...ABSTRACT This study is carried out in order to examine the causes and effects of poor reading habits among junior secondary school students in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. It has been observed that most JSS students cannot read, for this reason it is the intension of the researcher to look at those factors that make reading a difficult problem for students to examine that likely affects their reading difficult and the nation at large as well as the suggest solutions to this reading difficulty and the nation at large as well as the suggest solutions to this reading difficulty as reading underlines all teaching activities in the schools. This investigation was based on some questions. The analysis of the data collected culminate in the following findings. 1. That non availability of teaching aid and reading materials in school contributed to the reading disability. 2. That physical and mental defects among students also leads to poor reading habits. 3. That the teachers methods of teaching can impede reading progress. 4. That poor reading upbringing and lack of motivation from parents and teachers hinders reading ability. 5. And that the effect of poor reading habits is the cause of failure in the examinations. Based on these findings, the researcher makes some suggestions and recommendations on how to overcome the problems in order to improve students speech and comprehension. TABLE OF CONTENT Chapter One 1.1 Background to...
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...Africa is a continent that is filled with corruption. This corruption lead to the allowance of exploitation of the African people, decreasing their quality of life. The exploitation and corruption occurred in the workplace, wages, political systems, and more. This causes many issues in the continent such as poverty, and illness. This corruption shows that people are willing to exploit others in order to make profits, but that people will always fight against the exploitation to better their communities lives. It also shows that Africans were dehumanized in the process to exploit them to the extent that occurred. This dehumanization of Africans affects how they are treated, and has been hard to reverse the effects. Their efforts to better Africa shows that human spirit is hard to break, and that a change needs unity in a community. Africa is filled with corruption that has had many causes...
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...Eco203: Principles of Macroeconomics Evelyn Carlson 9/1/02014 The government in times of economic recession has responsibility to take action, engaging in expansionary economic policies is the action my paper will discuss. The types of economic expansion include Fiscal Policy, and Monetary Policy, the expansion of the two policies allows the government to adjust taxes, and government spending. Harry Truman once quoted “It’s a recession when your neighbor loses his job: it’s a depression when you lose yours.” (The economy perspective, the banker's banker. (1998, Jul 29). When recession hits the first party that is blamed is the government, so there ability to take action is a sign of them taking responsibility. Government action is necessary to right the recession ship, expanding Fiscal, and Monetary Policy may very well be the answer. The first topic of discussion is Expansionary Fiscal Policy and how the government uses the policy to affect the economy. Expansionary Fiscal Policy is a type of policy which includes increase in government purchases, a supple decline in taxes, while making an increase in transfer payments. These changes are designed to close the recessionary gap, while increasing economic stimulus packages and they aim to decrease unemployment. The government will introduce Expansionary Fiscal Policy during anticipation of contractions in the business-cycle. Increase in government spending will increase aggregate demand, and aggregate expenditures....
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...to use more of one resource and less of another * Who gets the goods and services: the more of society’s goods and services you get, the less someone else gets Who makes the Decisions: * The government * A company Price Determine Allocations: * Market: an exchange mechanism that allows buyers to trade with sellers 1.2 Models Model: * a description of the relationship between two or more economic variables * can be used to predict the effect of a change of one variable Simplifications by Assumptions: * Example: Income threshold model of China to explain car purchasing behavior in China * Only the income is important Testing Theories: * Testing theories by checking whether predictions are correct Positive vs. Normative: * Positive statement: a testable hypothesis about cause and effect * Test the truth of a statement * Normative statement: a conclusion as to whether something is good or bad * About something somebody believes should happen 1.3 Uses of Microeconomics Models * Help to make predictions * Can be useful for individuals, governments and firms in making decisions * Individuals: purchasing or other decisions * Firms: which production method to maximize profit * Government:...
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...carried out by the governmental and/or the policymaking branches of government. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are government expenditures and taxes. The government collects taxes in order to fund expenses on a number of public goods and services for example, hospitals and national defense. Deficits and Surpluses in the Budget: The budget deficit, which is the difference between government expenditures and tax revenues, is funded by government borrowing; the government issues long‐term, interest‐bearing bonds and uses the proceeds to finance the deficit. The total store of government bonds and interest payments outstanding, from both the present and the past, is known as the national debt. Thus, when the government finances a deficit by borrowing, it is adding to the national debt. When government expenditures are less than tax revenues in a given year, the government is running a budget surplus for that year. The budget surplus is the difference between tax revenues and government expenditures. The revenues from the budget surplus are typically used to reduce any existing national debt. In the case where government expenditures are exactly equal to tax revenues in a given year, the government is running a balanced budget for that year. Expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy: Expansionary fiscal policy is defined as an increase in government expenditures and/or a decrease in taxes that causes the government's budget deficit to increase or its budget surplus...
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...price. If the government raises taxes on food items, and the income of a household is too low, then families might forego buying anything other than necessities, and shop for the lowest prices. As food is a primary need, many businesses find themselves merging to compete with such powerhouses as WalMart and Costco. Traditional supermarkets find themselves struggling as these chains take lower profit margins on groceries because food drives people into their locations. An example of this is the merging of Albertson’s and Safeway. They combined so that their purchasing power would allow them to better compete against the larger competitors. Keeping their prices lower allows them to have more business flowing through their stores. Massive Layoff of Employees Massive layoffs of employees is a consequence of recessions. As the workforce decreases as does income, demand for goods also decreases. The loss of buying power causes households to stop purchasing luxury items, and focus on necessities. Businesses in turn have less employees for production, and loss of revenue from this action. They may hold back on money spent on research and development, or improving facilities or upgrading equipment because of a decrease in funds to do so. The government winds up paying out unemployment, and is also not immune to layoffs during a recession. Massive layoffs cause a drop in the GDP, and this is the primary measure of the nation’s economy. As businesses begin to feel the effects of the layoffs...
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...downturn in Australia was not as bad compared to countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. This is due to the fact that the Australian government successfully managed to control the economy. During the recession, there is a recessionary gap which is the amount that aggregate expenditures fall short of the full-employment GDP. This fall in consumption will cause a decline in sales profit and revenue and cause some firms to collapse. In order to survive this harsh environment, firms will put more effort in saving cost which will cause an increase in the unemployment rate. The graph below will be used to illustrate the recessionary gap. E 45° C+I+G=AE C1+I1+G1=AE1 Real GDP Recessionary gap In order to fill up this recessionary gap, (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8080446.stm) the government also introduced a number of multi-billion dollar stimulus packages, including increased infrastructure spending and cash handouts to most Australians since the end of last year to lift consumer spending. In addition, the recovery of the Chinese economy has once again created massive demand on commodities which has greatly boosted the regional share markets (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8546717.stm). The stimulation will merely stimulate the economy but the effect will wear off and the crisis will be back. Sometimes, the effect of the fiscal policy is dependent on the country. Referring to Keiichiro Kobayashi, the Americans have a more positive outlook and they regain their...
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...child care, elder care and transportation – thereby compensating for their high taxes. Here again, they are outliers. Other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries reach very similar participation rates with very low levels of such subsidies. Would those policies work in other countries? Perhaps. But perhaps they are all just manifestations of a highly productive public sector that the people like to put to use to do stuff. Furthermore, the high taxation caused a lot of issue. One of the issues is inadequate income, the total outcome of all of the effects listed below is a large tax burden. And only workers feel the brunt of this burden, because only workers create wealth. When all of these effects are combined, the tax burden on the average worker is currently about 73 percent of income. So people can't live on their incomes. Second, it also causes the issue of low wages. Multiple government levy so many taxes on businesses that "taxes" is the highest budget items on the ledger sheets of most businesses. These taxes take away some of the money otherwise used to pay wages. So employers can't pay good wages. The high...
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...United States of Unemployment There is an epidemic spreading throughout the United States that most people hear about but don’t quite understand the effects it has as a macroeconomic phenomenon—unemployment. According to the latest figures from the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) the unemployment rate is currently 9.1 percent. From 1948 to 2010 the average unemployment was a little over 5 percent, with an all time high of 10.8 percent. We are currently only a little under 2 percent from the highest unemployment in over a half century. The unemployment rate at 9.1 percent probably seems low to the average American, but it’s not. To put that into perspective, it’s around 14 million people. If the unemployed were a country, the 14 million Americans would be the 68th largest country in the world, bigger than the population of Greece or Portugal (each of which has 10.8 million people) and more than twice the population of Norway (4.7 million). It’s important we find out the different types of unemployment, the causes of unemployment, and the effect is has on the economy. To learn more about the causes and effects of unemployment we must first determine the different types of unemployment. There are three different major types of unemployment; frictional, structural and cyclical. In the case of frictional unemployment, people are only temporarily unemployed due to a transition. Structural unemployment occurs when there aren't enough jobs to support the people who are...
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...policy, and comment on the effect it may have on the economy. Fiscal policy is the use of government spending, taxation and borrowing to influence the level and growth of aggregate demand, output and employment. Aggregate demand (AD)= Consumption + Investment + Government spending + (Exports – Imports). Changes in fiscal policy affect both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. (Riley 2006) Fiscal policy is used to achieve macroeconomic objectives such as full employment, price level stability and sustained economic growth. Expansionary fiscal policy is an increase in government expenditures or transfer payments, or a decrease in tax revenue. A tax cut will increase AD because it increases households’ disposable income. The greater the disposable income the greater is the quantity of goods and services demanded and therefore the greater is AD. This will stimulate economic growth in a recession, which will shift the AD curve to the right. (Parkin, Powell and Matthews 2008) The magnitude of the shift = expenditure multiplier x the increase in government expenditures. In the short run it will increase both Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the price level. An increase in the price level will increase the money wage rate, which reduces the SRAS. The SRAS curve shifts left until in the long run real GDP = potential GDP at a higher price level. Contractionary fiscal policy is the opposite of expansionary fiscal policy, which through a decrease in government expenditures or transfer...
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...nation, as well as the interests of, and supported by, the proposed government. Written by Madison, Federalist Paper No. 10, generally considered one of the most important articles, concerns itself with the problems of and plausible solutions for the formation of factions. Through multiple assertions concerning the dangers of factions and the benefits of a republic, Madison formed one of the major arguments in favor of the United States Constitution. Federalist No. 10, titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection," expanded on dangers of factions outlined by Hamilton in Federalist No. 9. Defined by Madison as, "A number of citizens, whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion or interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community" (Madison), factions are comparable to the modern day interest or lobby groups. That is to say, Madison defined factions as groups of people with a common self-interest. These groups, being involved with their own benefit, therefore, would be indifferent to the individual rights of other citizens as a whole, hoping only to further their ideas. Since, as many philosophers before him stated, humans are driven to action by their own self-interest Madison asserts that "the latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man," as all...
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...Assess the effects on the poverty cycle in Botswana (8marks) The poverty cycle is where living in poverty makes it difficult for you to get away poverty in the long–run. As a result of Botswana being an LEDC, the country does not have access to a Welfare state which people can obtain benefits which assure that they obtain a minimum standard of living- for example: access to free medical care, health education, and unemployment benefits e.t.c. The causes of Botswana being faced with the poverty cycle is because of the low salary rate. This factor has a “domino” effect, which leads onto low productivity levels. In addition, poor infrastructure effects the low levels of productivity as goods cannot be transported with ease – which could be the reason why Botswana has very low GDP. There are many more causes such as the lack of skills as well as technology there is and disease such as malaria for example. However, the government of Botswana could help the low levels of productivity. They could do this by putting in place an on going education system which will allow families who send their children off to work at a young age, to bring back a decent wage which they can live on comfortably. By putting in place this on going education system, it will solve many causes for example, the lack of skills. The education system could teach classes which will give children the basic skills to work, consequently meaning that by people being taught the basic skills they need to work,...
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...the interest rate. D) the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Planned Investment and the Interest Rate Skill: Conceptual AACSB: Reflective Thinking 4) Which of the following is determined in the goods market? A) the equilibrium interest rate B) money demand C) income D) money supply Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Planned Investment and the Interest Rate Skill: Conceptual AACSB: Reflective Thinking 5) Which of the following is determined in the money market? A) the equilibrium interest rate B) income C) employment D) the government budget Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: Planned Investment and the Interest Rate...
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...Supply and Demand Simulation The simulation shows over the years, there are several changes to the population of Atlantis and thus the supply and demand of two-bedroom apartment housing. The changes in the supply and demand curves cause the equilibrium price to rise and fall. In the simulation, the price elasticity of demand affects both the customer’s decision to rent and the company’s pricing strategy. The principles of microeconomics and macroeconomics are both active in the simulation. Examples of microeconomics are the individuals and the GoodLife Company as they made choices because of scarcity and regulation. An example of macroeconomics is the economy-wide change of the government that places a price ceiling on apartments for GoodLife. The two examples of microeconomics classify as such because they have a limited effect on the organization or the individual in the economy. The government’s regulation of price ceiling classifies as macroeconomics because it has an aggregative effect on the economy. Individual consumer choice causes increases and decreases in demand that the company can respond to. The company can modify its price to achieve equilibrium in reaction to consumer demand. However, this is not the case when government sets regulation on product price. In the beginning of the simulation, when the company lowers its rate to $1,050 per month, the vacancy rate hits target level. At this price strategy, the company can fill vacancies for 1700 apartments, leading...
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...our earth; human beings can be extinct probably in the near future. The cause and effects of this phenomenon has been studied which is greenhouse effect. The whole world is getting involved in this issue and looking for solutions. Greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that increases temperature of the earth’s surface (Australian government). However, according to the investigations, human activities enhanced the greenhouse activities, making it worse. So our climate change is due to the increasing human activities, global industrialization which ejects huge amount of carbon emissions. Human activities enhance greenhouse effect that causes widespread heave rainfalls in the northern Hemisphere during the last 50 years (Minetal, as cited in Allan, 2011).The rising temperature is disrupting every aspect in our life and the whole ecosystem. This climate change affects atmospheric and ocean circulations and brings many hazards to the earth, such as widespread drought, flood and tsunami. As we considered climate change, we need consider the common good for all the humans on the earth. The common good refers to the total living conditions which can enable individuals to get the achievement which enables people to achieve humanity (google), whereas climate change is a serious issue that is eliminating human living resouces in many aspects. As we mentioned above, climate change can cause many negative effects, such as ecosystem disruption will lead to increasing of poverty. The refugees...
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