANT LABELLING, AND HOW DO G ENDER, RACE AND CLASS FEATURE IN THIS PROCESS JJJJJJJ N JJJ JJ JJJJJJJJJ JJJJ,,,, ‘ ‘’ \\ \ D \eviance as a violation of social norms Norms are rules and expectations by which members of society are guided.[2] . They are not necessarily moral, or even found grounded in morality; in fact, they are just as often pragmatic and, paradoxically, irrational. (A great many of what we call manners, having no logical grounds, would make for good examples here.) Norms are rules of conduct, not neutral or universal, but ever changing; shifting as society shifts; mutable, emergent, loose, reflective of inherent biases and interests, and highly selfish and one-sided. They vary from class to class, and in the generational "gap." They are, in other words, contextual. Deviance can be described as a violation of these norms.[3] Deviance is a failure to conform to culturally reinforced norms. This definition can be interpreted in many different ways. Social norms are different in one culture as opposed to another. For example, a deviant act can be committed in one society or culture that breaks a social norm there, but may be considered normal for another culture and society. Some acts of deviance may be criminal acts, but also, according to the society or culture, deviance can be strictly breaking social norms that are intact. ...
Words: 3198 - Pages: 13
...Teaching Philosophy for Business Teaching especially in Business, I am always strain to move forward the simple expressing of facts and knowledge or even the training of certain skills. Instead, teachers in a liberal arts environment have the broad responsibility of serving as guide and mentor on an intellectual journey, opening and extending curious minds by exposing them to new thoughts and ideas. As education helps expand the students’ horizon and forces them to critically examine their values, goals, and ideals, they learn to sympathize and empathize with others of different backgrounds. This enables them to come fully into their own as human beings who can share the common secure of humanity with other world citizens as they retain and value their prominent and separate identities. Students can afford the opportunity to confront new ideas and different points of views in classroom, all the while increasing their abilities to discuss and defend their own positions both in discussions and in writing. In my composition class this translates into an interactive, group-oriented classroom that focuses in equal amounts on the three components of critical thinking, reading, and writing. “It is now generally conceded that the art of thinking critically is a major missing link in education today, and that effective communication and problem-solving skills, as well as mastery of content, require critical thinking. It is also generally recognized that the ability to think critically...
Words: 1375 - Pages: 6
...should have a traditional essay structure (include an introduction and a conclusion, at least two sides of the argument, two or more theories, relevant studies and as much evaluation as you can cram in!). You also need to show ‘conceptual confidence’ – this just means that you should make it clear to the examiner that you know and understand the important concepts, e.g. anomie, relative deprivation.Make sure you make reference to the item – both essay questions will have their own item. You can often use the information in the item as a springboard into the essay in the introduction. However, you will be penalised for ‘overuse of the item’, so don’t just copy it out. You can use short quotes or statistics from the item though. | Question: | What to include: | Assess the view that ethnic differences in crime rates are the result of the ways in which the criminal justice system operates. | This question is essentially about the presence (or not) of institutional racism in the police, courts and penal system. You will need to compare the importance of this as opposed to explanations that argue that ethnic minorities do commit more crime - either as a result of relative deprivation (left realism) or poor upbringing, absent fathers, etc (new right). * Try to include some stats, reference to patterns of offending, stop and search, ethnic make-up of prisons. There may well be some in the item for this question. * Black people make up 2.8% of the general population, but 11% ...
Words: 3404 - Pages: 14
...Invisible Hand in the Vietnamese context Introduction Adam Smith is an infamous political economist in the UK and around the world. He has many valuable arguments among which this essay will refer to the theory of "invisible hand" which was coined in The Wealth of Nations. The invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets and capitalism through competition for scarce resources by maintaining equilibrium between the supply and demand of resources. Also, as market participants compete, driven by their own needs and wants, they involuntarily benefit society at large without the help of goverment. This essay will examine the core theoretical ideas behind Adam Smith’s invisible hand theory, focusing on the negative aspects, and show that the negative aspects are more prominent when applied to the article ‘Power trader accused of abusing monopoly position’ Understanding of theory Adam Smith's invisible hand theory sets the foundation for laissez-faire economic philosophy, which describe the self-regulating behavior and minimize the role of government intervention and taxation in the free markets .Smith argued the most crucial variable in the market is the price and its functions is providing information telling people what to do and presenting incentive for them to act on this information. Both companies and workers are guided, as if by an invisible hand, to produce the goods and services that are most desired by consumers, which occurs when all of...
Words: 3465 - Pages: 14
...largely resultant of strategic and profit driven imperatives rather than humanitarian and altruistic aspirations. This essay will explore the underlying factors that compel Australian businesses’ CSR ventures by analysing their stances on CSR as well as extrinsic drivers of CSR, further citing CSR’s pertinence to businesses’ financial performance, hence evincing that altruistic reasons are not the foremost impetus for the undertaking of CSR for corporations in Australia. Definitions of CSR differ widely in literature (Truscott, Bartlett & Tywoniak, 2009). This essay will draw upon Carroll’s (1979) construct of CSR, comprising of economic, legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities assumed by business entities, as a yardstick in determining the degree of CSR undertaken by firms. Economic dimensions of CSR encompass profit generation through effective business management, legal dimensions entail compliance with codified law, ethical dimensions embody adhering to ethical and moral parameters and discretionary dimensions denote engagement in philanthropic activities that transcend legal and ethical expectations. An altruistic impetus for CSR would hence be predicated by a firm’s demonstrable initiative in ethical and discretionary CSR. Torugsa, O’Donohue & Hecker’s (2011) study sheds light on Australian companies’ espousal of CSR, citing a general consensus amongst firms in regards to their...
Words: 1293 - Pages: 6
...organization 10 3.3 Types of organization 11 3.4 Organization is an open system 12 3.5 Morden organization and traditional organization 12 III. Scientific management and Human relation approach in organization 13 1. Scientific management in modern organization 13 2. Human relation approach in modern organization 15 IV. Conclusion 16 V. References 16 Executive summary The objective of this essay is to evaluate whether scientific and human relation management are still implemented in organization in the 21st century. Many parts of these theories was considered such as definition, father of scientific management and human relation approach, other theorist of these theories and pros and corn of them. Besides, theory of or organization was provided with answer clearly purpose. After all theory, which involved assignment question, was mentioned, the main answer will be shown. I. Introduction Scientific management and human relations approach are two popular theories which were published by Frederick W. Taylor and Elton May since 1911 and 1930 respectively. Both of these theories significantly influenced in...
Words: 3041 - Pages: 13
...Development of Conservation in Theory and Practice In considering the issue of wildlife conservation, a link to development rises quickly to the surface. After all, the animals seemingly considered the most prized by the collective popular consciousness, such as primates, occur predominantly in tropical areas of the world considered by most to be “underdeveloped.” According to the United Nations Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the rate of growth in developed countries, mostly those located in Europe and America, between 2005 and 2050 is expected to remain relatively minimal, while the population of the developing world is projected to substantially increase, from 5.3 billion to 7.8 billion, over the same period of time (United Nations Population Division 2005, vi). This includes a more drastic increase in the world’s 50 least developed country (mostly located in Africa and Asia), where the number of inhabitants is projected to swell from 0.8 billion to 1.7 billion over the same period. As such, in putting together a theory for development more broadly and conservation more specifically, it is crucial that the link between societal growth and natural resource and wildlife degradation be explored. In the following discussion, I hope to accomplish a few things. First, I will consider development theory broadly, looking at its evolution through time and some popular contemporary critiques. Though development theory (as it stands today) does...
Words: 3948 - Pages: 16
...vertical scroll bar. After doing this, you will no longer need to scroll down to see the buttons on the bottom of the exam interface. At the end of the exam, you may go back and re-check these toolbars to return to your normal view. If you have any questions, please contact us at techsupport@manhattangmat.com or call 800-576-GMAT (4628). Good luck practicing! Note: GMAT is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admission Council which neither sponsors nor endorses this test preparation service. AWA Essays In the Analytical Writing Assessment, you will be asked to write 2 essays. You will have exactly 30 minutes to write each essay. In the first essay, you are requried to analyze an argument. Your task is to critique the argument, not to present your own view on the given subject. In the second essay, you are required to analyze an issue. Your task is to present and support your particular view on the given issue. AWA ESSAYS: ANALYSIS OF AN ARGUMENT ESSAY QUESTION: The following appeared in a medical magazine: "Art and music have long been understood to have therapeutic effects for individuals who suffer from either physical or...
Words: 9328 - Pages: 38
...environments that fulfill these needs. We examine the proposed relationship of servant leadership (a) competing for variance with different well-known stressors, (b) in multiple samples, (c) at the within- and between-person level, and (d) in relation to long- and short-term indicators of strain. On the basis of this multi-method approach we seek to demonstrate that our results are invariant across different methodological conditions. In Study 1 (N=443), we simultaneously tested the between-person level relationships of servant leadership and job ambiguity to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization as the core symptoms of burnout. In Study 2 (N=75), we simultaneously tested the relationships of person-level servant leadership and day-level emotional dissonance to day-level ego depletion and need for recovery as outcomes. The results of both studies demonstrate that servant leadership is negatively related to strain and accounts for unique variance in short- and long-term indicators of strain over and above that explained by well-known job-stressors. Accordingly, servant leadership can be regarded as an important determinant of employees’ psychological health. Key words: servant leadership, strain, emotional dissonance, burnout, job ambiguity (JEL: J24, C83, C30, I10, O15) ___________________________________________________________________ * Leibniz...
Words: 10028 - Pages: 41
