...In considering the process of change in the development of Irish Nationalism between the years 1815 and 1922, how far can the Potato Famine (1845-49) be seen as a turning point? Irish nationalism has been said to have changed hugely during the period of 1815 to 1922 in which the movement of nationalism took many changes in directions to complete a vast range of goals including fair rent and Home Rule. These changes were caused by different turning points along the way of which the Potato Famine has been said a key one. The Potato Famine did cause change to an extent but was not alone in the changing in direction of the Irish nationalist movement as other turning points contributed such as Catholic Emancipation, and the first Home Rule bill which both changed the objectives and strategies of the nationalist movement to an extent. The Potato Famine can be seen as a turning point in the change of Irish Nationalism as it was the first time the country had collectively focused on campaigning for cultural nationalism and this suddenly came about due to the catastrophic changes the famine had on the majority of the classes in Ireland, especially amongst the lower-class. It not only created a deep-seated hatred towards Britain amongst the Catholic population, but also had the devastating effect on the Irish population. It led to the death of approximately one million people and, by 1850, to the emigration of a further one and a half million. It accelerated a prolonged reversal of...
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...In the 1840s, Ireland was plagued with a blight in their most important crop, the potato. This event was a major travesty as millions of Irish people emigrated or died of starvation. Since this event, many different viewpoints have arisen to explain the deaths, the blight, the overall effect, and many other specific occurrences that became a staple of the potato famine. In the article by Hubert Nusteling, “How Many Irish Potato Famine Deaths? Toward Coherence of the Evidence”, it takes a stance on the miscalculation of the deaths during the famine by using models, predictions, and records accounting the population (Nusteling). On the other hand, “ The Great Potato Famine and the Transformation of Irish Peasant Society” by Dean Braa, assess the change in peasant lineage population resulting from the potato famine, and how British Colonization had first caused the dependency on the potato (Braa). The two articles take varying approaches in quantifying the...
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...The first three shocks were over a ten minute period followed by an even more powerful second shock which sent buildings toppling down. There were two major aftershocks that caused added agony and despair to survivors. The Lisbon earthquakes caused considerable damage not only in Portugal but in Spain, Madrid and Seville. The shock waves were felt throughout Europe and North Africa, over an area of about 1,300,000 square miles. Moe than 18,000 buildings representing about 85% of the total were completely demolished. Over 30,000 people lost their lives in the first two minutes. The total death toll in Lisbon, a city of 230,000, was estimated to be about 90,000. Another 10, 000 people were killed in Morocco. The earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives of the populace and intelligentsia. The earthquake had struck on an important church holiday and had destroyed almost every important church in the city, causing anxiety and confusion amongst the citizens of a staunch and devout Roman Catholic city and country, which had been a major patron of the Church. The 1755 earthquake has sometimes been compared to the Holocaust as a catastrophe that transformed European culture and philosophy. The earthquake had a major impact on Portuguese politics. The king and the prime minister immediately launched efforts to rebuild the city a...
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...Understanding Famine: Entitled failure, Food Availability Decline or something else? Famine is defined in the dictionary as “extreme and general scarcity of food, as in a country or a large geographical area, any extreme and general scarcity, extreme hunger; starvation.” (Dictionary.com) Famines happen as a result of things such as Natural Disasters, Lack of rain/drought and not much money. Most droughts happen in the developing countries (Third world countries), which aren't economically successful and also near the equator (latitude), as their climate is very different. Amartya Sen’s paper “Ingredients of famine analysis: availability and entitlements” looks at other approaches of famine. The paper looks more into the command of food and the legal means in society more then the shortages and availability’s of food. Firstly Amartya Sen looks at the Availability approach: This looks directly into the availability of food. He highlights the main increasing problems with lack of food and confesses his concern on the continuation in famines. Sen seems to question the traditional definition of the Famine “extreme and general scarcity of food….”. Sen believes that starvation is directly as a result of people not having enough food and not the there is not enough food available to eat. If there is enough food available surely means that famine should not exist. Unluckily this is not the case and Sen’s paper continues and looks at the “Entitlement Approach”. The Entitlement...
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...approximately 25,000 Irish Catholics left – some were forced to move, others left voluntarily – for the Caribbean and Virginia, while from the 1680s onwards Irish Quakers and Protestant Dissenters began to depart for the New World. Considerable Presbyterian emigration from Ireland's northern Province of Ulster took place from the 1710s onward, alongside smaller Anglican Protestant and Catholic emigration from Ulster and the southern province of Munster. This pattern continued until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814. Ireland had benefited considerably from price rises associated with war on the European Continent, only to suffer as a result of the drop in export price levels following the Battle of Waterloo. From 1815 to the start of the Great Irish Famine (1846–1852), between 800,000 and one million Irish sailed for North America with roughly half settling in Canada and the other half settling in the United States. Significantly, no other European country contributed as many emigrants per capita to the New World as Ireland during this period. Until the early 1830s, Protestant departures exceeded the number of Catholics leaving Ireland. Thereafter, Catholics greatly outnumbered Protestants. The demise of the cottage spinning industry in the first half of the 19th century – especially from the early 1830s onwards – led to a massive displacement of workers. Nonetheless, the rise of the linen industry in east Ulster, which was able to compete successfully with Lancashire factories, meant...
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...How far were Mao's agricultural policies responsible for the scale of the Great Famine in China, 1958-1962? Mao's agricultural policies were extreme, unpopular and carelessly thought through which made them largely responsible for the scale of the Great Famine. These policies included bad agronomical theories of Lysenkoism and 'Sparrowcide', as well as Collectivisation and the agricultural policies from the Great Leap Forward. Chinese researchers were told that the Soviets 'had discovered and invented everything,' which meant that they looked up to the USSR believing that their actions and ideas i.e. Lysenkoism, a Soviet theory, would also benefit China. There were also other contributions which can be argued to have caused the huge scale of the famine such as the effects of the Anti-rightist campaigns in 1957, Party corruption, USSR grain repayments along with terrible weather conditions and the situation in Tibet. Collectivisation from 1953-57, was the first agricultural policy taken on by Mao which was unsupported by the peasants in the countryside who were the majority of the population. The whole aim for Collectivisation was to massively increase grain production at a relatively quick pace, but the difficulties of implementation only led to a 3.8% increase overall of crop production, and only a tiny 1% in the last year in 1957. These disappointing figures represent how Mao failed to understand the peasants which were a vital factor towards why millions were unwilling...
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...Was the Great Famine the turning point in attitudes towards Irish nationalism between 1815 and 1937? The Great Famine (1845-48) was possibly one of the most cataclysmic events of the 19th Century marking a significant turning point in Irish nationalism. The rise to prominence of the Catholic Association, with Daniel O Connor as its leader, signified the emergence of a nation-wide organization promoting Irish nationalism by constitutional means. Despite some early success and the growing popularity of the Association, the disastrous impact of the Famine put a stop to further developments in the short term. Longer term, the Famine has come to be viewed as a critical turning point in the changing of attitudes and the development of a burgeoning Irish nationalism. Historians have said of the Famine that it was, “the most tragic famine in modern British history”, having a “shocking, demoralizing impact”. Kee goes further by suggesting the Famine should be read as "a form of genocide engineered by the English against the Irish people." Ultimately the Famine provided the platform for militant activity against British Rule but in the shorter term it was also the catalyst for the expression of other nationalist feelings, some of which took on a greater constitutional outlook. The high point of cultural nationalism came with the splitting of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and the formation of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884. This growth of cultural nationalism...
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...In considering the process of change in the development of Irish nationalism over the whole period 1800-1921, how far can the Easter Rising be seen as a turning point? Nationalism in Ireland is when people increasingly identify with Ireland as their home nation and it also signifies a move away from identification with the British. A turning point would be a single event or individual that led to a great development in nationalism, this being and increase or decrease. The Easter Rising cannot be seen as the main turning point in Irish nationalism. Rather, the development of nationalism can be attributed to a culmination of events spanning over the whole period with each event adding a more solid foundation for changes. Some events that I shall speak about such as the Great Famine laid a much stronger foundation for nationalism due to the great increase in Anglophobia. Whereas other factors such as the Catholic Emancipation Act which showed the Irish Catholic population how they could achieve great change and concessions from the British through a united front. These achievements were limited by the fact that they gave the Irish more power in the British political system, however, they had gained no more power for the Irish political system. Individuals such as Parnell gave nationalism a new face by providing a viable constitutional route to achieving independence through the uniting of the nationalist movements which led to him being the most important turning point. WPRDS:...
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...charge of the administration of Government relief to the victims of the Irish Famine in the 1840s. In the middle of that crisis Trevelyan published his views on the matter. He saw the Famine as a ‘mechanism for reducing surplus population’. But it was more: ‘The judgement of God sent the calamity to teach the Irish a lesson, that calamity must not be too much mitigated. …The real evil with which we have to contend is not the physical evil of the Famine, but the moral evil of the selfish, perverse and turbulent character of the people’. Such racist and sectarian views of the Irish were common enough within the English governing classes and were more crudely expressed by others. For the most part, Trevelyan’s views reflected the prevailing Whig economic and social opinion and that of the Prime Minister, Lord John Russell, who held office from 1846 until 1852. Trevelyan was stiff and unbending. He firmly believed in laissez faire (essentially, the importing of food should be left to the food merchants), he thought that the Government should not intervene, and warned of the danger that people might get into the habit of depending on the state. From March 1846 he controlled the public works through the disbursement of public funds. Under Trevelyan, relief by public works in 1846–7 was too little too late but also it was slow, inefficient and sometimes corrupt. He defended the export of grain from famine-stricken Ireland on the grounds that the Government should not interfere with...
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...There is a dispute that has gone on for years. The dispute concerning whether or not the “Dark Ages” should really be considered the dark ages. The era in question has been considered dark, because it’s been said that it was a period of time where people were unable to make any decisive advancements, in technology, literature, economy, or order. A period of disuse, illiteracy, war, plague, chaos and panic. Estimated to be between the years 410 – the late 1300s. “Of all the factors that affected England, The Tudor Wars, the Hundred Year’s War, and the The Great Famine were the most severe.” The Hundred Years' War was a long struggle between England and France over succession to the French throne. It lasted from 1337 to 1453, so in reality it was a little longer than one hundred years, but one hundred sounds cooler. The war started off with several stunning victories on Britain's part,...
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...STAR of the SEA-Joseph O’ Connor Assignment 1 Introduction; In this assignment I am going to be looking at the two main topics associated with the Great Famine. The two main topics which I will be analysing in detail is both Kingscourt and The Famine. I will be looking and analysing the view of Kingscourt himself in Chapter two, G.G. Dixon the journalist in chapter 3, Mary Duane and her view on Kingscourt in chapter eight and finally Pius Mulvey on the famine in chapter 11. I am going to be comparing and reviewing the opinions of each character towards both Kingscourt and The Famine. I will then finish off with a conclusion of what my opinion is of both Kingscourt and The famine after analysing each character and what their opinions are in detail. Paragraph One, Chapter two; Lord Kingscourt Lord Kingscourt is firstly introduced to us in chapter 2. Our first encounter and impression of Lord Kingscourt is that he is a man of very high class, we know this as he is firstly introduced by statement ‘The Right Honourable Thomas David Nelson, the noble Lord Kingscourt, the Viscount of Roundstone, the ninth Earl of Cashel, Kilkerrin and Carna.’(pg.5) From looking at the following statement and how he is firstly put across to us we already know that Lord Kingscourt in a man that holds a lot of responsibilities and is held in very high regard. When Lord Kingscourt was in the dinning saloon we know that a negro man holding an overload of charged champagne flutes stumbles near the...
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...What in your view was the short-term significance of the Second World War on India? The Second World War had a profound effect on India, politically, economically and socially: I will be examining this and how the war ultimately bought about India as an independent nation. This essay will examine the short-term significance of Second World War on India (1939-47). September 3rd 1939 Viceroy Linlithgow, with no consultation or warning, committed over 300 million Indians to war with an enemy they knew little about. India had a long history of being ruled by Britain since it established a trading post there in the 17th century, and this declaration showed how they were still part of the British Empire. Whilst many rejected fascist ideologies, for the predominately Hindu populace, for whom engagement in violence was in direct contravention of their religion’s teachings, involvement in European war was deeply resented. “Nowhere do these great principles of morality and justice mean more than in India”. This statement, by Viceroy Linlithgow, following his declaration of war, illustrates how imperialistic and short-sighted Britain was to their relationship with India as these ‘principles’ had no place in how India was governed. For nearly 200 years the British Empire had suppressed India into submission, turning it an east-empire trading dock. This shows that even though India had been a huge help in the First World War many British officials still believed in India still being...
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...U.S. & World History Themes One significant environmental factor that has contributed to the development of Egypt’s civilization is the bond between the Nile River and the Egyptian people. The Nile River provides a large amount of water. Soil is a great productivity caused by the Nile. The water levels began to rise each July and the floods reached their full height by the end of August. The flood began to recede, at the end of October, leaving deposits of silt behind (Metz, 1990). This helped flourish the land to produce an abundance of crops for food and trade. This also attracted settlers. With the cultivating success, the Egyptian society evolved rapidly. The Nile River was also the main way to transport goods, trade with outlying communities and to communicate (Hoyt, 2013). It has shaped the life of the Egyptian society. Dr. Robert Whiting describes the geographical process as a way things spread from one place to another (Whiting, PHD, 2013). Among the early human societies, tea is an important part of diffusion. Tea was discovered in China. The ideal climate in the country was perfect for harvesting the tea leaves. Tea can be traced back to 600 BC. It is believed that tea was used for herbal medicinal qualities. Tea became a popular drink during the Tang Dynasty of China (618AD) Tea then spread to Japan in the 6th century, by a priest studying in China. The tea was used for rituals for medicinal use, it is very popular beverage in today Japanese culture....
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...Introduction to Sociology Final essay Maria Mooney Gately Due: May 13, 2013 Growing up in Ireland during the aftermath of the great potato famine dictated my great -grandparents (1880-1950) decision to migrate to the United States. As Mintz and McNeil (2013) said “The Irish potato famine was not simply a natural disaster. It was also a product of social causes. Under British rule, Irish Catholics were prohibited from entering the professions or even purchasing land.” To the Irish seeking escape from disease, famine, oppression and land shortage, migration to America was viewed as the land of opportunity and hope of a better life. As America’s emerging industrial economy expanded to meet the new market demands, more immigrants arrived on our shores. According to U.S. Census Bureau in 1976 “from 1869 to 1879, the US economy grew at an unprecedented rate of 6.8% for GDP and 4.5% for NNP per capita. The economy repeated this period of growth in the 1880s, in which the wealth of the nation grew at an annual rate of 3.8%, while the GDP was also doubled”. This economic growth led society into what was known as the “Gilded Era 1865-1918” of which social Darwinism was the prevailing social concept of the time. Herbert Spencer coined the term “survival of the fittest” which attempted to justify the stratification of wealthy and poor. Spencer thought helping the poor was wrong and would interfere with the natural process. Let the inferior (poor) die off and the wealthy...
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...Introduction Famine is described by the Global Express Edition as a “crisis in which starvation from too little food results in a sharp amount of deaths in one place,”[1] and a crisis it is. In addition to war, famine is also one of the most common ways of which people are dieing in the sub-Saharan Africa region. Famine, on the other hand, is not as widely talked about, around the world, but leads to the same result, numerous amounts of deaths. Hundreds of thousands to millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa have died as a result of this crisis in different nations, such as Sudan, Ethiopia, (fill in different countries). However, famine is not something that happens overnight, and many factors lead to this major crisis. There are many major factors that build up to the final occurrence of a famine in sub-Saharan Africa. The major causes of famine are droughts, war, economic issues, and food distribution. One of the five causes may lead to a major famine, however, when two or more of the causes “work together” to produce a famine, the situation may become hectic. For example, if a war happens to erupt during a drought, it becomes harder for a nation to prevent an all-out famine crisis rather than if their was just a drought. It has become apparent that international and national intervention is needed to help prevent future famines from taking place. Organizations such as the United Nations (UN), Food Association Organization (FAO), United States Aid...
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