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Grand Theory in Nursing

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Submitted By sheltona
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Grand Theory Nursing theory is determined by a combination of ideas, explanations, relationships, and premise developed by nurses to describe nursing care and practices (Application Theory, 2012). Nursing theories provide knowledge and direction towards the guidelines of how to improve and perfect nursing care (Application Theory, 2012). There are three categories of nursing theories: grand theories, middle-range theories and situation-specific theories (Meleis, 2012). Grand theories focus on a wide range of “experiences, observations, insights, and research findings” (Meleis, 2012, p. 33). These theories are developed over many years of practice and study and are not subjected to empirical testing (Meleis, 2012). Middle range theories have a more limited focus and concentrate on more of a specialized situation in the nursing practice so they are subject to empirical testing (Meleis, 2012). Situation-specific theories concentrate on a specific situation and are limited to that subject matter (Meleis, 2012). The intention of this paper is to explore grand theories. Grand theories are divided into four sub-groups: needs, interaction, outcome and caring (Meleis, 2012). Some of the issues grand theorists concentrate on include the development of the patient to nurse relationship, a patient’s ability to adapt to environmental challenges, and self care deficits (Smith & Parker, 2010). To provide more insight into the specifics of grand theory, 4 theorists were chosen to explore and compare their educational backgrounds, philosophy of nursing, definition of nursing, and the purpose of their theory. The 4 theorists and their theories chosen for this comparative are Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment, Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory, Virginia Henderson’s Need Theory, and Jean Watson’s Theory on Human Caring.
Imogene King, founder of the Goal

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