...is dangerous. FOP is bone growth over regular skeletal bone (ORPHAN). Proteins are involved as it is a genetic mutation. There are medicines to help aid the process. The skeletal system is affected and eventually inner parts are as well. It is manageable, but incurable. Precautions are available to help lower the risk of flare- ups (ifop). Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare genetic mutation. The mutation occurs on the “Activin A receptor type I/Activin-like kinase 2 (ACVR1/ALK2)” (orphanate journal). This gene is accountable for producing the activin receptor type 1 protein. The protein is part of the bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptors (genetic home reference). The...
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...Anabolic steroids are any drugs related to a male hormone called testosterone, a hormone that mostly enhances muscle growth. Back in history, a group of scientists was successfully capable of creating a synthetic form of testosterone hormone in order to help male patients who had problems in growing and could not produce enough levels of testosterone. Later during World War II, weak soldiers were given doses of this synthetic hormone to improve their strength and develop their performance and it worked! After the war, An American doctor named Dr.Zeigler invented the term “ Anabolic Steroids” for these artificial hormones. Furthermore, anabolic steroids were legal and popular among athletes and high school teenagers to promote their performance. Finally in 1975, the International Olympic Committee have prevented using these steroids and consider it cheating. However, black markets are still providing these steroids and have a lot of people who are willing to spend a lot of money to buy them (1). Anabolic steroids are used illegally among bodybuilders to maximize their muscle growth and recovery but these steroids can cause hazardous consequences may lead to death. Anabolic steroids are synthetic hormones related by a way or another to the male...
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...Although we may not like it, genetics plays a key role in whether humans will be talented enough to play in different kinds of sports. Genetics like muscle fibers, muscle growth, and most importantly, height, determine whether somebody will be naturally gifted in the sport that they actually play. That’s not the only reason and if anything hard work and the culture of somebody affects sports performance more than genetics do depending on the work ethic of an athlete. If a person is genetically un-athletic, training every day to where it becomes a part of their culture will help them achieve their goal of becoming an elite athlete. Nowadays when you see people dunking, beating world record times in track, and protecting the quarterback from...
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...are responsible for creating more than 90% of the energy needed by the body to sustain life and support growth. Due...
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...dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles used during voluntary movement. The word dystrophy is derived from the Greek dys, which means "difficult" or "faulty," and troph, or "nourish." These disorders vary in age of onset, severity, and pattern of affected muscles. All forms of MD grow worse as muscles progressively degenerate and weaken. Many patients eventually lose the ability to walk (“National Institute,” 2011). Some types of MD also affect the heart, gastrointestinal system, endocrine glands, spine, eyes, brain, and other organs. Respiratory and cardiac diseases may occur, and some patients may develop a swallowing disorder. MD is not contagious and cannot be brought on by injury or activity (“National Institute,” 2011). Method(s) of diagnosis Muscular dystrophies are diagnosed through both the patient’s medical history and a complete family history to determine if the muscle disease is secondary to a disease affecting other tissues or organs or is an inherited condition. It is also important to rule out any muscle weakness resulting from prior surgery, exposure to toxins, current medications that may affect the patient's functional status, and any acquired muscle diseases. Thorough clinical and neurological exams can rule out disorders of the central and/or peripheral nervous systems, identify any patterns of muscle weakness and atrophy, test reflex responses and coordination...
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...The causes of Huntington’s is due to a inherited defect in a single gene. Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that causes lung infections and makes it difficult for the individual to breathe. This disease causes sticky build up of mucus in lungs, pancreas, and other organs. Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease, the individuals have 2 copies of defective CF gene Down's Syndrome...
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...VIL-ee) syndrome is a constant sense of hunger that usually begins after the first year of life. People with Prader-Willi syndrome want to eat constantly and usually have trouble controlling their weight. Many complications of Prader-Willi syndrome are due to obesity. If your child has Prader-Willi syndrome, a team of specialists can work with you to manage your child's symptoms and reduce the risk of developing complications.” (Mayo Clinic Staff, 01 May 2013, page 1). “Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by a gene missing on part of chromosome 15. Normally, your parents each pass down a copy of this chromosome. Most patients with Prader-Willi syndrome are missing the genetic material on part of the father's chromosome. The rest of patients with this condition often have two copies of the mother's chromosome 15. The genetic changes occur randomly. Patients usually do not have a family history of the condition.” (Cooke DW, Divall SA, Radovick S, 07 May 2012, para. 2) “Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be conveniently divided into two categories: * Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy * Anabolism - the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells Metabolism is closely linked to nutrition and the availability of nutrients. Bioenergetics is a term which describes the biochemical or metabolic pathways by which the cell ultimately obtains...
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...Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted BODIES AND MINDS CHANGE FROM EARLY TO LATE ADULTHOOD Introduction After human beings are born, they experience many changes both their mind and physical bodies. The changes in the human mind and the physical body are the main reason for the development that humans undergo in their lives. People should be conversant with the changes that take place in their bodies hence be able to cope up other types of changes such as emotional, physical and psychological changes in their development stages. The human development in mind starts right after fertilization and continues up until the person dies. This paper is a study on the development of human mind and the physical growth. A human mind identifies as the cognitive faculties that help people in perception, thinking and effective judgment. Additionally, the human mind is also attributed to the consciousness and memory ability. However, it is true that both the physical and mind development differs between boys and girls where their developments depend more on the gender that one holds. During the development stages, children's bodies tend to develop making them look less like an adult. In the womb, male babies are born with as much as testosterone as a 25-year-old man (Black, 2003). Alter after birth. The testosterone plummets until the boy reaches the age of puberty. The testosterone is responsible for shaping the males developing brain, which helps in improving...
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...A2 Biology Unit 5 page 1 AQA A2 Biology Unit 5 Contents Specification Human Nervous system Nerve Cells The Nerve Impulse Synapses Receptors Muscle Animal Responses Control of Heart Rate The Hormone System Homeostasis Temperature Homeostasis Blood Glucose Homeostasis Control of Mammalian Oestrus Plant Responses The Genetic Code Protein Synthesis Gene Mutations Stem Cells Control of Gene Expression Biotechnology DNA sequencing Southern Blot In vivo cloning Genetically Modified Organisms Gene Therapy Genetic Screening and Counselling 2 4 6 0 14 17 24 28 30 33 34 38 42 44 48 50 54 57 63 66 71 76 80 85 89 92 Molecular Genetics These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH Jan 2010 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM 8/09 A2 Biology Unit 5 page 2 Biology Unit 5 Specification Control Systems Organisms increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in their environment. The Nerve Impulse The structure of a myelinated motor neurone. The establishment of a resting potential in terms of differential membrane permeability, electrochemical gradients and the movement of sodium and potassium ions. Changes in membrane permeability lead to depolarisation and the...
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...Prader-Willi Syndrome Have you ever heard of Prader-Willi Syndrome, if you have then you know the effect of it, if not you are going to learn about it. Prader-Willi Syndrome is a genetic disease that occurs in “1 in 25,000 and 1 in 10,000 live birth” (Wikipedia). The people that discovered the disease were Andrea Prader, Heinrich Willi, Alexis Labhart, Andrew Zeigler, and Guido Fanconi in the year 1956. Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is caused on the 15 chromosome when 1 or more genes are deleted. This disease occurs “for one of these reasons: 1) paternal genes on chromosome 15 are missing 2) the child inherited two copies of chromosome from the mother and no chromosome 15 from the father 3) there’s some error or defect in paternal genes on chromosome 15” (Mayo Clinic). When the child is an infant and the baby lacks muscle tone, the baby has a turned down mouth, has almond shaped eyes, and/or responses to simulate poorly then the infant may have PWS. As a child all the way up to adulthood person with PWS may crave a lot of food which can cause obesity, they also might have problems with problem-solving, thinking, etcetera, they may have underdeveloped sex organs, and other problems that will need to be treated....
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...Biological Bases of Behavior At the core of our thinking, feeling, and acting is the nervous system. The nervous system is the physiological network of intercommunicating cells that forms the basis of our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world. The brain is the supreme organ of the nervous system and it is the organ that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions, and motivations. The Organization of the Nervous System The Central Nervous System (CNS) o The nervous system consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. o The central nervous system has two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. Both parts are encased in bone for protection and further protected from shocks by cerebrospinal fluid which circulates throughout the brain and the spinal cord. o The brain responds to information it receives from the rest of the body. Communication within the brain is two-way; (1) the brain receives and processes information and (2) then forwards the information with instructions on how to respond. o In the brain, a network of individual cells called neurons receives information and transmits it to the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a slender, roughly cylindrical rope of interconnected fibers, enclosed within the spinal column, that transmit information from sensory neurons to the brain and from the brain to motor neurons. o One function of the spinal cord is to collect information from the peripheral nervous system...
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...CARBOHYDRATE RELATED DISEASES Jay Cee Roa Valencia PhBio26 TTh 10:30 – 12:00 Carbohydrates are being shunned by health conscious, rather weight conscious, people. They have to understand that carbohydrate deficiency diseases and their manifestations are certain to appear if there is too much exclusion of carbohydrates in the diet. All sources of food do contain carbohydrates, even animal products. However the carbohydrate level is very low in foods of animal origin with the exception of milk which contains good amount of lactose sugar. THE CAUSES OF CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENCY DISEASES Normally, when balanced diet is consumed, carbohydrate short fall does not arise. If individuals undertake crash-dieting to achieve rapid weight loss by nutritional deprivations of carbohydrates, no doubt they may lose weight drastically in a short span of time. However, they may not be able to resist the cravings for the carbohydrates and soon by reverting to old food habits end up gaining weight. In case they are able to continue dieting, they may have to face many carbohydrate deficiency disease manifestations. People lacking food of plant origin, and people suffering chronic illness, poverty or starvation also experience deficiency diseases. HOW DOES CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENCY OCCUR? The carbohydrates consumed by us are broken down by digestive enzymes into monosaccharides (glucose, fructose etc) and absorbed in the intestine. Once in the blood, the glucose is used for energy production...
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...According to Huether, Uterine Leiomyoma or uterine fibroids, are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the myometrium of the uterus (2012, p. 811). Within this disease it has been shown to have certain risk factors that can be modified and others that cannot. This disease is the most common affecting 70% to 80% of all women, staying small in size and asymptomatic [no symptoms] (Huether, 2012, p. 811). The occurrence of Uterine Fibroids is increased in Black and Asian women from 30-50 years of age, but during menopause it is decreased (Huether, 2012, p. 811). There are lifestyle factors, genetic, and gender risk factors that are likely to increase the development of Uterine Fibroids with that being said, there are certain preventative...
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...Updated: Jun 24, 2015 | By Marie Cheour Young children are playing outside. Photo Credit Cameron Spencer/Photodisc/Getty Images Overview Physical development and growth are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. For example, malnutrition can delay a child’s physical development significantly. On the other hand, according to the University of Minnesota, the role of some environmental factors, such as the amount of exercise the child is getting, has a much smaller effect on physical development than was previously thought. Genetics When a child is born, he has a unique set of genetic instructions that influence his physical growth. According to the University of Minnesota, genetics have a strong effect on rate of growth, the size of body parts and the onset of growth events. In one study, Dr. Stefan A. Czerwinski and colleagues followed their subjects for thirty years. By using such parental measurements as height and weight, these scientists were able to predict quite accurately the approximate height and weight of their subjects at the age of thirty. Other factors found to be closely linked to their parental values were blood pressure and body fat percentage, as well as muscle and total body mass. The study was published in the “American Journal of Human Biology” in September 2007. Environment Genetics alone, however, cannot determine the physical development of the child. The Minnesota Twin Studies have shown, for example, even identical twins who share the same...
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...recessive genetic disorder of lipid metabolism. WHAT IS BARTH’S SYNDROME? A rare but serious X-linked recessive genetic disorder of lipid metabolism. SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: Weak heart muscle A reduction in neutrophils Muscle hypoplasia Growth delay Cardiolipin deficiency CAUSES: Barth syndrome is caused by mutations in the TAZ1 gene on the X chromosome. WHO IS AFFECTED? Affects primarily males, of any race. Females can have Barth syndrome but are mostly carriers of the mutated gene. HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED? Quantitative urine organic acid analysis. Cardiolipin analysis of muscle, platelets, or cultivated cells. Complete blood count and differential. Echocardiogram. DNA sequence analysis. QUANTITATIVE DATA: Less than 10 newborns diagnosed each year averaging about 1 in every 300,000 to 400,000 births. OTHER NAMES: 3-methylglutaconic aciduria BTHS Dilated cardiomyopathy Neutropenia CURE/TREATMENT: There is neither specific cure nor specific treatment for Barth syndrome. Not all patients show all of the symptoms at one time, so they are treated as they rise. Paying close attention and monitoring is imperative CAUSES: Barth syndrome is caused by mutations in the TAZ1 gene on the X chromosome. WHO IS AFFECTED? Affects primarily males, of any race. Females can have Barth syndrome but are mostly carriers of the mutated gene. HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED? * Quantitative urine organic acid analysis. * Cardiolipin analysis of muscle, platelets...
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