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Giovanni Botero

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Giovanni Botero
•Giovanni Botero was born around 1544, nobody know exactly the time he was born. And he died in 1617. He was an Italian thinker, priest, poet and diplomat.
•Botero was sent to the Jesuit college in Palermo at age of 15 and had chances to teach philosophy and rhetoric in many place in Europe such as France, Italia, Spanish during 1559-1580) à The Jesuit educational program had on Botero in both the political and economic spheres.
•Botero rounded out the eighties in Rome in the employ of Federico Borromeo as a personal assistant and secretary à This was Botero's most productive stage, seeing the completion of his three most important works:
•The Greatness of Cities (1588), The Reason of State (1589), and Universal Relations (1591)
WORK AND THOUGH
The most important work of Botero is The reason of state. By this work, he showed the main ideas about the mercatilism in 17th century.
•Jean Bodin's “Six Books of the Republic” was an important influence on Botero's writing of the Reason of State
•But, Botero's overall conception of political economy is more 'liberal' than that of Bodin.
• The primary end of mercantilist policies was to produce for one's state a favourable balance of trade in relation to other states, thereby giving them power over those states.
- In argument about the participation by kings in the economy of the country, Bodin cautioned kings only against trading with their own subjects; all other economic activity was allowed.
- Botero, on the other hand, argued that there were only three cases where the anarchy could take part in trade:
• 1) if no private citizen could afford it,
• 2) if a single private citizen would grow too powerful by the profits of it, or
• 3) there were some shortfall in supply whereby the prince would have to aid in the distribution of goods. •Ultimately, Botero argued that economic activity was unbecoming a prince, and that the people were to be the prime economic mover in the state.
•He believed in the strong fiscal policy, governing parties should have a major role in the economy of the country and that the public all should be equal in the sense that everyone has the same amount of money and savings no matter what you do.
Influence and Contribution
—The Greatness of Cities and The Reason of State (Spanish, French, and Latin) were well known in some of Europe's most important courts.
—Gaspare de Guzman, the count-duke of Olivares in Spain, who seems to have used Botero's ideas in his Memorial on the Union of Arms in 1625, designed to unite the Spanish Empire.
—Maximilian II of Bavaria was also an adherent to Botero's principles of statecraft, making reference to, and indeed wanting to follow, Botero's economic advice to princes, as indicated in a letter to his father in 1598.
—It was also on the reading list of archduke Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Emperor, 1619-1637) at the Hapsburg court at Graz. à Botero was thus read quite widely by some of the more prominent figures of the Thirty Years War.
—Botero's economic ideas of the Reason of State are cited by the German Jesuit thinker Adam Contzen (Ten Books on Politics), Justus Lipsius (Netherlandish philologist and humanist)
—Botero's work would also influence the next generation of political and economic thinkers. Thomas Mun's liberal mercantilist treatise England's Treasure by Foreign Trade, written in 1624, published 1664, (one of the foundational documents of English mercantilism) owes something to “The Reason of State”.

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