...Giardia Giardia is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. Giardia is protected by an outer shell that allows it to survive outside the body for long periods of time and makes it tolerant to chlorine disinfection. (A parasite is an organism that feeds off of another to survive.) The parasite lives in the intestines and is passed in feces (poop). Once outside the body, Giardia can sometimes survive for weeks or months. Giardia can be picked up from surfaces (such as bathroom handles, changing tables, diaper pails, or toys) that contain stool from an infected person or animal. Drinking water or using ice made from water sources where Giardia may live (for example, untreated or improperly treated water from lakes, streams, or wells) Swallowing water while swimming or playing in water where Giardia may live, especially in lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams Eating uncooked food that contains Giardia organisms Having contact with someone who is ill with giardiasis Traveling to countries where giardiasis is common Giardia cannot be passed by coming in contact with blood. Giardiasis is a global disease. It infects nearly 2% of adults and 6% to 8% of children in developed countries worldwide. Nearly 33% of people in developing countries have had giardiasis. In the United States, Giardia infection is the most common intestinal parasitic disease affecting humans [1]. Giardia infection can cause a variety of intestinal symptoms...
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...Beaver Fever Beaver Fever Giardia, sometimes known as “Beaver Fever” due to the potential possibility of beavers being the source of a parasite that causes Giardiasis, a disease that causes diarrhea. (Department of Health: Information for a Healthy New York, 2001) It is an infectious parasite transmitted most commonly through contaminated water that causes havoc in the gastrointestinal system, can be prevented through drinking clean water and keeping bathroom surfaces clean with disinfectants. This parasite falls into the protozoan category of pathogens which also contains tropical diseases such as malaria. Although the United States has these type of pathogens largely controlled, they are more rampant among non-industrialized countries. (Donatelle, 2011) According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, giardiasis is spread by: “Swallowing Giardia picked up from surfaces (such as bathroom handles, changing tables, diaper pails, or toys) that contain stool from an infected person or animal, drinking water or using ice made from water sources where Giardia may live (for example, untreated or improperly treated water from lakes, streams, or wells), swallowing water while swimming or playing in water where Giardia may live, especially in lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams, eating uncooked food that contains Giardiaorganisms, having contact with someone who is ill with giardiasis, and traveling to countries where giardiasis is common” (Centers for Disease...
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...because of their waxy outer layer which classifies them as an acid fast bacterium. Mycobacterium are the rod shaped aerobic bacteria. 2. Pseudomonas may be resistant to disinfectants dependent on which surfaces may be disinfected with which product. 3. Bacillus are often resistant to disinfectants as these gram-positive rods have the ability to form an endospore. Endospores can survive environmental changes and usually kill the bacteria. When extreme cases of high temperature, high UV irradiation, desiccation, chemical damage and enzymatic destruction they cannot. There are many disinfecting products available for use, including Cavicide, Cidexplus, Clorox, Exspor, Lysol, Renalin and Wavacide. 2. Entamoeba histoltyica and Giardia lamblia were isolated from the stool sample of a 45 year old man, and Shigella sonnei were isolated from the stool sample of a 18 year old woman. Both patients experienced diarrhea and severe abdominal cramping, and prior to the onset of digestive symptoms both had been treated by the same chiropractor. The same chiropractor had administered colonic irrigations (enemas) to these patients. The device used for this treatment was gravity –dependent apparatus using 12 liters of tap water. There were no check valves to prevent back flow, so all parts of the apparatus could be contaminated with feces during each colonic treatment. The chiropractor provided colonic treatments to four or five patients a day. Between patients, the adaptor piece...
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...Giardiasis • What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan family of pathogens. Protozoans are typically associated with tropical-like diseases, are known to be often found in third world countries, and are single-celled organisms.¹ The particular protozoan that causes Giardiasis is a flagellate known as Giardia Lamblia.² This protozoan can stay intact and inactive outside of the body in cyst form for several months and still infect a person later after it is ingested and most likely made live by a person’s own stomach acid. Stomach acid does not harm it and very well could be the actuating agent for the cysts to turn into infection-causing organism(s).∞ Infection starts only after the cysts are ingested and released in a process called excystation, which produces the trophozoite that causes the illness. • How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Giardia Lamblia is primarily considered a water-borne parasitic disease prevalent in developing countries². It can be obtained through food as well as water and spread through human and animal feces directly or via hand-to-hand. Eating contaminated food or water as well as touching anything exposed to the cysts will cause the infection in a person.∞ Studies have shown that the cysts can survive on the surface of water and be ingested through accidental swallowing of that water. Chlorinated water sources are not free from potential risk as...
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...Giardia lamblia is the infectious agent that cause giardia. Giardia lamblia is a small parasite that lives in soil, food, and water. Giardia is a waterborne disease. This is one of the reasons why many people don't like to drink city water, because city water can easily get infected with different diseases such as giardia because of the sewer lines. It lives in the intestines of people and animals. A person can become infected with giardia from direct contact with a family member with giardiasis, drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food, or having unprotected anal sex. Travelers, campers, and hikers around the world can be at risk if they are not cautious about drinking untreated spring water or water from a stream. Giardia is very contagious and easily transmitted. The pathogen that causes giardia lives in food and water. Therefore, giardia can be transmitted through raw or undercooked food, or water that has been contaminated. The most common way to get infected with giardia is drinking contaminated water. Cooking food thoroughly kills giardia, so you are less likely to get infected from eating contaminated food than getting infected from drinking contaminated water. Swimming pools, fountains, and even jacuzzis can all be contaminated. Sometimes animals contaminate rivers, streams, or springs by carrying giardia in their feces. Babies can even accidentally contaminate swimming pools by having diarrhea. Many people drink water without knowing that the water...
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...These signs include the sudden onset of diarrhea or use of water samples, stinking followed, often. Giardia infection is often described as a loose, bulky, foam and / or lack of blood or mucus in oil, help differentiate giardiasis other acute diarrhea. And other gastrointestinal disorders associated with giardiasis gas, bloating, loss of appetite, seizures, and sulfuric belching foul. 3-4 days spontaneous remission in the acute phase, and there is no generally accepted giardiasis. Sometimes, however, they will continue to cause acute infections and malabsorption, steatorrhea, weight loss and weakness. Acute infection, but also to develop a subacute and chronic long-term infection or, in rare cases, several years. The typical patient may not experience loose stools yellow, foam, intestinal gurgling, swelling and associated chronic recurrent brief...
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...ne Food Borne Illnesses: Giardia Alexa Glisson SCI / 163 November 21, 2012 DR. Larry Bassman Food Borne Illnesses Alexa Glisson SCI/ 163 November 21, 2012 Giardia When generally thinking of parasites and food-borne illnesses, we tend to think about the poorest and dirtiest places on Earth. In reality, parasites can be found almost anywhere on this planet. One type of common food-borne illness is giardiasis or a giardia infection. This infection is in the intestine and caused by microscopic giardia parasites. The given the opportunity this vicious creature will infect anybody regardless of sex, age, living conditions, and body types. Surprisingly this is a zoonotic disease affecting not only humans but also domestic and wild mammals. There are several ways a person can contract this illness. The most common way to contract the illness is ingesting water that has been contaminated with animal feces. This is the reason we are constantly reminded never to drink water from a lake or stream that have not been purified. Given that many of undeveloped countries have little or no clean water, the majority of the cases of giardiasis affect children and adults in these third world countries. A person can also get infected by eating raw or undercooked contaminated food, touching something that has feces on it from a day care or nursing home environments, and unprotected anal intercourse. Once this parasite has found a home inside someone or something’s...
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...“TOXOPLASMOSIS” (toxoplasma gondii) Definition: Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. The infection is most commonly acquired from contact with cats and their feces or with raw or undercooked meat. Causative Agent: Toxoplasma Gondii, protozoan Means of Transmission: Orally and congenitally Reservoirs: Cats (preferred reservoir), birds and mammals (intermediate host), Humans (intermediate host) Diagnosis: "Fecal exams [in cats] are essentially useless, since the eggs they shed are only present in the feces for the first 2-3 weeks" (1). "The current lab test only indicates exposure to toxoplasmosis not the presence of an active infection." (1). "The history, signs of illness, and the supportive laboratory tests" will lead to a diagnosis (2). "A presumptive diagnosis may be made by demonstration of a fourfold or greater increase in antibody titers" (2). The uses of ELISA, western blot and latex agglutination tests have reliable results (4). Mainly the only people that really need to be tested for this disease are AIDS patients, immunosuppressed, and infants at birth. Symptoms: "Respiratory involvement is common in cats with both primary and secondary forms of the disease" (1). Fever, malaise, weight loss, and lack of appetite are common symptoms of this form (1). You have these symptoms in addition to vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal lymph node enlargement (1). Signs of Disease: The disease can become latent. All...
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...In 1990, Dr. Leo Galland presented a paper to the (ACoG) American College of Gastroenterology which demonstrated that in over half of the participants in his study had been misdiagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome. The study consisted of two hundred patients with complaints of chronic diarrhea, recurrent constipation and abdominal pain and bloating. Fully half of the study patients actually had Giardia parasite infections. Since that time, not much has changed according to Dr. Galland in his book, Four Pillars of Healing. Doctors are still failing to identify or even look for parasites, instead favoring the diagnosis of loosely defined syndromes. https://ibstreatmentcenter.com/ibs/intestinal-bacteria-yeast-candida-and-parasites/parasites...
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...WATER PURIFIERS Water filtration is the strategy in which you take sullied, soiled water and go it through a movement of channels to clean and disinfect it. My social affair contained Brian (Team Leader), Laura (Recorder), Alynsia (Materials Producer), and myself Louis (Materials Producer) are responsible for cleansing the town of Brown's Water. The case of water that was researched by the social occasion was a generosity looking substance that from our understanding contained: mineral oil, vinegar, macerated leaves, garlic, and treated soil. This is not a mix of essentially everything that you could have sway our water in this town. As ought to be clear our water is a to a great degree squalid and rank substance that ought to be washed down soon or various will be affected and possibly fail horrendously. Like everything else there is a purpose behind the four methods for water sterilization. Extraction is the underlying stage in our methodology, and its inspiration is to clean water enough so partials are not any more present. This will clean water enough to get retested. Filtration is the second step in our sterilization method. Filtration is used to clean little partials close by contaminants so that a water test can be reused. Refining is the methodology that the social occasion used next. This system changes test into steam, and after that hits a chilly divider, which will change steam afresh into water. The explanation behind this is to clean the water test. Stage...
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...1 ) Rabies Rabies is a viral disease causing inflammation of the brain ( encephalitis ). The virus is a member of the family Rhaboviridae. Worldwide, several variants of the virus have been identified, each associated with a single wild animal host that acts as a reservoir of infection for a particular geographic area. Although all warm -blooded vertebrates are susceptible, only mammals are important in the spread of rabies. In British Columbia, bats are the only reservoir of rabies. Records of bats submitted for rabies testing suggest that relatively few are infected, even among those submitted because they are behaving abnormally. Bats are valuable components of the natural ecosystem and many species are at risk in British Columbia. Other potential hosts of British Columbia include domestic dogs/cats, foxes, raccoons, skunks, wolves and coyotes. " Spill over " of rabies to terrestial mammals from bats has occurred in British Columbia, but rabies has never been maintained in wild populations of terrestrial mammals. Rabies should be suspected in any wild animal exhibiting any behavior considered " abnormal" including ; loss of fear or unusual friendliness, excitation or aggression, depression, incoordination, paralysis, convulsions or seizures, abnormal vocalizations, appearance of nocturnal creatures during the day, signs of choking or inability to drink or swallow food, drooling of saliva or frothing at the mouth. In Carnivores, evidence of having...
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...INTRODUCTION The title of this report is Food-Borne Pathogens, a paper provided as part of a course requirement for Technical Writing. This topic was selected to share information about food-borne pathogens, what illnesses they cause and the possible food items contaminated with that pathogen You will be learning steps for prevention of food-borne diseases. I think you’ll be interested to discover the location of the possible contaminants of those pathogens. There are thirty known food-borne pathogen, I only selected these sixteen since they are the most common. BACILLUS CEREUS It causes two types of illnesses a diarrheal type or an emetic type (vomiting) this depends when in the incubation period. The incubation period goes between 30 minutes to 15 hours. The symptoms are diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. The possible contaminants are meats, milk, vegetables, fish, rice, potatoes, pasta, and cheese. You pay careful attention to food preparation and cooking guidelines to prevent contaminations. CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI Even with low numbers, it causes infection, with an incubation period of one to seven days. The symptoms are: abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea, headache that varying in severity. The possible contaminants are raw milk, eggs, poultry, raw beef, cake icing, and water. You must use pasteurize milk; cook foods properly; and prevent cross-contamination. CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM The illness is toxin produced by the pathogen, the incubation...
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...BIOSAND HOUSEHOLD WATER FILTER PROJECT IN NEPAL By Tse-Luen Lee B. A. Sc. Civil Engineering University of Toronto, 2000 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2001 © 2001 Tse-Luen Lee. All Rights Reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 11, 2001 Certified by: Susan E. Murcott Lecturer of Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Oral Buyukozturk Chairman, Committee for Graduate Students 1 BioSand Household Water Filter in Nepal Abstract BIOSAND HOUSEHOLD WATER FILTER PROJECT IN NEPAL by Tse-Luen Lee Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering on May 11, 2001 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering Abstract This purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and the performance of the BioSand filter in Nepal. To achieve this, the author undertook a field trip to Nepal in January, 2001. The trip was made possible with generous support provided by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of MIT. The author spent 3 weeks...
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...Due to the frequently poor breeding conditions in puppy mills, puppies bred there often suffer from health and/or social problems. Puppies raised in a cramped environment shared by many other dogs become poorly socialized to other dogs and to humans. Dogs are then transported over long distances in poor conditions, sometimes resulting in animal stress and death. As the surviving mill dogs grow older, they are more prone to developing respiratory ailments and pneumonia, as well as hereditary defects such as hip dysplasia.[2] In addition, mill dogs are more prone to have problems with their temperament due to lack of socialization, enrichment, and positive human contact. Puppies from mills are usually sold as purebred dogs in an attempt to attract...
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...Thesis: Climate change threatens regional vulnerability in indigenous areas, the primary vulnerabilities include a decline in traditional food supplies and a change in water resource supply, 1st Body Paragraph: Climate change threatens indigenous people to acquire traditional food which He provided the economy, medicine, and culture for the indigenous people. a) Rising temperatures and hotter, drier summers are projected to increase the frequency and intensity of large wildfires, Wildfires threaten indigenous tribes and family. Due to the tribes that rely on the local wild food have limited ability to deal with wildfires. So, conflagration caused indigenous people to collect less wild food resources. b) Climate change has led to the loss of...
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