...TB Symptoms: - feelings of sickness or weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. The symptoms of TB disease of the lungs also include coughing, chest pain, and the coughing up of blood. Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body depend on the area affected. Trasmission: TB is an airborne disease. Germs are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes or speaks. If an individual breathes in these pathogens they can become infected. Life cycle of pathogens: Stage 1: Onset (1-7 days) The bacteria os inhales through the air and is engulfed by the alveolar macrophages. Depending on the strain disease and antimycobacterial capabilities of macrophage the disease will pro cress differently. In many cases the bacteria will reproduce and start the infection. Stage 2: Symbiosis (7-21 days) If the macrophages do not successfully kill the bacteria they will reproduce until the macrophage bursts.Then the bacteria are engulfed by other macrophages that arrive from the blood stream. Neither the host or the bacteria id harmed. Stage 3: Initial Caseous Necrosis (14-21 days) Development of decease begins when bacterial reproduction slows. The growth of the bacteria slows because as the bacteria reproduce they kill the surrounding macrophages and have fewer cells that they can divide within. The increased number of bacteria also produce anoix condition and reduce the pH. At this point the bacteria can no...
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...10 Combination HIV Prevention: Tailoring and Coordinating Biomedical, Behavioural and Structural Strategies to Reduce New HIV Infections A UNAIDS Discussion Paper UNAIDS – JC2007 (English original, September 2010) © Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2010. All rights reserved. Publications produced by UNAIDS can be obtained from the UNAIDS Content Management Team. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate UNAIDS publications—whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution— should also be addressed to the Content Management Team at the address below, or by fax, at +41 22 791 4835, or e-mail: publicationpermissions@unaids.org. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNAIDS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by UNAIDS in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by UNAIDS to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any...
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...1568) Introduction Multinational Energy Companies, like Chevron Corporation, have a broad and significant social, economic and environmental impact on the globe and as such are in a position to influence the lives of many people. Chevron is involved in many different facets of the energy business, including exploration, refining, production and transportation. The company employs approximately 60 000 people in the oil and natural gas industry, with interest in 180 countries (Chevron Corporation SWAT, 2009). With the rise in global communication associated with the information age, companies like Chevron have to establish symbiotic relationships, focused on sustainable development, with society in order to satisfy increasingly environmentally conscious stakeholders. In this context a symbiotic relationship refers to one that is cooperative and mutually beneficial (Langella et al. 2012, 51). At the foundation of such a relationship is respect for health and wellbeing of communities that interact with the company and its operations. Chevron has displayed care and respect for the local communities and their welfare on a number of occasions, more notably their efforts in the fight against AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria (HIV/AIDS; Chevron 2010). However this has been eclipsed in the media by the company’s display of profound negligence in their...
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...The impact of HIV/AIDS on women globally or in the United States University Of Maryland University College Section I: Introduction and Statement of Purpose The AIDS and HIV virus is an extremely perilous disease that sees no race, no caste, no color, no gender, no nationality, no background and not even a specific age. It can affect anyone, at any time. AIDS stands for what is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The virus makes the body's immune system to break down and become in effective in fighting illness and bacteria. Contrary to popular belief, a person does not just become affected with the AIDS virus immediately. AIDS is basically caused by a pre virus called HIV, or human immunodeficiency syndrome. A substance in human body, known as the anti bodies, that fights infection in a person become infected once HIV is transferred into a human. The virus is most frequently transferred through bodily fluids and internationally majority of the infections occur through sex between men and women. AIDS basically results from heterosexual intercourse and so the age group which is a primarily affected by this disease is the one which is most sexually active, people from fifteen to fifty years of age. Moreover, there is a strong connection between TB and AIDS. Many individuals are affected with TB, without the disease being active. However, once the individual becomes infected with HIV, it causes the TB to become active which was once dormant. AIDS was initially recognized...
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...Ethics: HIV/AIDS Name Institutional Affiliation Date HIV/AIDS for over three decades has been a global epidemic affecting all races, genders and ages. The prevalence of the calamity has not been limited by any borders as it has traversed the entire world to emerge as a global threat. Despite the emergence of other health epidemics such as Ebola and lately the Zika virus, HIV has remained not only as a giant slayer but also as a multitude slayer killing millions of victims since its inception into the earth’s surface. HIV is categorised as a virus, and it attacks the human immune system thus decreasing the ability of the human body to fight diseases while suppressing the multiplication of unwanted or dangerous cells such as cancer cells (Stolley & Glass, 2009). The origin of HIV/AIDS nonetheless is not without controversies with various theories as to how the condition emerged in existence. Despite the existence of the many controversies, there is the wider belief that HIV has its origins in the nation of the Democratic Republic of Congo specifically in Kinshasa around the 1920s. The most common answer to the origin of HIV/AIDS by scientists is that it originated from primates of a non-human kind in the form of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Africa (Crawford, 2013). While it is believed that the virus had other sub-groups that equally gained human infectivity, the prevalent global catastrophe is associated a particular strain which is the HIV-1 that emerged in...
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...familiar with research design concepts including random sampling, retrospective and prospective study designs, and clinical trial design. List of statistical topics: * Successful completion of Applied Mathematics course and Research Methodology course in the first and sixth semesters of the undergraduate study respectively (See Transcript attached) * Successful Completion of Monitoring & Evaluation Fundamentals course of Global Health eLearning Center in December 2011 (See Certificate attached) * Successful Completion of HIV Basic Biology, Epidemiology & Prevention course of Global Health eLearning Center in January 2015 (See Certificate attached) * Management of massive project database of all organization projects, including development of proficient high-level Excel-based tool and development of statistical report on organization performance to the donor (Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade - DFAT) which describes crucial indicators including retention rate of HIV/AIDS patients on Antiretrovirals Therapy and HIV/AIDS service quality improvement (See Report Attached) * Management of the national Antiretrovirals (ARVs) consumption and generation of ARVs quantification and forecasting using different quantification methods including morbidity, consumption and/or service level methods. * Design and accomplishment of retrospective and prospective assessments and studies with intensive and extensive statistical data...
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...The politics of HIV/AIDS Disease is all around us and when an epidemic hits, it’s not exactly something that everyone can ignore, however when that epidemic turns into a pandemic, many Americans often times pay less attention to the disease in our own country, and more attention to what we are doing in other countries to stop the infection from migrating further. There are currently thirty five million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS and only 1.1 million of those cases are in the United States.(avert.org) With millions of people becoming newly infected each year, many have hoped that with new technological advances, and advances in treatments in medicine, the disease could be contained and maybe someday, cured. However, these hopes have ceased and the realization that this disease has more of an impact than many originally imagined, has ensued. People who originally put this disease on the back burner and saw it as only a small issue affecting a small amount of people, are now expressing their concerns not only for their wellbeing, but for the wellbeing of the country as a whole. These concerns, as well as the concerns for citizens of other countries, have forced many political decisions to be made including the use of foreign aid, and this disease will only continue to have political and economic impacts on the United States both nationally and internationally. From early on, national governments often denied the existence of HIV/AIDS, disregarded...
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...HIV/AIDS Kristen McReynolds, Jovanna Guerrero-Cortes, Teresa Risien BSHS/302 April 30, 2012 Maxine Proctor University of Phoenix HIV and AIDS is a very vulnerable population that affects the global community on several aspects. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is not like most viruses whereas most viruses your immune system will fight the virus and get rid of it, the immune system simply cannot fight the HIV virus. HIV attacks several parts of the immune system and when it attacks too many cells the body cannot fight the infection anymore leading to the virus known as AIDS. AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. It is the final stage of the HIV infection and requires in depth medical treatment to prevent death from occurring in people who have the virus. Here we will discuss how the HIV and AIDS population affects the global community as a whole. The nature of the population is a key element that helps us to fully understand how the community is affected, as well as geographical statistics, who is affected by HIV/AIDS, and the impact the virus has on the population. As a community we must focus on Social issues, as well as some human service Macro intervention strategies. Geographic evidence shows that poor urban areas are more particularly affected by HIV and AIDS. Nowhere is this more evident than in Washington D.C. where the AIDS epidemic has been described as “the most complete example of a domestic urban epidemic...
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...equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, develop a global partnership for development are the eight goals developed by the members of UN (World Health Organization [WHO], 2012). The purpose of this paper is to give an overview about Millennium Development Goal 6 which is, Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases. Implication for Millennium Development Goals The eight Millennium Development Goals are a global agenda to improve the wellbeing of people around the world. The progress report on MDG issued in 2009, shows that policies and actions backed by adequate funding and strong political commitment can yield results. Death rate due to AIDS, have significantly reduced and many countries are implementing strategies to combat malaria and measles. There are many challenges still remaining due to the current economic status of several countries (Mattson, 2010) Millennium Development Goal 6: combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases HIV/AIDS, Malaria and TB are major challenges of public health in the poorest countries of the world. Every 30 seconds, a child in Africa is dying due to Malaria. Many children who suffer from Malaria develop learning disabilities or brain damage ("End Poverty 2015 Millennium Campaign," n.d). Millennium Development Goal 6 which is, combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases is interrelated with several other goals, such as...
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...1.1 INTRODUCTION HIV and AIDS pandemic in the African continent has had a short but devastating history. Sub-Saharan Africa is more profoundly affected by HIV as compared to any other part of the world. Approximately 23 million people are said to be living with the deadly virus in the region which translates to about two thirds of the universal total. In 2010 alone, around 2 million people contracted the disease while 1.2 million died in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the onset of the pandemic, over 15 million children have lost one or both of the parents to HIV and AIDS. The social- economic effects of AIDS pandemic have not only been experienced in the health sector but also in agriculture, transport, human resource, education and the economy as at large (UNAIDS 2010). HIV and AIDS is therefore a major burden and challenge to the social, health and economic development of the African continent. There can be no significant growth in the region as long as the issue of AIDS is not addressed urgently. The impact of HIV and AIDS in the African continent and the world at large cannot be down played. This means that immediate measures should be taken by the general public and governments in order to curb the ever increasing effects of HIV pandemic to the African continent. Due to the economic standing of the African continent coupled with socio-cultural practices, HIV continues to spread at an alarming rate. Any further delays to address this issue will turn out to be detrimental...
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...Benchmark Assignment: HIV Epidemiology Paper Dawn Hickey-Johnson Grand Canyon University Benchmark Assignment: HIV Epidemiology Paper “The global trends and adverse health impact of HIV, viral hepatitis, STIs, and TB remain among the major and urgent public health challenges of our time. These conditions account for substantial morbidity and mortality, with devastating fiscal and emotional costs to individuals, families, and societies. Despite decades of investment and support, the U.S. still experiences a disproportionate burden of these conditions compared with other Western industrialized nations, with substantial health disparities being observed across population subgroups and geographic regions.” (Hazel D. Dean, ScD, MPH Kevin A. Fenton, MD, PhD, 2010) This paper will focus specifically on HIV/AIDS. “ Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. · AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. ("STOP AIDS," 2009) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS) is a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV attacks the human immune system, and progressively reduces its effectiveness, leaving the host susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. Due to the extended incubation period, the time between being infected with the virus and the manifestation...
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...Research Proposal on HIV Posted at: February 9, 2010 under: Sample Research Proposals by admin @ 7:04 am Problem Twenty years ago, the subject of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which has been found to be the cause of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), would not have been the topic of a major and serious worldwide catastrophe. Twenty years ago, people were not phased by the effects that would be caused by this ever so populating disease, and no one would have ever realized that this disease would not be curable or helped without expensive medicine. Like a simple exponential growth equation, the AIDS virus has increased victim numbers by about forty million all over the world. AIDS has also shown that it is not discriminating; it has infected all races and all heritages. The AIDS crisis extends far beyond its death toll, because more than seventy percent of the thirty-six million people with HIV/AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa. Last year alone, the disease killed 1.5 million people in Africa. One third of these victims are between the ages of ten and twenty-four. The disease has been described as a development crisis; it is profoundly disrupting the economic and social bases of families and entire nations at a rate of infection at 16,000 per day. Without immediate action, AIDS will surpass the effect of the Black Plague that killed forty million people in the late fourteenth century. It is estimated that only ten percent of the death that this disease...
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...HIV/AIDS in the U.S. University of Phoenix HCS/455 April 14, 2010 In every region of the world, more people are living with HIV/AIDS. This paper is written on the subject of black Americans living in the United States with HIV/AIDS, how the health care policy affects them and the different stakeholders that are being affected by the health care policy. The (CDC, 2010) explains that Black Americans have been excessively affected by HIV/AIDS since the beginning of the epidemic. Blacks account for more new HIV infections, AIDS diagnoses, people estimated to be living with HIV disease, and HIV-related deaths than any other racial/ethnic group in the U.S. The epidemic has also had an excessive impact on Black women, youth, and gay and bisexual men, and its impact varies across the country. The CDC claims that today, there are approximately 1.1 million people living with HIV/AIDS in the U.S, including more than 500,000 who are Black. Analysis of national household survey data found that 2% of Blacks in the U.S. were HIV positive, higher than any other group. Health insurance, whether it is public or private, improves access to care. Medicaid is the nation’s health insurance program for low-income Americans and the largest source of public funding for AIDS care, is a critical source of coverage for people with HIV/AIDS. Although the U.S. has been involved in efforts to address the global AIDS crisis since the mid 1980s, the conception...
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...AIDS/HIV Demographic Case Summary Michael Eiden January 9, 2012 n Abstract Health care in the United States is impacted by numerous demographic populations such as individuals with chronic diseases; such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes etc. Long term care patients, the uninsured and Emergency management also have a significant impact on health care system. But none of these demographic populations has the impact on health care in the United States as individuals with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, better known as HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS impacts virtually every community in the U.S. and around the world. Almost everyone has been affected in some way by this preventable but incurable disease. The disease can be managed to some extent but at a high cost. AIDS/HIV Demographic Case Summary Population Demographics and Origins of HIV/AIDS According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates there are believed to be more than 1.5 million individuals living with HIV in the United States as of 2011 (CDC, 2011). The earliest known case of HIV was detected in a blood sample collected in 1959 from a Kinshasa man of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. How he became infected is unknown. It is not precisely known how the disease entered into the United States, but it is believed to have been around 1969 or so. In the early 80’s Doctors in various large cities on both coasts began seeing young gay men for Kaposi’s sarcoma; a cancer associated with...
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...successful company in its strategic expansion into new global markets. Analysis of Nike’s success, it is possible to single out several factors contributed to the company’s progress. First of all, the most important factors of Nike’s success in its expansion in international markets wasthe shift of production to Asia. In fact, nowadays almost all the company products of Nike manufactured in Asian countries, such as Taiwan, China, Indonesia, Thailand and South Korea. It is noteworthy that, according to some experts, 99% of the 90 million shoes Nike sales produced in Asia every year had been done by a contractor workforce over 75000. Obviously, such a change has a positive economic impact of the development of Nike company manufactures its products in Asian countries, where labor was significantly higher than U.S, Europe, or Japan cheaper. For example, when Nike first moved to South Korea and Taiwan production of local wage $ 1 one hour in as little as one-tenth of the United States. No wonder in 1991, “a pair of Nike sports shoes priced at $ 150, women in the United States are paid by the Indonesian equivalent of 58 cents a day”. The situation has been undergone a tremendous change in these recent years. As a result, the company has been successful in reducing the cost of production, not only to maintain but doubled or tripled revenue compared to last until 1996. Besides that, Nike is very committed to the local and global community. “At the core of the Nike brand is passion...
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