...LA Zoo Primates There are an absence of primates all over the world that show similar characteristic to humans. At the LA Zoo some of these characteristic from these primates can be found. Gorillas and chimps are both some of the most well know apes in the world making them the faces of primes. They are both fascinating and interesting animals. Gorillas are known to be one if not the largest primate in the world, males weighing all the way from 298 to 397 lbs and the females weighing about half of that from 150 to 249lbs. Do to their heavy weight the branches are not able to support their heavy weight therefore they tend to commute on the ground rather than traveling from tree to tree like other primate. Gorillas walk in a certain way called knuckle-walking. Males are able to reach a height of 5.6 to 5.9 ft tall and females reaching a height of no more than 4.6ft and having a shorter arm span than the males. Alongside with their size they...
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...modern examples of simple chordates include sea squirts and lancelets. Two Cambrian fossil localities are of key importance here: Chengjiang in Yunnan Province, southern China, and the Burgess Shales in the British Columbia Rockies of Canada. Both of these localities have produced fossils classified as chordates. The Chinese forms include the forms Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys (it has even been suggested these could be primitive vertebrate jawless fish). The Canadian form (somewhat later in the Cambrian period) is Pikaia, which especially resembles the modern lancelet. Event 15 “GET OUT OF THE POOL” EARLY AMPHIBIANS 360 million years ago We are land-living animals with four limbs - so are most of the animals we know and love. But go back in time 400 million years or so, you would not see any such animals. Life was primarily in the sea, which teemed with invertebrates like trilobites (extinct relatives of spiders and crabs) and brachiopods as well as early fish. On land there were...
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...Chimpanzees One of the the four ape species that professor Stanford discusses in his book, Planet Without Apes, is the chimpanzee. Chimpanzees can be found throughout the continent of Africa; they are primarily located in rain forests, but can also be found inside open woodlands or areas where trees and brush are present. Chimpanzees live in fission-fusion societies, which means that there community breaks apart for some part of the day, before coming back together as a single whole group for the rest of the time. In the chimpanzee community, males are known to never leave the place in which they were born and raised; while females are known to emigrate during or right after puberty. One of the biggest problems concerning chimpanzees is deforestation. Deforestation kills chimpanzees and separates many others from their communities, leading to territorial conflicts. As it is known, chimpanzees are very territorial animals who often fight against neighboring communities for territory. Deforestation tears down the communities of chimpanzees which forces them to move out and find new homes. While looking for a new place to live, chimpanzees will often times fight because there will be other chimpanzees residing in the territory which they are trying to move into. The other issue with deforestation is it leads to problems with genetic flow. Female chimpanzees are supposed to emigrate from their communities during or after they hit puberty to breed. If deforestation is killing...
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...Anthropology 301-02 No other form of locomotion has been as dominant over the years as bipedalism. We humans take this form of stance for granted, not fully understanding its importance. Compared to other stances, such as quadrupedalism, bipedalism serves us a better in many areas. Here we will look at the the advantages of walking upright Many theories have been said about how early hominids began evolving their stance from quadrupedal to bipedal. Charles Darwin, for example, claimed that we stood up to free our hands for tool making (Douglas 2012). Others say that our evolution began up in the trees where we see other primates, such as orangutans, walk bipedal to get fruit. Another is the idea of “carrying,” here we see other primates go from a qudrapedal position to a bipedal position when carrying something of importance (offspring, food, tool). All of these theories have something in common, each shows how advantageous it is to be bipedal and it could be said that these advantages helped our ancestors survive. One possible explanation for the development of bipedalism, is our search for food. Here the argument is that 5 million years ago, fruit trees in Africa were spreading further and further apart from one another. Hominids would have to walk with their young to find fruit trees, this caused a great deal of discomfort for the females, so the solution was to have the monogamous male do the travel while the female stayed put taking care of the young (Lovejoy 1984)....
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...What the fuck happened?” Michael says, “Chill, man. The kids were just being kids. Your girlfriend’s a pussy, that’s all.” From not too far away, we hear one of the Howler Monkeys screech. Then Vilgot says, “He pinned her arms!” Bane says, “He told us to tickle her!” Kyran says, “Shut up, kid! Go sit over there.” He points to the café tables. “All you kids go sit over there.” Kyran is shaking, so even though the benches are wet and cold, we all follow Maisie and Indie and sit. Indie says, “You guys are so immature.” But no one responds. We only watch. Kyran pulls Julia up from the ground. Michael is talking quickly, furiously, and Julia’s yelling something, her finger pointed into Michael’s face. Kyran pushes Julia behind him. He says something else to Michael, and then he punches him in the stomach, so that Michael doubles over. Kyran sees me watching. He yells at all of us kids to come back over to where he is, so we do. Kyran has Michael’s head stuffed under his arm, and he sits, forcing Michael to crouch next to him. He tells us to tickle Michael. Indie...
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...Foundation The Gorilla Foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation, protection and well-being of gorillas through interspecies communication research and education. The foundation was established in 1976 and is best known for its groundbreaking work with two western lowland gorillas, Koko and Michael, who were taught to become fluent in American Sign Language (ASL). The results are published in numerous research papers, books and videos. Their current goals include establishing the Maui Ape Preserve, helping Koko to have a baby, with her new mate, Ndume, and thus foster cultural transmission of a human-taught language to a new generation of gorillas, providing and modeling the best care for gorillas in captivity, and developing multimedia and web-based educational resources for partner institutions, schools and advocates to help convert their knowledge base into practical conservation, legal rights and captive care achievements for great apes. The work of the Foundation is underwritten by donations from individuals, grants from foundations and corporations, and educational product sales. The Foundation receives no support from government sources. However, The Gorilla Foundation's good cause towards repopulating the species by mating Koko and Ndume has been marred by a sexual harassment case which involved the foundation's founder Dr.Francine Patterson who is also Koko's primary caretaker with two of Koko's handlers whereby they were ordered to...
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...World monkeys and catarrhines incorporate Old World monkeys, gorillas, and people. All New World monkeys are arboreal and live in the woods of Central and South America, while Old World monkeys incorporate both earthly and arboreal species. New world monkeys wandered from Old World monkeys around 30 million years back. New World monkeys have numerous remarkable attributes. Their teeth are organized as two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and three molars in every quadrant of the mouth. They have wide noses with round nostrils that open outward. New World monkeys have prehensile (getting a handle on) tails and Old World monkeys don't. Old World monkeys have characteristics that vary from New World monkeys. The teeth of Old World monkeys are composed as two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in every quadrant, which is an indistinguishable game plan from human teeth. They have limit noses with their nostrils pointing descending. Old World monkeys have either long or short non-prehensile tails. Old World monkeys have trademark anatomical specializations, including calluses on their posteriors for sitting on hard, intense tree limbs or the ground for long eras. Old World monkey females experience obvious estrus, substantial swellings around the genitalia telling guys that they are ovulating. Sexual dimorphism is by all accounts more predominant in Old World monkeys, particularly in the earthbound species....
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...The semi-/prehensile tail has independently evolved at least 14 times across 50 genera from 14 families of arboreal mammals, including Cebidae and Atelidae within Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) [1, 2]. Despite the importance of the semi-/prehensile tail for balance and support during locomotion and suspensory postures [3-8], literature lacks description about its motor coordination and control. Here, we report that wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus (previously known as Cebus libidinosus) use their semi-prehensile tail as a variable cantilever; the vestibular and/or kinaesthetic cues associated with downward motion apparently trigger anchoring by the tail at the moment its support is needed to prevent the body from dropping. In an experimental setup, testing six monkeys singly, a monkey had to lean forward and orient itself obliquely (greater than 60o from the vertical) by its hindlimbs and tail and extend its forearms to reach for food–a posture impossible without support by a semi-/prehensile tail. An analysis of the slow-motion video recordings revealed that a monkey would orient its tail around a supporting branch of a tree prior to leaning forward such that the tail could be anchored over the branch at any given moment. It would then lean forward with its forearms extended, and would anchor a variable length of its tail only after it had oriented its body obliquely, instead of anchoring the tail prior to or immediately after it had leaned forward. Comparative...
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...Males repeatedly flail the body, while is normal behavior after they capture normal prey, but it is not normal for them to continue this behavior after they have killed it. Male chimps tend to examine, play, and groom the body of the deceased infant (Hamai 1992) (Goodall 1977). Also, it is common for male chimpanzees to pound the head or chest of the baby with its fists. After all this, the bodies of stranger infants were abandoned after very little of the flesh had been consumed, compared to other prey items for chimps would be almost totally consumed by the party (Goodall 1977). Provided that it is well supported that many male mammal species kill infants to bring a female back into estrus, it is surprising the lengths that male chimpanzees go to, to kill a stranger female infant (Nishida 1985). Females come back into estrus within a month of their infant being killed; as a result male chimpanzees can be more reproductively successful. However, it is not well understood by researchers why males will thrash, flail, groom, and pound a dead infant, and then cannibalize so little of it. One proximate hypothesis could be that male chimpanzees, living in a social community and having larger testis, therefore having more aggression towards stranger females, and an instinctive need to mate with her being that her infant is not likely one of his offspring. The slight cannibalization of an infant may be just a result that males, unlike females, are not killing for nutritional value (Watts...
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...behavior and how they relate to humans. Topic 1. Primates to understand man. History of primatology. Comparative primatology. Primates in biomedical, growth and development studies. Analog and counterpart to interpret human behavior. Topic 2. Lifestyles Distribution and habitats of primates. Adaptations of human and non human primates to the environment. Diet and nutritional requirements. Size, body, digestive system, teething, locomotion and posture. Growth and Development. Topic 3. Cognitive abilities in primates Evolution of the sensory systems and the brain in primates. Cognition, communication and cultural behavior in primates. Non-verbal communication in primates and humans. Thesis Apes are similar to humans in many ways. They feel love, joy and sadness just like us. Apes share all the characteristics and emotions that we think of as human. They do experience deep sadness, for example when they are grieving or lonely, or when they have suffered the death of apparent or their young. They love each other as we do. They feel complex emotions such as loyalty and jealously. “If they are so related to us humans, then their culture is not much different than ours”. Primates to understand man Anthropologists study primates because by learning about species similar to us we learn about ourselves. Studying the behavior, anatomy, social structure, and genetic code of primates can reveal key differences and similarities between other primates and humans. From this, we can...
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...orangutan enclosure was open. Head keeper Jerry Stones chewed out his staff, and the incident was forgotten. But the next time the weather was nice, Fu Manchu escaped again. Fuming, Stones recalls, "I was getting ready to fire someone." The next nice day, alerted by keepers desperate to keep their jobs, Stones finally managed to catch Fu Manchu in the act. First, the young ape climbed down some air-vent louvers into a dry moat. Then, taking hold of the bottom of the furnace door, he used brute force to pull it back just far enough to slide a wire into the gap, slip a latch and pop the door open. The next day, Stones noticed something shiny sticking out of Fu's mouth. It was the wire lock pick, bent to fit between his lip and gum and stowed there between escapes. Fu Manchu's jailbreaks made headlines in 1968, but his clever tricks didn't make a big impression on the scientists who specialize in looking for signs of higher mental processes in animals. At the time, much of the action in animal intelligence was focused on efforts to teach apes to use human languages. No researcher cared much about ape escape artists. And neither did I. In 1970, I began following studies of animal intelligence, particularly the early reports of chimpanzees who learned how to use human words. The big breakthrough in these experiments came when two psychologists, R. Allen and Beatrice Gardner, realized their chimps were having trouble forming wordlike sounds and decided to teach a young female...
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...A hominid is defined as ‘modern human and African apes and their direct ancestors. The term previously referred to humans and human ancestors only, under a phonetic taxonomy.’ The earliest well-accepted hominin is the Australopithecus, or Southern ape. Fossils, dated to 4.2 to 2.5 mya have been found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Chad and South Africa. From these fossils, we know that these early humans walked fully upright on two legs, known as bipedalism. These early humans showed prognathism, the jutting forward of the lower face and jaw area, they also had pointed canine teeth like that of apes. They had the brain size of chimps, about 480 ml, and weighed about 105 pounds on average. They also had long and heavily muscled arms and relatively shorter legs. These early hominins looked like apes, except they walked bipedally. Microscopic analyses of their teeth indicate a mixed vegetable diet of fruits and leaves. The fossil skeleton of ‘Lucy’ is an example of Australopithecus. The adaptive themes of bipedalism, large brains, complex social organizations, and tool technology were established during this period. The first hominin feature to evolve was bipedalism, millions of years before the development of our big brains. The evolution of bipedalism with the retention of long, strong, and powerful shoulders and arms was an adaptation to living in an environment of both arboreal (forested) and terrestrial (plains) areas, giving our early ancestors great adaptive...
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...Termites are one of chimpanzees’ favorite foods when Mother Nature decides to make it rain. But the question is how do these chimps become successful in capturing these termites that settle in small holes in the trees? Well it is due to their intelligence, in which they modify grass into a tool, which is known as termite fishing. In the article, Tool-Set for Termite-Fishing by Chimpanzees in the Ndoki Forest, Congo, it states that observations strongly states chimpanzees used two types tools in catching the termites, which are perforating sticks and fishing probes. In the first step they pluck a twig and begin to pick the leaves off making become just a stem. Then secondly they stick the twig into where the termites’ lye and wait a few second...
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...Jade Macias English 1 09/16/13 Enjoying and having fun in life is important for the soul to be happy. There’s craziness everywhere you visit, but when you put yourself into a show where you need to have an open mind, to understand, fun and get the full experience, you must go in with an open mind. My first metal show took place on a cool breeze evening traffic on the sunset strip was like any other day. I found myself and others in the car rushing to get to the venue. The sun was setting in the horizon, and the evening was getting fill with excitement. The summer breeze became still and the sky was a pale blue, lots of cars where passing through the sunset boulevard. I had gone to the liquor store nearby to purchase a small bottle of whiskey, to ease the nerves a little. We had stop by one of the buildings to sit down and talk and drink. When I got to the line to wait to enter the whisky a-go-go, as the band was passing by, they videotape us so that we could be on their media network. Alex introduced me to his friends and was told by him that we all stay within the group and look after one another. My attire consisted of high top tennis shoes, band shirts, and skinny black jeans, lose curly hair, the longer the better. Everyone is either wearing the same attire; some have leather jackets, boots, or flannels shirts wrap around the waist. I personally felt self-conscious of how I looked and if I was going to be accepted by the crowd. All you have to do is know the history...
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...variants[edit] The difficulty in defining the rules of Go has led to the creation of many subtly different rulesets. They vary in areas like scoring method, ko, suicide, handicap placement, and how neutral points are dealt with at the end. These differences are usually small enough to maintain the character and strategy of the game, and are typically not considered variants. Different rulesets are explained in Rules of Go. In some of the examples below, the effects of rule differences on actual play are minor, but the tactical consequences are substantial. Tibetan Go[edit] The starting position for Tibetan Go Tibetan Go is played on a 17×17 board, and starts with six stones (called Bo) from each color placed on the third line as shown. White makes the first move.[1] There is a unique ko rule: a stone may not be played at an intersection where the opponent has just removed a stone. This ko rule is so different from other major rulesets that it alone significantly changes the character of the game. For instance, snapbacks must be delayed by at least one move, allowing an opponent the chance to create life. Finally, a player who occupies or surrounds all four corner points (the 1-1 points) receives a bonus of 40 points, and if he controls the center point also, he receives a further bonus of 10 points. Sunjang Baduk[edit] Main article: Sunjang baduk The starting position for Sunjang Baduk Sunjang baduk is a different form of Go (baduk) that evolved in Korea. It has been played...
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