...MOBILE COMPUTING ASSIGNMENT NAME: SOPHIA EHINOMEN ATIVIE MATRIC NO: 2010/1336 DEPT: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 1. CDMA (CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS). CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands. CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with spread spectrum technology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements. The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes, which enhances privacy and makes cloning difficult. The original CDMA standard, also known as CDMA One and still common in cellular telephones in the U.S offers a transmission speed of only up to 14.4 Kbps in its single channel form and up to 115 Kbps in an eight-channel form. CDMA2000 and Wideband CDMA deliver data many times faster. Characteristics of CDMA: 1. Spread spectrum techniques use a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum...
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...3G Unit-1: GPRS & EDGE General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused TDMA channels in the GSM network. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM standards releases starting with Release 97 and onwards. First it was standardised by ETSI but now that effort has been handed onto the 3GPP. GPRS is different from the older Circuit Switched Data (or CSD) connection included in GSM standards releases before Release 97 (from 1997, the year the standard was feature frozen). In CSD, a data connection establishes a circuit, and reserves the full bandwidth of that circuit during the lifetime of the connection. GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel, only transmitting when they have data to send. This means that the total available bandwidth can be immediately dedicated to those users who are actually sending at any given moment, providing higher utilization where users only send or receive data intermittently. Web browsing, receiving e-mails as they arrive and instant...
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...1. Assignment Topic Communication system and Technological advancement of Teletalk Company Bangladesh. 2 Premier University Department of Busin ess Admin istration Course name Management Information System Course Cod e CIS- 351 Prepa red fo r Mr. Rajib Datta Lecturer, Department of Business Administration Premier University Chittagong Prepared by ID Semester 0714111957 5th 0714111971 0714111954 0714111980 0714111964 0714111973 0714111955 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th Name Md. Nasir Uddin Hossain Md. Zeaul hoque Mithu Chandra Kuri Md. Akhtaruz Zaman Md. Abu Naser Bhuiyan Prabir Kumar das Sujan Krishna das section C C C C C C C SUBMISSION DATE: 4th February 2010 3 Date: Thursday, 4th February Mr. Rajib datta. Instructor, Management information system. Premier University, Chittagong. Dear Sir, Here is the report that we have prepared on the chapters you assigned us for the successful completion of this course. We have taken this assignment as an opportunity to reflect to our learning of the Communication and technological advancement of the telecommunication. Although we have tried our level best to adhere to your teachings. We realize that, our report may not be flawless. We hope that you would be kind enough to remark on its strengths and weaknesses, so that we will be able to make more adequate reports in the near future. We are looking forward to make the optimal use of the knowledge. We have already learned numerous information from this project...
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...Traffic monitoring and analysis in 3G networks: lessons learned from the METAWIN project F. Ricciato, P. Svoboda, J. Motz, W. Fleischer, M. Sedlak, M. Karner, R. Pilz, P. Romirer-Maierhofer, E. Hasenleithner, W. Jager, P. Kruger, F. Vacirca, M. Rupp ¨ ¨ A 3G network is a magnificently complex object embedded in a highly heterogeneous and ever-changing usage environment. It combines the functional complexity of the wireless cellular paradigm with the protocol dynamics of TCP=IP networks. Understanding such an environment is more urgent and at the same time more difficult than for legacy 2G networks. Continuous traffic monitoring by means of an advanced system, coupled with routine expert-driven traffic analysis, provides an in-depth understanding of the status and performances of the network as well as of the statistical behaviour of the user population. Such knowledge allows for a better engineering and operation practice of the whole network, and specifically the early detection of hidden risks and emerging troubles. Furthermore, the exploitation of certain TCP=IP dynamic behaviour, particularly the TCP control-loop, coupled with information extracted from the 3GPP layers, provides a cost-effective means to monitor the status of the whole network without requiring access to all network elements. In this article the main lessons are summarized learned from a two-year research activity on traffic monitoring and analysis on top of an operational 3G network. Keywords: traffic monitoring; traffic...
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...Wireless network Since their birth in the early seventeenth and all along their di_erent generations, mobile communication networks have crossed important evolutionary phases aiming to de_ne increasingly sophisticated technologies allowing the provision of seamless global roaming, quality of service, and high data rates. Today, numerous technologies are co-existing to provide a unifying set of services. The coming era of 4th generation networks is foreseeing a potential smooth merging of all these heterogeneous technologies. A 4G network is characterized by the integration and the convergence of all communication networks, which are intrinsically characterized by their diversity, their heterogeneity, and their dynamicity, into one network. The main challenges raised by this network are the guarantee of seamless global roaming, the provision of cost effective high data rates, the definition of efficient user-centric customized service models, and the optimization of the quality of service provision. 1.1:Generation: 1.1.1:Wireless first generation overview (1G) 1G (or 1-G) refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology (mobile telecommunications). These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are analog, while 2G networks are digital...
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...significatif des débits des réseaux de téléphonie mobile. • Elle améliore la qualité des communications en tendant vers une qualité d’audition proche de celle de la téléphonie fixe. • Elle permet de concevoir une norme compatible à l’échelle mondiale, contrairement aux technologies actuelles (les normes utilisées aux Etats-Unis et au Japon ne sont pas toutes compatibles avec le GSM). • Elle répond au problème croissant de saturation des réseaux GSM, notamment en grandes villes. Les technologies développées autour de la norme UMTS conduisent à une amélioration significative des vitesses de transmission pouvant atteindre 2 Mbit/s. De tels débits sont significativement supérieurs à ceux permis par les réseaux GSM actuels (9,6 kbit/s) ou par le GPRS. • Cette amélioration des débits est rendue possible par l’évolution des technologies radio qui autorise une meilleure efficacité spectrale et l’exploitation de bandes de spectre de fréquence supérieure à celles utilisées par la technologie GSM. Alors que les réseaux GSM déployés au cours des dernières années reposaient sur l’utilisation de bandes de fréquences autour de 900 MHz et de 1800 MHz, la norme UMTS exploite de nouvelles zones du spectre (notamment les bandes 1920-1980 MHz et 2110-2170 MHz). • Ces différences entre les normes GSM et UMTS rendent...
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...wireless services wherein two enhancements were introduced over 2G. The first is that the MN only consumes radio bandwidth when data is being transmitted or received. The second is that the maximum data rate increased to approximately 64 Kbps. Most 2.5G services only support data rates between 1.15 Kbps and 384 Kbps. This is based on the IS-95B standard for CDMA. 3G. The third generation of wireless technology, wherein data services are packetized, with speeds up to 2 Mbps. Based on the CDMA2000 standards. 3GPP. Third Generation Partnership Project. A group of organizational partners from ETSI, TIA/EIA, and other standardization bodies who are working together to define the evolution of GSM-based wireless communication core networks. 3GPP2. Third Generation Partnership Project 2. A second group of organizational partners from...
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...Teletalk use the GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) technology and only CityCell uses the CDMAOne technology. GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to its network by searching for cells in the nearest surrounding area. GSM networks operate in four different frequency ranges namely 850/900/1800/1900 MHz. Most GSM networks operate in the 900/1800 MHz bands. Lets take a look at how the GSM network system works for 2G networks. The network can be divided into three sections. One is the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) which consists of Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controller (BSC), and Packet Control Unit (PCU). The next section is Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) which consists of Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Home Location Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR), Authentication Center (AUC) and Equipment Identity Register (EIR). The last segment is the GPRS Core Network, which consists of Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). All GSM operators more or less, have these common elements for its 2G/2.5G networks. Difference between 2G and 3G The basic difference between 2G and 3G networks is the Radio Network Controller (RNC), which works for 3G as the BSC of 2G, and the Node B, which works as the BTS. Compared to GSM, UMTS networks initially required a higher base station density. For a full-fledged UMTS incorporating video on demand features, one base station needed to...
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...multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard. The iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to many cellular networks, including 1xRTT (represented by a 1x on the status bar) and GPRS (shown as GPRS on the status bar), EDGE (shown as a capital E on the status bar), UMTS and EV-DO (shown as 3G), a faster version of UMTS and 4G (shown as a 4G symbol on the status bar), and LTE (shown as LTE on the status bar).[16] An iPhone can shoot video (though this was not a standard feature until the iPhone 3GS), take photos, play music, send and receive email, browse the web, send texts, GPS navigation, record notes, do mathematical calculations, and receive visual voicemail.[17] Other functions—video games, reference works, social networking, etc.—can be enabled by downloading application programs (‘apps’); as of October 2013, the App Store offered more than one million apps by Apple and third parties[18] and is ranked as the world's second largest mobile software distribution network of its kind (by number of currently available applications).[19] There are seven generations of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the six major releases of iOS. The original 1st-generation iPhone was a GSM phone and established design precedents, such as a button placement that has persisted throughout all releases and a screen size maintained for the next four iterations. The iPhone 3G added 3G cellular network capabilities and A-GPS location. The iPhone 3GS added a faster processor and a higher-resolution camera...
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... | |*Document Date: |[2013-05-20] | | T&A Handbook [pic] Update Notes |Date |Version |Description |Author | |2013-05-20 |V1 |T&A Handbook |Elham Kalantari | Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 T&A Interfaces 3 2-1 Source Availability 3 2-2 Dashboards 4 2-2-1 General Information 4 2-2-2 Over Time Mode 5 2-2-3 Over Network Elements Mode 9 2-2-4 Dashboards Contextual Menu 9 3 Examples 10 Introduction This document will guide you through the Trending&Aggregation (T&A) user interfaces. Some examples are available at the end. T& A Interfaces 2-1 Source Availability [pic] : This icon allows the visualization of source file availability. By clicking on it, below window appears. [pic] :...
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...2G Network | GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 | 3.5 mm Jack | Yes | 3G Network | UMTS 900 / 2100 | Alert types | Vibration, MP3 ringtones | Battery Performance | No official data | Battery Type | Li-Ion 1600 mAh battery | Bluetooth | v4.0 | Camera Features | LED flash, auto focus | Camera pixels | - | Camera Resolution | 5 Megapixel | Colors Available | White, Black | Data Speed | HSPA+ | Dimensions | 126 x 64 x 9.1 mm | Display Resolution | WVGA, 480 × 800 pixels | Display Size | 4.0 inches | Display Type | Capacitive touchscreen | EDGE | Yes | Front Camera | VGA | GPRS | Yes | GPS Function | Yes, with A-GPS support | Graphics processing unit (GPU) | Mali 400 | Internal Memory | ROM 8 GB | Loudspeaker | Yes | Memory Card Slot | MicroSD, up to 32 GB | Messaging | SMS(Threaded view), MMS, E-mail | Multitouch | Yes | Operating System | Android OS, v4.2.2 (Jelly Bean) | Other Features | - Mp3 / MP4 - Shake to change music - Overtune mute (Flip phone to mute call ring) - Scroll up desktop to setting - Scroll down to notification bar | Processor | Dual-core, 1.3 GHz | Radio | FM Radio with recording | RAM | 1 GB | Release Date | June 2014 | Sensors | Accelerometer (3D), light, compass, proximity, orientation | SIM Card Type | Dual SIM (dual stand-by) | USB | MicroUSB | Video | HD video playback & recording | Web Browser | HTML | Weight | 123.5 g | Wireless LAN | Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, WLAN Hotspot | 7770tk...
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...the current generation mobile networks to 3G doesn't necessarily mean seamless upgradation to the existing infrastructure to the 3G. Evolution should also be seen in context of coexistence of the 2G and 3G networks for some time, with users able to roam across the new and the old networks, able to access 3G services wherever 3G coverage is available. As mentioned before, a 3G network can have one of the 3 optional air interfaces supporting one of the two GSM MAP and IS-41 network architectures. This results in a range of choices for the existing networks to evolve/migrate towards 3G. Possible convergence of TDMA and GSM networks with EDGE adds another variable to the overall migration paths. Another variable that adds complexity to this already complex list of options is the time frames involved. By the time some of the 2.5 or 2.75G technologies go to field, we may see the emergence of 3G technologies also. So, a lot of thought regarding the costs involved, and/or the viability of 2.5G technologies like EDGE could be questioned. The same is true about the time frames of the so called "4G". Before I talk about evolution/migration paths of all the existing 2G mobile wireless technologies, let me briefly discuss the 3G network architecture and other technology factors involved in the migration to 3G. 3G Architecture The 3G network will have a layered architecture, which will enable the efficient delivery of voice and data services. A layered network architecture, coupled with standardized...
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...lab, free Internet facilities and the library articles provided by North South University. [pic] Background Warid Telecom International Ltd. is a GSM-based cellular operator in Bangladesh. Warid is the sixth mobile phone carrier to enter the Bangladesh market. It is wholly owned subsidiary of Warid Telecom International LLC which is the part of an Abu Dhabi based consortium led by His Highness Sheikh Nahayan Mabarak Al Nahayan, a Member of the Royal Family of Abu Dhabi, and the Honorable Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research of the United Arab Emirates. Warid officially launched their commercial services in Bangladesh on the May 10, 2007 with a GSM Mobile Cellular network covering 64 districts of the country and encompassing 70% of the mobile phone using population- the single largest launch the country has ever seen. On July 19, 2007 Warid Telecom announced in major dailies of having achieved one million subscribers in the first of 70 days of operation. As of September, 2008 Warid has secured 3.86 million subscribers and is ranked fourth among the six operators. The primary location of this company is House 34, Road 19/A, Banani,...
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...GSM. • By 1987, basic parameters of the GSM standard had been agreed upon and 15 representatives from 13 European nations signed a memorandum of understanding in Copenhagen, committing to deploy GSM. • In 1989, the Groupe Spécial Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).[3] • Phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990 • The historic world's first GSM call was made by the Finnish prime minister Harri Holkari to Kaarina Suonio (mayor in city of Tampere) in July 1 1991. • The first network was built by Telenokia and Siemens and operated by Radiolinja.[5] • Work had begun in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK in 1993 • Also in 1993, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside of Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became available....
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...brand on 15 November 1997 and embarked on a new journey with the brand name of Robi on 28 March 2010. Robi attained its first million customer base in 2004, followed by 5 million in 2006 and 10 million in 2009. Covering all 64 districts of the country, Robi was the first mobile operator to connect Tetulia and Teknaf, the northern and southern most points of Bangladesh. It was also the first operator to provide seamless coverage along the Dhaka-Chittagong highway. Robi has the widest International Roaming coverage in Bangladesh connecting 553 operators across 207 countries. Robi operates the GSM 900 and 1800 cellular services. Its GSM service is based on robust network architecture and a cutting edge Intelligent Network (IN), which provides peace-of-mind solutions in terms of voice clarity, extensive nationwide network coverage, and multiple global partners for international roaming. Robi, being the most innovative operator in the country, launched the first ever Prepaid mobile service and other innovative services. With its strengths and competencies developed over the years, Robi aims to provide the best, in terms of coverage and connectivity to its customers all over Bangladesh. 1.1 Origin of the study Today practical experience and research work is as much essential in academic education that enables someone to be successful business executive especially in the competitive business environment. In order to gather knowledge and experience regarding the business and economy...
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