...China’s Scientific & Technological Actions on Climate Change Jointly Issued by Ministry of Science and Technology National Development and Reform Commission Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Education Ministry of Finance Ministry of Water Resources Ministry of Agriculture State Environmental Protection Administration State Forestry Administration Chinese Academy of Sciences China Meteorology Administration National Natural Science Foundation State Oceanic Administration China Association for Science and Technology June, 2007 Contents I. Current Status of Climate Change and Urgent Demands for S&T............................................... 1 1. Climate change is an increasingly prominent issue that brings about profound impacts on human societies ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. An appropriate response to climate change would be very much related to China’s economic and social development ............................................................................................ 1 3. Addressing climate change calls for urgent S&T activities .................................................. 1 II. China’s S&T Achievements in Climate Change ......................................................................... 2 1. Scientific research and technological development .............................................................. 2 2. Infrastructure buildup for Scientific...
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...EDUCATION COURSE CODE: AGE 121 COURSE TITLE: ARABLE CROP PRODUCTION QUESTION: DISCUSS THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION BY ABDUL-RASHEED MUHAMM DEPARTMENT: SHI/AGE DR. S. O. AGBATO AND MRS. SALAMI LECTURER IN CHARGE Climate change induced by increasing greenhouse gases is likely to affect crops differently from region to region. For example, average crop yield is expected to drop down to 50% in Pakistan according to the UKMO scenario whereas corn production in Europe is expected to grow up to 25% in optimum hydrologic conditions. More favourable effects on yield tend to depend to a large extent on realization of the potentially beneficial effects of carbon dioxide on crop growth and increase of efficiency in water use. Decrease in potential yields is likely to be caused by shortening of the growing period, decrease in water availability and poor vernalization. The overall effect of climate change on agriculture will depend on the balance of these effects. Assessment of the effects of global climate changes on agriculture might help to properly anticipate and adapt farming to maximize agricultural production. At the same time, agriculture has been shown to produce significant effects on climate change, primarily through the production and release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide,...
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...temperature changes have been linked to North Pacific ecosystem mystery. The distribution of plankton and fish species is caused by the ecosystem shifts. 2. August 31, 2015 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150831163726.htm Scientists have found ancient in many mantle rocks below the sea floor. These rocks that have been discovered contain microbial life, which show life had been present during the Cretaceous period. This discovery finally confirms a hypothesis that life can in fact be created deep below the seafloor. 3. September 1, 2015 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150901100551.htm Increase in climate threat has been identified using unique statistical analysis. The frequency in droughts and heat waves has been occurring more frequent than usual. Climate experts have been able to determine the dual climate threat. 4. September 1, 2015 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150901113432.htm Scientists discovered like humans female orangutans prefer specific characteristics. They prefer cheek padded male orangutans, which are more successful at fathering offspring. The females have standards. 5. September 1, 2015 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150901135103.htm Tiny jellyfish may be the new basis for under water propulsion. Oceanographers detail how the jellyfish speed to their prey. The jelly fish had been gathered and studied from Puget Sound. 6. September 2, 2015 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150902093301...
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...Rules of thumb for climate change turned upside down: Wet and dry regions recalculated Date: September 14, 2014 Source: ETH Zurich Summary: With a new analysis of land regions, climate researchers are challenging the general climate change paradigm that dry regions are getting drier and wet regions are getting wetter. In some regions they are encountering divergent trends. Share This Email to a friend Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Google+ Print this page With a new analysis of land regions, ETH climate researcher are challenging the general climate change precept that dry regions are getting drier and wet regions are getting wetter. In some regions they are encountering divergent trends. Related Articles Climate Dune Global climate model Season Desert Savanna Based on models and observations, climate scientists have devised a simplified formula to describe one of the consequences of climate change: regions already marked by droughts will continue to dry out in the future climate. Regions that already have a moist climate will experience additional rainfall. In short: dry gets drier; wet gets wetter (DDWW). However, this formula is less universally valid than previously assumed. This was demonstrated by a team of ETH climate researchers led by Peter Greve, lead author of a study recently published in Nature Geoscience. Traditional analyses use technology that can comprehensively describe climate characteristics above the ocean, but is problematic over land...
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...Redeat Abegaz Week 4 Response ENVS0110 This week’s readings had the common theme of global climate change. All of these sources encompassed different aspects of climate change. John Houghton’s “The Greenhouse Effect” was more factual and scientific. S. Goerge Philander’s “The Ozone Hole, A Cautionary Tale” was informational too, however, the piece also discussed global reactions to the rapid climate change. Thomas R. Karl and Kevin E. TrenBerth’s “Modern Global Climate Change”, focused on the intensity of anthropogenic influences of climate change and the dismal projection of the future. In “Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next Fifty Years With Current Technologies”, Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow went in a different direction and presented a positive outlook on the improvement of the Earth’s current environmental state and introduced the idea of stabilization wedges. Lastly, the IPCC 2014 Summary report is a report that focused on looking at how nations can act to limit climate change. In the rest of this response, I will provide a synopsis of the goals and themes that were displayed in each of the readings. Finally, I will reflect on any questions or concerns the readings have evoked in me. In “The Greenhouse Effect”, John Houghton presents a detailed description of the Greenhouse Effect how the earth keeps warm. Houghton begins by discussing how thermal radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface is completely reliant on temperature. There...
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...A COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION IN THE FIGHT AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING May 16, 2007 By John Shears Research Coordinator Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies (CEERT) rd 1100 Eleventh Street * 3 Floor * Sacramento CA 95814 * (916) 442‐7785 www.ceert.org HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS: A COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION IN THE FIGHT AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING INTRODUCTION The world’s leading climate experts have now declared that human activities — predominantly due to our use of fossil fuels 1 — are unequivocally accelerating global warming. They also warn that, in order to avoid the most devastating consequences of climate change, governments have to develop effective 2 policies to combat global warming within the next 1015 years. Some governments have responded with renewed urgency in developing and implementing policies while others are moving 3 more slowly. Electrical power generation and transportation are responsible for the bulk of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the use of fossil fuels. Transportation accounts for 2530% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions of which 80% are from on 4 road transport. As such, transportation should represent a top priority for policy makers, who will be challenged with determining the best approach for reducing GHG emissions. One approach that is gaining wide acceptance in policy circles is to assign each economic sector responsible for generating GHG emissions their own respective “slice” of the global warming pie (i...
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...Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies S. Pacala, et al. Science 305, 968 (2004); DOI: 10.1126/science.1100103 The following resources related to this article are available online at www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of March 6, 2007 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/305/5686/968 Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on March 6, 2007 Supporting Online Material can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/305/5686/968/DC1 This article has been cited by 56 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. This article has been cited by 11 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/305/5686/968#otherarticles This article appears in the following subject collections: Atmospheric Science http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/atmos Information about obtaining reprints of this article or about obtaining permission to reproduce this article in whole or in part can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/about/permissions.dtl Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright c 2004 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved...
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...BUSINESS IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE FORD REPORT ON THE BUSINESS IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE Table of Contents Foreword 1 Introduction Implications Actions Challenges Convergent Issues Commitment 2 2 3 3 3 Background The climate issue Business Drivers Market Share Regulatory compliance Shareholder value Industry Considerations 4 4 4 4 5 5 Strategic Roadmap Strategic principles Strategic actions Product Policy Plants People Partnerships 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 Conclusion 10 Appendix 1 Excerpt from 2004-2005 Sustainability Report 11-20 Appendix 2 California GHG regulations 21 Foreword In November 2004, Ford Motor Company received a shareholder resolution from the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR) and the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (Ceres) and others requesting we release information specific to our greenhouse gas emissions strategy. Much of the information requested is reported annually in our Sustainability Report (formerly called the Corporate Citizenship Report), and we have excerpted the most recent Sustainability Report as an appendix to this report. However, we agreed to publish the industry's first report dedicated to the issue of climate change and its effect on our business as well as the automotive industry as a whole. While we have worked closely with ICCR, Ceres and other stakeholders throughout the writing of this report, the material contained here is is our view of this important global issue. This...
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...DEBUNKING THE GLOBAL WARMING THEORY Name of Author Institutional Affiliation There has been a growing concern over the issue of global warming over the years. A vast number of global warming skeptics, politicians, and groups of scientists such as those that constitute the IPCC believe that climate change is adversely influenced by human activities that constantly raise CO2 levels. However, new studies reveal that there is little evidence to support the popular theory that global warming is directly influenced by man’s activities, and it is this that discredits the baseless global warming theory. First, there are no real scientific proofs that support the global warming theory. Contrary, most of the observations over the past 30 years reveal that human activities are not a contributing factor to the rise in temperatures. In fact, most of these temperature changes are natural. Fossil fuels, on the other hand, cannot be labeled as the main cause of global warming despite their contribution to CO2 levels. The IPCC can be disputed for its scientific consensus report because most of its scientists lack scientific qualifications, and there are scientists in the same panel that object sections of the IPCC report that relates CO2 emissions to the increase in global temperatures. It is also worth noting that some corporations stand to benefit from the global warming scare, and this may be a reason why the theory still exists. Ultimately, it is absurd to blame a single gas for the...
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...Climate is another term for weather. Ranging from temperature, air pressure, and humidity to precipitation, sunshine, cloudiness, and winds. Climate change is fluctuation of temperature. In today's day, climate change is the biggest problem we face. Given the rate at which greenhouse gases are building up in the atmosphere, it is obvious that a global crisis is bound to happen. At this rate, survival of the fittest will take on a whole new meaning. As water shortage and droughts over the world will cause people to scrap for any resources. As shown in the graph, global temperature averages are only going higher and higher every passing year. It should be a cause of concern because of the amount of pollution the world gives off. We are releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere where it gets trapped causing the climate change at an accelerated rate. There are more heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall. The sudden changes of the environment are causing some species of animals to become extinct. Even though Global warming is increasing in our planet there are steps that can be taken to slow down the process of global warming. We need to become more energy efficient. Reducing our use of oil, gasoline and coal usage. While using alternative fuels such as natural gas, wind, solar, hydroelectric (the way the Hoover dam runs) which reduces mainstream greenhouse gases. The best thing we can do is go green. Cutting down our energy costs, buying a fuel efficient car such as...
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...Global Warming Cause and Mitigation Vanessa Gunnoe Week 9 assignment Professor Pavlov 06/07/2013 ------------------------------------------------- The role of anthropogenic climate changes is a climate change that refers to the production of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. By examining the polar ice cores, scientists are convinced that human activity has increased the proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere; The Earth has a natural greenhouse effect where certain gases (known as greenhouse gases) in the atmosphere allow the sunlight to enter but absorb the heat radiation. Because these gases absorb the heat, they average the surface temperature on Earth around 14°C. Without the natural greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be around -19°C.which has skyrocketed over the past few hundred years. In other words this is anthropogenic climate change, and the significant increases in the atmosphere of these potent greenhouse gases are a result of human activity. The most potent of the greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20). Alarmingly, these are a result of anthropogenic climate change, and the gases are at the highest levels for over 650,000 years. Since 1750, it is estimated that about two thirds of anthropogenic climate change CO2 emissions have come from fossil fuel burning (coal and petroleum) and about one third from land use change (mainly deforestation and agricultural). About...
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...Global Warming Cause and Mitigation Vanessa Gunnoe Week 9 assignment Professor Pavlov 06/07/2013 ------------------------------------------------- The role of anthropogenic climate changes is a climate change that refers to the production of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. By examining the polar ice cores, scientists are convinced that human activity has increased the proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere; The Earth has a natural greenhouse effect where certain gases (known as greenhouse gases) in the atmosphere allow the sunlight to enter but absorb the heat radiation. Because these gases absorb the heat, they average the surface temperature on Earth around 14°C. Without the natural greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be around -19°C.which has skyrocketed over the past few hundred years. In other words this is anthropogenic climate change, and the significant increases in the atmosphere of these potent greenhouse gases are a result of human activity. The most potent of the greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20). Alarmingly, these are a result of anthropogenic climate change, and the gases are at the highest levels for over 650,000 years. Since 1750, it is estimated that about two thirds of anthropogenic climate change CO2 emissions have come from fossil fuel burning (coal and petroleum) and about one third from land use change (mainly deforestation and agricultural). About...
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...Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas (GHG), is the major exhaust gas due to human activities contribution to79% of Canada’s total emission. CO2 is released into the atmosphere by means of burning fossil fuels, coal, and land clearance. As the concentration of CO2 accumulates into the atmosphere, climate change and global warming becomes worse. Canada is the leading country in piloting the carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology to reduce the emitted CO2 into the atmosphere by storing the captured CO2 underground, it could reduce GHG by 14-19% before 2050. Shell Ltd. Quest project is the first project to use CCS technology in the Athabasca oil sand projects in Canada. The Post combustion method is being used today at a smaller scale than desired. It is estimated that if post-combustion was to occur at a large industrial scale, it required energy of 25-37% of the total energy, and an estimate of about $3500/kW for the capital cost of an IGCC capture plant installation. Pre-combustion capture has a lower cost in carbon capture and higher capture percentage (90-95%) than the post-combustion capture, but requires more expense on the equipment in order for the process to work. Oxyfuel has the best efficiency (~90%) but requires 15% or more of the overall energy with a capital cost for oxyfuel installation of $1000/kW and a $60/MWh retrofit cost. Geological storage is a favourable method, where the captured CO2 travels to the storage site usually through pipelines...
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...economies on the continent. As we move to a global economy investment in Africa nations is imperative. In the future there will be enormous opportunities to invest in Africa which is rich in natural resources, goods and services, and agriculture. However, corruption, environmental abuses, armed conflicts, terrorist threats to foreigners and governments, prevent many African nations from thriving. Therefore, one should look for investment opportunities in African countries or regions that have sound economic and environmental policies. Good and balanced policies promote economic stabilization. This would be attractive for investors as a whole and keep the economy growing. Sound environmental policies would conserve raw materials and energy; in general, it would make the country healthier and more productive. Secondly, investment in businesses that value fair trade would have the most beneficial results. It would have an immediate impact on the quality of life for individuals associated with those companies, both the employees and consumers. Fair trade is for equitable and sustainable wages. Cooperative organizations work with fair trade companies to develop more markets for consumers. Furthermore, it will increase the value of goods and services improve access to markets and receive benefits from an expanded economic footprint. As exports grow and trade increases African countries will experience economic growth and stabilization. Finally, it is wise to...
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...ENS-314 Global Environmental Change Living in the Environment: Concepts, Connections, and Solutions, 16th ed., by G. Tyler Miller, Jr., and Scott E. Spoolman (Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole CENGAGE Learning, 2009). FINAL PROJECT Climate Change Prepared by Student at Thomas Edison State College Assignment Distributed Prepared for Global Environmental Change (ENS-314) Thomas Edison State College Technical summary of climate change Overwhelming scientific study demonstrate the earth’s atmosphere is warming rapidly, mostly because of human activities, and that this will lead to significant climate change during this century (Miller, Spoolman 2010). Climate change throughout history has affected evolution and natural selection, moving continents and dispersing populations throughout the world with these movements. Until the industrialization of the human population a hundred and sixty years ago our atmosphere...
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