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Grammatical Transformations

In: Other Topics

Submitted By olgakarpovich
Words 1191
Pages 5
1)Transposition (перестановка)
a)A suburban train was derailed near London last night.
Вчера вечером вблизи Лондона сошел с рельс пригородный поезд. В английском предложении порядок следования его членов определяется правилами синтаксиса, а в русском порядок слов в структуре предложения определяется коммуникативным членением предложения.
b)«Иногда в процессе перевода наблюдается перестановка того или иного слова из одного предложения в другое, как, например, в нижеследующем случае: ...I put on this hat that I'd bought in New York that morning. It was this red hunting hat, with one of those very, very long peaks. (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 3) Я… надел красную шапку, которую утром купил в Нью-Йорке. Это была охотничья шапка, с очень-очень длинным козырьком. Возможность такого переноса здесь обусловливается повторением существительного «шапка».
c) При переводе нередко имеет место также явление изменения порядка следования частей сложного предложения (clauses) — главного и придаточного предложения.
If he ever gets married, his own wife'll probably call him "Ackley". (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 3).
Наверное, и жена будет звать его «Экли» — если только он когда-нибудь женится.
d)В следующем примере в английском предложении главное предшествует придаточному, в русском же переводе порядок следования предложений меняется и одновременно сложноподчиненное предложение заменяется на сложносочиненное, то есть перестановка сопровождается характерной для перевода с английского языка на русский заменой типа синтаксической связи.
The silver saucer clattered when he replaced the pitcher. (H. Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird, 3)
Он быстро поставил кувшин, даже серебряная подставка звякнула.
e) Перестановке могут подвергаться и самостоятельные предложения в строе текста.
"You gain' to court this morning?" asked Jem. We had strolled over. (H. Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird, 16)
Мы подошли к ее забору. — Вы в суд пойдете? спросил Джим. Форма Past Perfect во втором предложении английского текста выражает значение предшествования данного действия действию, обозначаемому в первом предложении. Поскольку русская форма «подошли» не выражает этого значения, сохранение исходного порядка следования предложений в переводе привело бы к смысловому искажению.

2)Replacement (замены)
а) Замены форм слова
This party, compelled for a time to stand virtually alone in its struggles… ("Daily World", 30.XII.72)
«Наша партия, которая долгое время вела борьбу в одиночку…»
b) Замены частей речи -Сначала он висел в комнате деда, но скоро дед изгнал его к нам на чердак, потому что скворец, научился дразнить дедушку... (М. Горький, Детство, VII) At first the bird hung in my grandfather's room, but soon he outlawed it to our attic, because it began to imitate him...
-He had one of those very piercing whistles that was practically never in tune... (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 4)
Свистел он ужасно пронзительно и всегда фальшивое.
c) Замены членов предложения
-Не was met by his sister.
Его встретила сестра.
-He was given money.
Ему дали денег.
-I was offered another post.
Мне предложили новую должность.
-Visitors are requested to leave their coats in the cloakroom.
Посетителей просят оставлять верхнюю одежду в гардеробе.
-The door was opened by a middle-aged Chinese woman… (S. Maugham, A Casual Affair)
Дверь нам отворила немолодая китаянка.
-The crash killed 106 people, (из газет)
В результате авиационной катастрофы погибло 106 человек.
d) Синтаксические замены в сложном предложении
...I like watching her dance. (G. Greene, The Quiet American, I, III)
...Я люблю смотреть, как она танцует.
...I never even once saw him brush his teeth. (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 3)
...Я не видел, чтобы он чистил зубы.
...You could see the teams bashing each other all over the place, (ib., 1)
...Видно было... как обе команды гоняют друг дружку из конца в конец.
...Не really felt pretty lousy about flunking me. (ib., 2)
...Ему было здорово не по себе оттого, что он меня провалил.
-At that moment the door was opened by the maid. (S. Maugham, Before the Party)
Дверь отворилась, и заглянула горничная.
e) Лексические замены
'So what?' I said. (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 6).
- Ну так что же? спрашиваю я.
'Hello', I said when somebody answered the goddam phone, (ib., 20)
- Алло!— крикнул я, когда кто-то подошел к этому треклятому телефону.
Не is at school — Он учится в школе; Не is in the Army — Он служит в армии; Не was at the ceremony — Он присутствовал на церемонии.
f) Антонимический перевод
-Stradlater didn't say anything. (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 4)
Стрэдлейтер промолчал.
-I'm not kidding, (ib., 18)
Я вам серьезно говорю.
-I meant it, too. (ib., 15)
И я не притворялся.
g) Компенсация
..My parents would have about two haemorrhages apiece if I told anything pretty personal about them.
...У моих предков, наверно, случилось бы по два инфаркта на брата, если бы я стал болтать про их личные дела.
3)Additions (добавления) - Is it surprising then that Japan's Premier Tanaka should have sent a letter to Leonid Brezhnev... proposing that negotiations be reopened on a peace treaty? ("Daily World", 28.111.73) При существительном treaty «уместное слово» — to conclude. В русском предложении оно должно быть формально выражено, отсюда в переводе: ... предлагая начать переговоры о заключении мирного договора.
-"Her English is not very good", I said. "I'm afraid my French is awful." (G. Greene, The Quiet American, II, I)
Она неважно знает английский, — сказал я.— Боюсь, что я очень плохо говорю по-французски, (пер. Р. Райт-Ковалевой и С. Митиной)
Она не очень хорошо понимает по-английски, - заметил я. — Увы, а я прескверно говорю по-французски, (пер. Е. Голышевой и Б. Изакова)
«Знать, понимать и говорить» — все они являются «уместными словами» в контексте, где речь идет о языке.
-Синтаксическая перестройка структуры предложения при переводе, в ходе которой иногда требуется ввести в предложение те или иные элементы. Так, при переводе на английский язык для передачи «коммуникативного членения» предложения в некоторых случаях в английское предложение оказывается необходимым ввести подлежащее, отсутствующее в исходном русском предложении и выражающее «данное». Примеры такого рода добавлений даны в упомянутой выше диссертационной работе Л.А. Черняховской, откуда заимствованы следующие две иллюстрации этого явления: В 1958 году были сделаны первые записи.
In 1958 that orchestra made its first recordings. В 30-х годах началась подготовка к строительству гидростанции под Самарой.
In the 1930's the Soviet Union launched preparations for the building of a hydro-power project near Samara.
-Иногда добавления оказываются обусловленными чисто стилистическими соображениями, как в нижеследующем случае:
She never used scent, and she had always thought it rather fast, but Eau de Cologne was so refreshing. (S. Maugham, Before the Party)
Она никогда не душилась, считая это признаком известного легкомыслия, но одеколон — другое дело, он так приятно освежает.
4)Omissions (опущение)
-The bold and courageous struggle of the working class and its Communist Party carried the day. ("Daily World", 20.111.73)
Мужественная борьба рабочего класса и его коммунистической партии увенчалась успехом.
-A little while later, I still had it with me when I and Brossard and Ackley got on the bus. (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 5)
Я его все еще держал в руках, когда мы с Броссаром и Экли сели в автобус.
-About a gallon of water was dripping down my neck, getting all over my collar and tie... (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 20)
Вода с головы лилась за шиворот, весь галстук промок, весь воротник...

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