... Diabetes Mellitus Desiree Robinson North Carolina Central University Are you at risk for Diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the body does not properly process glucose from the food we eat. In other words, the energy that our body’s cells need is not being met effectively. The onset of this disease starts with the pancreas; it is the main organ that is targeted. The pancreas is vital for releasing a hormone called insulin. Insulin is responsible for helping glucose travel into somatic cells in the body for cellular use. When the body does not make the proper amount of insulin the cells need for metabolic function, hyperglycemia occurs causing high amounts of sugars to build up in the blood. The result of this action causes diabetes to occur.(cdc.gov, 2015). Prediabetes occurs when the amount of glucose present in the blood is above normal but is not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. A person who has prediabetes is likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In general, diabetes can lead to amputations, stroke, blindness, neuropathy, heart and kidney disease. However, proper lifestyles changes like exercising, dieting, and weight loss can decrease or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. (niddk.nih.gov, 2014) Furthermore, there are three types of diabetes, type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is known as juvenile diabetes or insulin -dependent diabetes mellitus...
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...Diabetes Mellitus Christa Hackett SOC 313 Sabrina Geoffrion June 17, 2013 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic, incurable condition of carbohydrate metabolism that involves an imbalance of the supply and demand for insulin; it is the most common of all endocrine conditions (Laffel & Wood, 2007; Olefsky, 2001). Diabetes is a common health condition that affects millions throughout the universe. Diabetes affects millions of people in different and diverse ethnic groups. In the United States diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death. Diabetes is a growing problem in the US and it is becoming an epidemic. There are 3 types of diabetes mellitus, Type-1, Type-2, and Gestational Diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is insulin dependent and accounts for at least 10% of diagnosed cases. In Type 1 diabetes the immune system makes it hard for the body to produce insulin. With no insulin the body cannot transform sugar from food into nutrients for cells. When excess sugar collects in the blood stream, it may eventually cause premature death and heavy damage to organs. Type-1 diabetes can affect adults and children suddenly and require supplemental insulin, a carefully planned diet and exercise regimen. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in young adults, teenagers, and children. Type 1 diabetes happens when the body’s immune system strike and destroys cells in the pancreas, the organ which is located behind the lower part of the stomach. These beta cells commonly produce insulin, the hormone...
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...JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S HEALTH Volume 14, Number 8, 2005 © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Changes in Health Status Experienced by Women with Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy-Induced Hypertensive Disorders CATHERINE KIM, M.D., M.P.H..1 PHYLLIS BRAWARSKY, M.P.H.,2 REBECCA A. JACKSON, M.D.,3 ELENA FUENTES-AFFLICK, M.D., M.P.H.,4 and JENNIFER S. HAAS, M.D., M.S.P.H.2 ABSTRACT Objective: To examine changes in health status among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Methods: We examined perceived health status changes from the prepregnancy, as recalled at 12–20 weeks gestation, to the postpartum period in women with GDM (n 64) vs. unaffected gravidas (n 1233) and women diagnosed with PIH (n 148) vs. unaffected gravidas. We used patient survey and medical record data from a prospective cohort study. Health status measures included the Short Form-36 scales for physical function, vitality, and self-rated health and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Multivariate logistic regression models controlled for age, parity, race, education, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and exercise levels, food insufficiency, and GDM or PIH during a prior pregnancy. Results: Women with PIH more often reported a significant decline in vitality (odds ratio [OR] 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-2.23) and self-rated health (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.193.77) and an increase in depressive symptoms from prepregnancy to postpartum compared...
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...World Health Day 2016: Beat diabetes 7 April 2016 - World Health Day Background In 2008, an estimated 347 million people in the world had diabetes and the prevalence is growing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In 2012, the disease was the direct cause of some 1.5 million deaths, with more than 80% of those occurring in low- and middle-income countries. WHO projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death by 2030. Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar, gives us the energy that we need to live. If it cannot get into the cells to be burned as energy, sugar builds up to harmful levels in the blood. There are 2 main forms of the diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes typically make none of their own insulin and therefore require insulin injections to survive. People with type 2 diabetes, the form that comprises some 90% of cases, usually produce their own insulin, but not enough or they are unable to use it properly. People with type 2 diabetes are typically overweight and sedentary, 2 conditions that raise a person’s insulin needs. Over time, high blood sugar can seriously compromise every major organ system in the body, causing heart attacks, strokes, nerve damage, kidney failure, blindness, impotence and infections that can lead to amputations. World Health Day 2016: Key messages ...
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...DIABETES Definition: Diabetes is a condition where the body fails to utilize ingested glucose. Most of what we eat is broken down into glucose. Glucose is a form of sugar in the blood – it is the principal source of fuel for our bodies. It’s a metabolism disorderthat causes excessive thirst and production of large amounts of urine because the kidneys fail to conserve water. Metabolism refers to the way our bodies use digested food for energy and growth. When our food is digested, the glucose makes its way into our bloodstream. Our cells use the glucose for energy and growth. However, glucose cannot enter our cells without insulin being present. Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. Insulin makes it possible for our cells to take in glucose. Types of Diabetes There are three (3) main types of diabetes. They are Type 1Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes. Patients with Type 1 Diabetes usually develop this type of diabetes before their 40th year, often in adulthood or teenage years. In this case, the body does not produce insulin. Some people refer to this type as insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes or early-onset diabetes. Patients with Type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the rest of their life. They must also ensure proper blood-glucose levels by carrying out regular blood tests and following a special diet. Under Type 2 Diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin for proper function or the cells in...
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...Makati Medical Center - College of Nursing SY 2011 – 2012 A Case Study Presentation on the Care of a Mother with Preeclampsia Superimposed on Chronic Hypertension In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirement of NCM102 – Related Learning Experience Submitted To: Submitted By: Leader: Knight, Catherine P. Members: Iglesias, Pauleen Itliong, Juliane B. Javier, Reniccia Janel Joaquin, Gian Denise M. Kwek, Michael Angelo L. La Sangre, Anne Gabrielle B. Lacerna, Iruel Victor III Leynes, Sofia Antonniette M. Lindawan, Ma. Kristine S. BSN II – B Group 2 December 17, 2011 Table of Contents Chapter I - Introduction A. Description of the Case………................................................................. 4 B. Purpose and Objectives........................................................................... 5 C. Significance and Justification....................
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...risk pregnancy not only place mother at danger but also fetus requires close monitoring as well. Maternal with high risk pregnancies increases the rate of fetal morbidity and mortality. It is very crucial to monitor for fetal well-being when maternal is prone to have high risk pregnancy. For example, the gestational age is expected to be smaller for a maternal with preeclampsia. This is directly related to fetal hypoxia and malnutrition, due to maternal vasospasm and hypovolemia. In some cases it may result in premature birth (London, Ladewing, Ball, & Binder 2007). Other conditions that are considered maternal with high risk pregnancy include maternal age less than 16 or greater 35, chronic illness such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease etc. The purpose of fetal monitoring is early detection of a fetal at risk which may require an early intervention for maternal and fetal safety. Fetal monitoring is one way of testing fetal well-being as defined by London et al. (2007) as, “Clinicians now generally agree that vigorous fetal activity provides reassurance of fetal well-being and that marked decreased in activity or cessation of movement may indicate possible fetal compromise (or even death) requiring immediate follow up” (p.294). The purpose of fetal monitoring is to prevent injury of the fetus from impaired oxygenation. It is very important to evaluate well-being, maturation and size of the fetus for planning the timing of the birth. In pregnancies complicated...
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...have diabetes.(Lamb) As many as one-half are unaware they have it. This chronic disease causes serious health complications including renal failure, heart disease, stroke, and blindness. It is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced. Then glucose in the blood is not able to be absorbed into the cells of the body.(Kishore) The cells in the human body need energy in order to function. Glucose is the body's primary energy source. It is a simple sugar resulting from the digestion of foods containing carbohydrates. It circulates in the blood from the foods that are digested as a ready energy source for any cells that need it. Insulin is a hormone or chemical produced by cells in the pancreas, it is located behind the stomach. It bonds to a receptor site on the outside of cell and goes into the cell through which glucose can enter. Glucose can be saved for later use by converting to concentrated energy sources like glycogen or fatty acids. When there is not enough insulin produced , glucose stays in the blood rather entering the cells. The body will attempt to dilute the high level of glucose in the blood, which called hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia acts by drawing water out of the cells and into the bloodstream, to dilute the sugar and excrete it in the urine. People with undiagnosed diabetes to be constantly thirsty, drink large quantities of water, and urinate frequently as their bodies try to...
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...Type 2 Diabetes - Reducing the Risk James Irwin American Military University SCIN132: Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology 19 April 2013 Abstract Obesity is the leading cause of preventable deaths within the United States and has risen to epidemic proportions and is the major contributor to the increasing number of people who have type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a result of the body resisting insulin, causing glucose to build up in the blood stream. Without intervention, this can have severe complications such as hypertension, heart attack or stroke, kidney disease, nervous system damage, eye problems and blindness, and pregnancy. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death within the United States. This growing trend is preventable by increasing awareness about the risk of diabetes and educating people on the importance of choosing a lifestyle consisting a healthy diet and physical activity. Type 2 Diabetes - Reducing the Risk Obesity within the United States has reached epidemic proportions within the past several decades. Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States, causing an estimated 200,000 deaths per year (2013). Obesity is a major contributing factor to the increasing number of people of have type 2 diabetes. The resulting medical costs are overwhelming and easily preventable in most cases. Lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity play a major role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes...
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...------------------------------------------------- KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,KUMASI. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- BIRTHWEIGHT OF NEWBORNS IN RELATION TO THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE ATWIMA NWABIAGYA DISTRICT OF ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, ------------------------------------------------- KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI IN ------------------------------------------------- PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ------------------------------------------------- PUBLIC HEALTH (MPH) DEGREE IN POPULATION AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Diabetes is has two types Type 1 and Type 2. They have in common that the level of sugar is abnormally high. Type 1 diabetes is a deficiency of the hormone insulin that regulates blood sugar levels. Only about 5% of people who have diabetes have this type whereas type 2 is far more common. With type 2 the level of insulin can be low, normal or high. The body does not starts respond properly to insulin it becomes partially resistant to the effects of insulin. Diabetes is often described as one of the most psychologically and behaviorally demanding of the chronic medical illnesses. What makes diabetes difficult to treat is that psychosocial factors play a role in “nearly every aspect of diabetes and its treatment." (Cox & Gonder-Frederick, 1992). Consequently, disruptions to psychological wellness may impact diabetes adversely. Family members may be frightened by the possibility of serious acute and chronic complications of diabetes. May only recognize that less than rigorous control leads to complications, may not know how to help in which family members turn adherence to diabetes self-care recommendations into autonomy issues: nagging, doing too much for the person, not letting the person learn how to care for their self, treating the person like a child. Stress is another psychology health issues which can result in reduced motivation for self-care, risky behaviors like alcohol abuse and food binging. Physiological changes include blood...
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...blood sugar has been way too high over the past few months. The A1c is an indication of glycosylation in the body which is damaging to the blood vessels and peripheral nerves. It causes thickening of the basement membrane which will impair oxygen transport to the tissues and carbon dioxide removal. • High BP • Total Cholesterol is elevated at 256mg/dL, normal value is below 200mg/dL • Fasting glucose is high at 184mg/dL, normal value is below 126mg/dL • Triglycerides are elevated at 346 mg/dL, normal levels are below 150mg/dL. Y.L. indicates levels that are high. • LDL levels are elevated at 155mg/dL and ideal values are below 100mg/dL; LDL is the value you want to be the lowest. • HDL levels are low and the HDL levels need to be high, 40-60mg/dL is desired. • Urine Analysis indicates that Y.L. is spilling glucose into her urine. 2. Identify the three methods used to diagnose DM. - Fasting blood glucose of > 126 mg/dl - Random Glucose Level >200 mg/dl (plus presence of other symptoms) - A1C > 6.5% 3. Identify three functions of insulin. • regulates glucose metabolism • stimulates lipogenesis • stimulates growth 4. Describe the major pathophysiologic difference between type 1 and type 2 DM. • Type 1 diabetes, the body produces insufficient insulin to regulate blood glucose levels, known as ‘insulin dependent’. • Type 2 diabetes, the body produces sufficient insulin, but the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, thus ‘insulin resistant’...
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...STUDENT NAME: DATE: 3/25/13 CLIENT OVERVIEW | CLIENT INITIALS: A.F | AGE: 27 | MARITAL STATUS: Married | ETHNICITY: White | RELIGION: N/A | LMP: 6 / 24 /12 | EDC: 3 / 31 /13 | GESTATIONAL AGE: 39 weeks | G: 3 | T: 3 | P: 0 | A: 0 | L: 3 | PERTINENT HEALTH HISTORY | CHIEF COMPLAINT:(reason for admission in pt’s words)Patient stated “My water broke and I began having contractions”. She also felt as if her blood pressure was “high”. ADMISSION VE: / / | HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:(significant events/complications in labor/hospital stay):Client’s blood pressure was 140/90 upon admission. | PRENATAL CARE: * Maternal and fetal vitals (includes FHR). * Fetal baseline: 130s * Variability (marked) * Fetal movement * BPP score of 8 * Prenatal labs * DTR’s ( 2+) | YEAR | TYPE of DEL | GEST AGE | F/M | BIRTH COMPLICATIONS | NB STATUS | 1.2004 | NSVD | 40 w | F | None | Living | 2.2008 | NSVD | 38 w | M | None | Living | 3.2013 | NSVD | 39 w | F | None | Living | 4. | | | | | | 5. | | | | | | OB/GYN/MEDICAL/SURGICAL/SOCIAL HISTORY: * Former smoker (Cigarettes) * Gravida 3 Para 3 * Post-partum depression (No meds during pregnancy) * Fibroid x 2 * PIH | MATERNAL LABS | Blood Type/Rh: O - | HgB/HCT:10.0 / 31.6 | WBC/Platelets:8.4 / 286 | GCT: 100 | GBS: Neg | HIV: Neg | Hep B: Neg | Rubella: Need vaccine | RPR/STS: Neg | Gonorrhea: Neg | Chlamydia: Neg | Other: | ...
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...Diabetology, June 2010; 3 :4 http://www.journalofdiabetology.org/ Review Article: Diabetes in Prevention Abstract: Pakistan: Epidemiology, Determinants and * R. Hakeem 1 , 2 , A . Fawwad 2 Epidemiology and determinants of diabetes in Pakistan have peculiar combination of risk factors. Strong gene and environment interplay along with in-utero programming in context of low birth weight and gestational diabetes are the main contributors of a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pakistan. The real burden of diabetes is due to its chronic complications leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The unique combination of various risk factors necessitates research studies to make appropriate risk assessment tools to control this diabetes pandemic. Better understanding of aetio-pathological genetic and environmental factors are suggesting prevention should begin much before the start of disease process and interventions in high-risk subjects alone will not be sufficient. It is necessary to initiate population based programmes for primary prevention of diabetes including a range of activities targeted at different age groups from fetal life to old age. Synchronized and coordinated efforts from public and private sectors are needed to combat this mammoth health and economic issue. Key words: Diabetes, Pakistan, Introduction: Escalation in rates of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes in Pakistan is posing threats to the economy and quality of life of people due to...
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...the end of week 37 of gestation; another criterion is a weight of less than 2,500 grams (5lb 8oz) at birth I. INCIDENCE Occurs approximately 7% of live births of white infants, in Afro-American infants the rate is doubled 14% (Thilo & Rosenberg, 2003) CAUSES/FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRETERM BIRTHS 1. Low socio-economic status 2. Poor nutritional status 3. Lack of prenatal care 4. Multiple pregnancy 5. Previous early birth 6. Race (non-whites have higher incidence than whites) 7. Cigarette smoking 8. Age of the mother (highest incidence is in mothers younger than age 20) 9. Order of birth (early termination is highest in first pregnancies and in those beyond 4th pregnancies) 10. Closed spaced pregnancies 11. Abnormalities of mother’s reproductive system, such as intrauterine septum 12. Infections (especially UTI) 13. Obstetric complications (PROM, premature separation of placenta 14. Early induction of labor 15. Elective cesarean birth ASSESSMENT A. History – detailed pregnancy history will reveal reason for the preterm birth; be careful not to convey disapproval of reported pregnancy behaviors such as smoking, etc. Being overburdened with guilt may be detrimental to her attempts to bond with her infant B. Appearance Criteria Posture Premature infant Resting posture – characterized by very little, if any, flexion in upper extremities and only partial flexion of lower extremities Exhibit a 90˚ angle Minimal or absent Will reach near or across midline Full-term infant Flexion...
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