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Geology Notes

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* Groundwater a. Porosity—measure of amount of void spaces in a material b. Permeability—measure of “interconnectedness” of void spaces in a material c. Aquifers—materials through which water can easily flow (e.g. sandstone-hih porosity and permeability) d. Aquicludes—material through which water cannot easily flow (e.g. shale—low permeability)
Groundwater flowing beneath the land is incredibly important freshwater resources to humans
Groundwater flows slowly—typically centimeters (inches) per day—flows in direction determined by changes in hydraulic head (water pressure relative to an elevation datum)—flows from high to low head
Unconfined Aquifers—aquifer open to receive water from earth’s surface—characterized by zone of aeration (pores filled with air or partially filled with water/air) and zone of saturation (pores filled with water)
Can also become “perched”—perched water table is when, due to lends of sediments acting as aquiclude, a secondary water table is created above main water table
Water table—boundary between zone of aeration and zone of saturation
Well—where groundwater is brought to the surface
Cone of depression—local lowering of water table around well
Artesian Wells—groundwater comes to the surface without having to pump
Artesian Well Conditions:
Confined aquifer (an aquifer between two aquicludes)
Confined aquifer is inclined
Recharge area above height of well
Groundwater as flows through surface if it encounters limestone (calcite) will leach (dissolve away) the rock (think dissolution)—forming cave
Features associated with caves include—stalactites (deposits formed on top of caves), stalagmites (deposits formed on floor of caves), and sinkholes (collapse above where limestone has dissolved away)
In areas dominated by limestones where there has been large amounts of leaching (dissolution), karst topography is formed (irregular-shaped mountians with intervening valleys)—called karst topography
Along coastlines where groundwater is withdrawn from wells—salt-water encroachment can occur—slat-water replaces fresh water—contaminates wells
Sources of Groundwater contamination
Old landfills, septic tanks, mine waste, waste lagoons, chemical (gas) storage tanks, fertilizers, pesticides, salts on roads
Type of groundwater contamination
Defined by EPA six major categories
Microorganisms
Dissinfectants
Disinfection byproducts,
Inorganic chemicals
Organic chemicals
Radionuclides
Potable water—water that is drinkable with low risk of harm
Dissolved materials (including contaminants) are typically measured in water in concentration of parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb)
Ppm=one part dissolved, 999,999 parts H20
Ppb=one part dissolved, 999,999,999 parts H20
Some concentrations must be quite low for the contaminants that would cause harm
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCSs) >5ppb harmful
Trichloroethylene (TCE)>0.005 ppm harmful
Nitrates>10ppm harmful

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