Panama - The city's semi-official history - A History of Panama City, put out by the Panama City Public Library [5] - gives an account of how it gained its name: The original name of the town was Harrison. Its developer, George Mortimer West, gave the town its present name because it was on a direct line between Chicago and Panama City, Panama, in Central America. The name change took place during the building of the Panama Canal, as a way to link the area to an ongoing media interest, in hopes of promoting real estate development in Bay County.
Major Cities: Panama City, Panama
San Miguelito, Panama
Alcalde Diaz, Panama
Tocumen, Panama
David, Panama | Arraijan, Panama
Colon, Panama
Las Cumbres, Panama
La Chorrera, Panama
Pacora, Panama | Santiago, Panama
Chitre, Panama
Vista Alegre, Panama
Chilibre, Panama
Kusapin, Panama |

Paraguay- is a landlocked country in South America, bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América ("Heart of America").

Major Cities: Asuncion, Paraguay
Ciudad del Este, Paraguay
San Lorenzo, Paraguay
Luque, Paraguay
Capiata, Paraguay | Lambare, Paraguay
Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
Limpio, Paraguay
Nemby, Paraguay
Encarnacion, Paraguay | Mariano Roque Alonso, Paraguay
Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay
Itaugua, Paraguay
Villa Elisa, Paraguay
San Antonio, Paraguay |

Peru- Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Economic cycles have mostly been based on the extraction of raw materials like guano (1840s-1860s) and rubber (ca. 1900).

Lima
Arequipa
Trujillo
Chiclayo
Iquitos | Huancayo
Piura
Chimbote
Cusco
Pucallpa | Tacna
Juliaca
Ica
Sullana
Chincha Alta |
Major Cities:

Suriname - In 1667 it was captured by the Dutch, who governed Suriname as Dutch Guiana until 1954. At that time it was designated as one of the constituent countries (Dutch: landen) of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, next to the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles (dissolved in 2010). On 25 November 1975, the country of Suriname left the Kingdom of the Netherlands to become independent. A member of CARICOM, it is frequently considered a Caribbean country and has had frequent trade and cultural exchange with the Caribbean nations.

Major Cities: Paramaribo, Suriname
Lelydorp, Suriname
Nieuw Nickerie, Suriname
Moengo, Suriname
Meerzorg, Suriname | Nieuw Amsterdam, Suriname
Marienburg, Suriname
Wageningen, Suriname
Albina, Suriname
Groningen, Suriname | Brokopondo, Suriname
Onverwacht, Suriname
Totness, Suriname
Pokigron, Suriname
Kajana, Suriname |

Uruguay - Uruguay remained largely uninhabited until the establishment of Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the country, by the Portuguese in 1680. Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century, signifying the competing claims over the region. Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a four-way struggle between Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Brazil. It remained subjected to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century, with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics until the late 20th century. Modern Uruguay is a democratic constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government. It frequently ranks as one of the most developed and prosperous countries in Latin America.

Major Cities: Montevideo, Uruguay
Salto, Uruguay
Ciudad de la Costa, Uruguay
Paysandu, Uruguay
Las Piedras, Uruguay | Rivera, Uruguay
Maldonado, Uruguay
Melo, Uruguay
Tacuarembo, Uruguay
Artigas, Uruguay | Mercedes, Uruguay
Minas, Uruguay
San Jose de Mayo, Uruguay
Florida, Uruguay
Durazno, Uruguay |

Venezuela - Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 despite resistance from indigenous peoples. It became one of the first Spanish American colonies to declare independence (in 1811) but did not securely establish independence until 1821 (as a department of the federal republic of Gran Colombia, gaining full independence in 1830). During the 19th century Venezuela suffered political turmoil and dictatorship, and it was dominated by regional caudillos (military strongmen) well into the 20th century. The country has had democratic governments since 1958; before that, like most countries of Latin America, it suffered some coups and military dictatorships. Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis causing hundreds of deaths in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for embezzlement of public funds in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of former career officer Hugo Chávez and the launch of the Bolivarian Revolution, beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela.

Major Cities: Maracaibo, Venezuela
Caracas, Venezuela
Valencia, Venezuela
Merida, Venezuela
Barquisimeto, Venezuela | Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela
Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela
Barcelona, Venezuela
Maturin, Venezuela
Maracay, Venezuela | Petare, Venezuela
Turmero, Venezuela
Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
Barinas, Venezuela
Santa Teresa, Venezuela |