...------------------------------------------------- UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- FACULTY OF BUSINESS ------------------------------------------------- Graduate School of Business ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Management & Organisations - 21800 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Student Name: Arijit Banerjee ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Student Number: 11294636 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Lecture Day: Monday 9 AM to 12 PM ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Lecturer: Dr. Walter Jarvis ------------------------------------------------- Tutor: Ms. Alison Lee ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- UTS: BUSINESS SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT PART A: The educational system in any country around the world is, by no doubt, designed to meet the ever growing hunger of Industrialization. Dubbed by Sir Ken Robinson (2010) as “the fast food model”, this...
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............................................................................................... Bad Management Theories Are Destroying Good Management Practices SUMANTRA GHOSHAL Advanced Institute of Management Research (AIM), UK and London Business School The corporate scandals in the United States have stimulated a frenzy of activities in business schools around the world. Deans are extolling how much their curricula focus on business ethics. New courses are being developed on corporate social responsibility. Old, highly laudatory cases on Enron and Tyco are being hurriedly rewritten. “What more must we do?”, the faculty are asking themselves in grave seminars and over lunch tables (Bartunek, 2002). Business schools do not need to do a great deal more to help prevent future Enrons; they need only to stop doing a lot they currently do. They do not need to create new courses; they need to simply stop teaching some old ones. But, before doing any of this, we—as business school faculty—need to own up to our own role in creating Enrons. Our theories and ideas have done much to strengthen the management practices that we are all now so loudly condemning. vested interests, which are dangerous for good or evil” Keynes (1953: 306). This is precisely what has happened to management. Obsessed as they are with the “real world” and sceptical as most of them are of all theories, managers are no exception to the intellectual slavery of the “practical men” to which Keynes referred. Many of...
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...A Theory-Based Approach to the Relationship between Social Capital and Communities of Practice El-Sayed Abou-Zeid John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada el-sayed@jmsb.concordia.ca Abstract: There is almost a consensus that tacit component of organisational knowledge is of critical strategic importance because, unlike explicit knowledge, it is both inimitable and appropriable. Because of its characteristics, organisational tacit knowledge is usually created and shared through highly interactive conversation and shared experience, i.e., through a socialisation process. At the firm’s level, the effectiveness of the socialisation process depends on the firm’s social capital. At group level, it has been argued that communities of practice form the basis of a firm's ability to create and share tacit knowledge. Therefore, investigating the relationship between social capital, communities of practice and individual human action is crucial in understanding the dynamic of cross level knowledge creation and utilisation and in understanding organisational learning process. In order to study this relationship Giddens’ theory of structuration is used as it provides an integrating meta-theory that recognises social reality as constituted by both subjective human actors and by objective institutional properties and attempts to articulate a process-oriented approach that relates the realm of human action and institutional realm. Based on Giddens’ theory a model...
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...INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRD EDITION Since the second edition of this book published in 2007, the globalization of the economy has seen its momentum challenged by two financial crises. Starting in the USA, the so-called ‘subprime’ crisis has obliged governments around the world to engage in Neo-Keynesian policies in order to consolidate the stumbling global financial system. More recently the ‘Eurozone’ crisis has called into question one of the most ambitious international cooperations and has seen populations asking for more protectionism. In the Middle East, dictatorial regimes have been ousted by the revolutionary ‘Arab Spring’ and the newly formed governments are trying to find a way between global exchange and Islamic tradition. During these difficult times, emerging countries from Asia, Latin America and Africa have increasingly asserted their newly found economic and financial power and demanded a bigger participation in world governance. The tsunami that struck Fukushima in Japan in March 2011 creating a nuclear accident has convinced many nations to reconsider their energy policy. Despite all of this, globalization, even though criticized, is still active. Firms are moving to the new emerging economies in order to capture the consumption appetite of the growing middle classes. It is still relevant and important to put together all aspects of global strategic management. This third edition is still about global firms and global management. Its objective remains to help...
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...International Business Pt-PGPM Dr. Ankur Roy Asst. Professor Strategic Management Area Email: ankur.roy@mdi.ac.in INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS The course on International Business is designed for those who intend to pursue a career in International Business and for those who believe, to be successful it is necessary to understand the globalization, its evolution, patterns, drivers and linkages as the future consists of economies that will be absolutely interdependent due to rapid dismantling of all kinds of barriers to trade. For survival, businesses will have to look beyond national boundaries and an international mindset will be required to be developed since the products, services, markets, consumers, collaborators, competitors, logistics, operations, alliances and resources will not be bounded by geographical limitations. This will cut across all businesses and industries without discrimination of being emerging or declining, small, medium or large, slow moving or fast, technology oriented or not, in developed countries or in emerging economies. Additionally, it will provide an insight and understanding of functioning of the increasingly significant international organizations and the international monetary systems; of the uncontrollable forces influencing foreign environments today and changes that have already taken place in the international business arena and are likely to emerge on time horizon in short and in long term. Goals and Objectives: Upon...
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...Manag Int Rev (2011) 51:179–192 DOI 10.1007/s11575-011-0071-6 R e s e a R c h a Rt i c l e Effective Global Strategy Implementation Structural and Process Choices Facilitating Global Integration and Coordination Attila Yaprak · Shichun Xu · Erin Cavusgil Abstract: 0 0 this article offers a contingency framework of global strategy implementation effectiveness on firm performance. The research question we seek to address is what the structural and process requirements are for MNEs to successfully implement global strategy through increased efficiency and effectiveness of integration and coordination across world markets. Our central premise is that MNEs’ capabilities in establishing supporting structural and process mechanisms will enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of implementing their global strategies which would, in turn, lead to better firm performance. Keywords: Integration and coordination · Global strategy · Firm performance · contingency framework Received: 25.12.2009 / Revised: 15.08.2010 / Accepted: 11.10.2010 / Published online: 02.04.2011 © Gabler-Verlag 2011 Prof. A. Yaprak () Department of Marketing, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA e-mail: Attila.yaprak@wayne.edu Asst. Prof. S. Xu Department of Marketing and Logistics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA Asst. Prof. E. Cavusgil Department of Marketing, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, USA 180 A. Yaprak et al. Introduction The globalization of the world economy...
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...Introduction This essay mainly discussed the market for information, although this market is invisible, it plays an essential role in financial and banking industry. In part I, the essay will try to explain why the market will exist as well as why the different kinds of participates exist. The market for information is a complex market with a large number of chains and relations between information producers and information buyers. However, some chains and relations of the market are the core part for the market to function well. The essay will also discuss the “Chains of transacting and accountability” and “Networks of assurance”. However, in the process of information producing, there will be some difficulty in learning and knowledge creation. In part II, the essay will firstly introduce the ideal process of learning and knowledge production and secondly discuss the reason for the ineffectiveness of learning and knowledge creation processes. Based on the possible reasons of ineffectiveness, it will also give some suggestions on how to avoid the difficulties in the future. This essay is mainly based on John Holland’s two papers; therefore, in the end, the report will discuss some limitations of these two papers. I. Information production and assurance roles of participants in the ‘market for information’ What is the market for information and why does this market exist? Information markets are usually a place where individual knowledge is organized and aggregated...
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...governance structures are combined. We create a model of the relationships between transaction characteristics, mix of governance structures, transaction costs and benefits, and information systems; from an instantiated version of this general model, we elaborate four propositions. Moreover, with two “real world” examples (Google and JBoss), we illustrate the existence of the proposed transaction characteristics and mixed governance structures. We conclude by discussing how information systems generate opportunities for creating transaction benefits. Keywords: Transaction Cost Economics, Benefits, Governance structures. 1124 1 THE SINGLE MINDEDNESS OF TRANSACTION COST ECONOMICS Transaction cost economics (TCE) is a highly influential theory. The initiating work (Coase 1937) has more than 5,000...
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...Examining Enron's Failure Organizational-behavior theories help to understand the effects of leadership, objectives, individual characteristics and action, and employee behavior and attitudes within an organization. It also explains the effects of internal environments, such as culture, the structure of the organization, resource and task allocation, and external environments such as competition or government regulation. These factors contribute to the performance, success or failure, and survival or fall of an organization. Organizational-behavior theories help to explain the collapse of Enron and how leadership, management, and organizational structure contributed to its failure. Organizational Structure With a market capitalization of nearly $74 billion, Enron was one of the world’s leading energy companies by the late 1990s. However, it had gained this status through the perpetration of illegal activities at the very highest levels of the organization. Enron’s fall was because of the organizational-level corruption that grew from its structure and trickled down to the collective behavior of its employees. Enron’s top-down, hierarchical structure by unit grouping meant that the top management team either directly or indirectly through their subordinates influenced the actions of the organization. For example, the structure of the accounting department allowed it to disregard legal requirements through “structural secrecy” that Enron’s executives could exploit (Beenen &...
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...Integrating the Enterprise Vertical "command and control" sabotages organizations that need bottom-up innovation to be competitive. Yet organizational integration is increasingly essential. New research shows how technology is helping cutting-edge companies meet the challenge by integrating horizontally. Sumantra Ghoshal and Lynda Cratton nc ofthe most fundamentiil Lind enduring tensions in all liiit very small companies is between siibunit aulononiy and empowermenl on ihc one hand and overall organizaliontil integnition and cohesion on Lhe other.' The tensions grow with increasing organizational complexity and assume tbe most intensity in large, diversified global companies.^ In our research with such organizations, we have seen ihal it is possible to balance those tensions successtijlly by implementing four kinds of horizontal integration for .ichieving cohesion witboul hierarchy. Over the lasL decade, many large companies around the world focused on creating relatively autonomous subunits and empowered managers by breaking up ihoir organizational behemoths into small, entrepreneurial units. Some, though nol all, achieved significant benefits from such restructnring.-' Freed from bureaucratic ccnlral controls, the empowered units improved both the speed and the quality of responsiveness to market demands — and fostered increased innovation. Companies were able to reduce tbeir corporate-level overbead and make internal-governance processes more disciplined and transparent...
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...OTASC_2-2_Layout 9/8/05 11:30 am Page 83 Journal of Organisational Transformation and Social Change Volume 2 Number 2 © 2005 Intellect Ltd Article. English Language. doi: 10.1386/jots.2.2.83/1 Towards a generic international human resource management (IHRM) model Jie Shen University of South Australia Abstract Keywords Reflecting the prevailing Western literature and based on an empirical study in Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs), this study develops an IHRM model and argues that it can be widely applicable. The model indicates that an MNE’s IHRM policies and practices are the interaction of the home HRM system, firmspecific factors and host-contextual factors. The firm-specific and host-contextual factors have a differentiated, changing and concurrent impact on IHRM policies and practices. There is also interplay between IHRM policies and practices. Intervening factors and their impact may vary over time and in different contexts. IHRM IHRM model intervening factors Chinese IHRM multinational enterprises (MNEs) Internationalization and the effective use of international human resources are two major issues facing firms in today’s global economy. As more and more firms operate internationally, there is a clear need to develop an understanding of how to manage human resources that are located outside the domestic environment. An IHRM system is a set of distinct activities, functions and processes that are directed at attracting...
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...® Academy oi Management Review 1994, Vol. J9. No. 1. 119-143. INTERNATIONAL-BUSINESS POLITICAL BEHAVIOR: NEW THEORETICAL DIRECTIONS JEAN J. BODDEWYN Baruch College THOMAS L. BREWER Georgetown University Alternative assumptions are advanced regarding the political nature of international business and the role of government as a factor of production, which firms must manage in their international valueadded chains. Based on a model oi business political behavior, various propositions are developed regarding the interactions among firm, industry, and nonmarket factors as well as the impact they have on various forms and intensities of political behavior, as affected by strategic objectives. Finally, the sfrategic-theorizing implications of such behavior are discussed in the context of the recent emphasis on resource-based models of strategy management. Research in international business (IB) is much more infused with a consideration of political factors than its domestic counterpart. Authors of IB studies have constantly mentioned and even emphasized government as a variable, rather than a constant or given, because international firms (exporters, importers, licensors, foreign direct investors, etc.) operate under a great variety of evolving political regimes that have an impact on these firms' entry, operation, and exit. When IB topics were first researched in a policy-oriented manner, Fayerweather (1969) stressed "the accommodation of interests and the ...
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...Web 2.0 Use and Knowledge Transfer: How Social Media Technologies Can Lead to Organizational Innovation Namjoo Choi1, Kuang-Yuan Huang2 Aaron Palmer1 and Lenore Horowitz3 1 School of Library and Information Science, College of Communication and Information, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA 2 Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 3 Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology, Schenectady County Community College, Schenectady, NY, USA namjoo.choi@uky.edu kh799292@albany.edu aaron.palmer@uky.edu horowilg@sunysccc.edu Abstract: The concept of Web 2.0 has gained widespread prominence in recent years. The use of Web 2.0 applications on an individual level is currently extensive, and such applications have begun to be implemented by organizations in hopes of boosting collaboration and driving innovation. Despite this growing trend, only a small number of theoretical perspectives are available in the literature that discuss how such applications could be utilized to assist in innovation. In this paper, we propose a theoretical model explicating this phenomenon. We argue that organizational Web 2.0 use fosters the emergence and enhancement of informal networks, weak ties, boundary spanners, organizational absorptive capacity, which are reflected in three dimensions of social capital, structural, relational, and cognitive. The generation of social capital enables organizational knowledge transfer, which in turn leads...
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...2007 Academy of International Business All rights reserved 0047-2506 $30.00 www.jibs.net Real options in multinational corporations: organizational challenges and risk implications Tony W Tong1 and Jeffrey J Reuer2 1 School of Management, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; 2Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Correspondence: JJ Reuer, Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina, McColl Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Tel: þ 1 919 962 4514; Fax: þ 1 919 962 4266; E-mail: reuer@unc.edu Abstract In this study, we investigate how multinationality affects firms’ risk levels. Our investigation builds on the idea from real options theory that international operations offer switching options to multinational corporations, yet we also emphasize different sources of coordination costs that can mitigate the benefits of operational flexibility. The findings from Tobit models accounting for selfselection underscore the importance of unobserved heterogeneity in the relationships between international investments and risk levels. Consistent with the coordination costs surrounding international operations, we find that the relationship between multinationality and downside risk is curvilinear: risk first declines and then increases as a firm’s portfolio of international investments becomes extensive. In addition, downside risk is an increasing function of the average cultural...
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...Sumantra, 1991). This involves a simultaneous focus on Reducing costs, Transferring skills and Products, and Boosting Local responsiveness. Implementing such a strategy may not be easy. This essay will discuss how it is hard for a company to implement a transnational strategy to enter and compete in foreign market. Transnational Strategy: a tug of war In this competitive world, many industries are finding it hard to compete in a single market. This is due to increased competition from other established companies. Therefore, companies often tend to come up with strategies across boarders. These are strategies that help a company to compete at the international market, and at the same time maintain its domestic market (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998). It is crucial for the management of that particular company to be aware of the many international factors, which are of importance to the...
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