...question is “How has the Greek language influenced the English language?”. We chose language as our subject because we were interested in how people developed a way in which we can communicate orally as well as express and comprehend written thoughts. We think that this topic is worth of study because we will investigate and understand how several English words have been influenced by the Greek language. Numerous words in English have Greek roots. The relevance of the question is to find out how the Greek language influenced and affected the English language. Main Ancient Greek Dialects Different variants of the early Greek alphabet suited to local dialects. There were three major dialects in ancient Greece: Aeolic, Doric and Ionic (of which Attic was a branch). Each of these were from different tribes, the Aeolians lived in the islands of the Aegean, the Dorians, from the Greek coast of Peloponnese, including Crete, Sparta and other parts of West Coast Asia Minor. The Ionians settled in the West coast of Asia Minor including the Smyma. Ancient Greek Language The first Europeans to read and write with an Alphabet were the Ancient Greeks. The Ancient Greek language eventually led to all modern European languages.(In text ) The Greek language has a very long and rich history stretching all the way from the thirteenth century B.C. to the present. Linear B (13th century B.C.) is the earliest form of the language. The first surviving script for Greek writing was the Linear...
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...visit due to both of it’s ancient and modern tourist attractions. The Greek population consists of over 11 million people. Language, history, tradition, and religion play an important role in the culture of the Greeks. By maintaining respect and sensitivity to the cultural influences and traditions of the Greek people, our military would be able to take advantage of more respect from the native people...
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...Barbarians The Ancient Greek word βάρβαρος barbaros, "barbarian", was an antonym for πολίτης politis, "citizen", from polis "city-state". The sound of barbaros onomatopoetically evokes the image of babbling (a person speaking a non-Greek language). The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek pa-pa-ro, written in Linear B syllabic script. The Greeks used the term as they encountered scores of different foreign cultures, including the Egyptians, Persians, Medes, Celts, Germanic peoples, Phoenicians, Etruscans and Carthaginians. In fact, it became a common term to refer to all foreigners. However in various occasions, the term was also used by Greeks, especially the Athenians, to deride other Greek tribes and states (such as Epirotes, Eleans, Macedonians and Aeolic-speakers) in a pejorative and politically motivated manner. Of course, the term also carried a cultural dimension to its dual meaning. The verb βαρβαρίζειν (barbarízein) in ancient Greek meant imitating the linguistic sounds non-Greeks made or making grammatical errors in Greek. Plato (Statesman 262de) rejected the Greek–barbarian dichotomy as a logical absurdity on just such grounds: dividing the world into Greeks and non-Greeks told one nothing about the second group. In Homer's works, the term appeared only once (Iliad 2.867), in the form βαρβαρόφωνος (barbarophonos) ("of incomprehensible speech"), used of the Carians fighting for Troy during the Trojan War. In general, the concept of barbaros...
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...Topic | Greek | Roman | Government | Democratic * Prized law and order, but a passion for personal freedom * Hatred of corruption and prized integrity * Valued people as a whole * All were equal in the sight of law * Segmented into City-States | Totalitarian / republic * Laws protected roman citizens throughout empire * Civil law system * Created stoicisms (inalieible rights) * Rules by a Cesar (king) * - also had a senate * Efficiency and effectiveness were key | Geography | * Spanned 3000+ islands in Medterrainian Sea * Balkan Peninsula | * Worldwide empire * Centered in Rome Italy (Tuscany region) | Philosophy | * Man as Supreme Being, free agent. * Society of thinkers * Valued personal expression and artistic application in expression * Looked towards completion and balance of man in: athletics (physical appearance), judgment (wisdom), Philosophy (intellect), and Poetry (Artistic aptitude) | * Assimilation with adaptation and improvement * Great emphasis placed on structure and order. * Industrious and practical * Accepting to other ways and cultures but anything roman was always the greatest * Rome should rule the world | Economy | * Mainly agricultural * Main crops: barley, citrus, olives, wheat, grapes, and olives * Main exports: olive oil and wine | * Agrarian and slave based economy * Focus on feeding large population of Roman citizens domestic and abroad. * Agricultural attributes same...
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...Literary Standards Universality Literature - appeals to everyone, regardless of culture, race, sex, and time which are all considered significant. Artistry Literature has an aesthetic appeal and thus possesses a sense of beauty. Intellectual Value It stimulate critical thinking that enriches mental processes of abstract and reasoning, making man realize the fundamental of truths of life and its nature. Suggestiveness It unravels man’s emotional power to define symbolism, nuances, implied meanings, images and messages, giving and evoking visions above and beyond the plane of ordinary life and experience. Spiritual Value Literature elevates the spirit and the soul and thus has the power to motivate and to inspire. Permanence Literature endures across time and draws out the time factor: Timeliness – occurring at a particular time. Timelessness – remaining invariable throughout time Importance of Literature • •Studying literature is like looking at the mirror of life where man’s experiences, his innermost feelings and thoughts are reflected. • Through literature, we learn the culture of people across time and space•We understand not only the past life of a nation but also its present. • Moreover, we become familiar not only with the culture of neighboring countries but also with that of others living very far from us Literary Approaches Literary Approaches Moral or Humanistic Approach • Literature is viewed to discuss man and its nature. • It presents...
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...When defining words that are used to describe ancient times we try to simplify the word into our everyday language as much as one can without taking away from its true meaning. Often one does this to make it seem not so complex to grasp what one is reading and or studying. This is no different for the ancient Greek word “polis” as we define as “city-state.”(Nagel pg 1) However does this simple definition fully define the true meaning of a polis? With city being portrayed as a large socialeconomically diverse urban center and with state suggesting a formal government, we are lead to wonder if these two words blended together begin to explain what a polis really is. It is never easy to answer the question “What is an ancient Greek polis?” because everyone had their own answer to the question. For instance Aristotle says a polis was a community of self-governing citizens.(Nagel pg 1) Aristotle was said to be the most important ancient analysis of the polis system, his most famous quote being “Man is a polis animal.” (Nagel pg 1) Aristotle tells us that politeia, today’s constitution, is not just a set of laws but cultural, economical, and social way of life. (Nagel pg 9)Homer author of the Iliad and Odyssey feels a polis is formed when villages in a community unite and become large enough to be self-sufficient.(Nagel pg 8) Herodotus of The Histories of Herodotus saw polesis as a body of citizens sufficiently numerous for Securing a self-sufficient existence. As we can see that...
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...in his childhood; he was also running through the groups of army ever since he could walk. Even as a boy Alexander was strong and fearless. He tamed the brave and beautiful Bucephalus, a horse that no one else dared to ride or even touch. Later, this brave horse carried him to India, where it died. Alexander was very upset; he then built the city of Bucephala in memory of his beloved horse. When Alexander was about 13 years old, he became the student of Aristotle. He was always keen and ready to explore new things. He used to take part in sports and other daily exercise to build a strong body. Aristotle encouraged Alexander to take interest in other countries and races of people, and in plants and animals. He learned the ways of the Greeks which he incorporated into his life. His education was not all from books and teachers. He used to talk with ambassadors from many foreign countries, and with other well-known persons at his father's court. When he was only 18 years...
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...Greek History The history of Greece encompasses the history of the territory of the modern state of Greece, as well as that of the Greek people and the areas they ruled historically. The scope of Greek habitation and rule has varied much through the ages, and, as a result, the history of Greece is similarly elastic in what it includes. Each era has its own related sphere of interest. The first tribes known later as Mycenaeans are generally thought to have arrived in the Greek mainland between the late 3rd and the first half of the 2nd millennium BC probably between 1900 and 1600 BC. When the Mycenaeans invaded, the area was inhabited by various non Greek speaking, indigenous pre Greek people who practiced agriculture as they had done since the 7th millennium BC. At its geographical peak, Greek civilization spread from Greece to Egypt and to the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan. Since then, Greek minorities have remained in former Greek territories Turkey, Albania, Italy, and Libya, Levant, Armenia, Georgia, and Greek emigrants have assimilated into differing societies across the globe North America, Australia, Northern Europe, South Africa. Now days most Greeks live in the modern state of Greece Independent since 1821 and Cyprus. The Neolithic Revolution reached Europe by way of Greece and the Balkans, beginning in the 10th millennium BC. Some Neolithic communities in southeastern Europe, such as Sesklo in Greece were living in heavily fortified settlements of 3,000–4,000...
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...Macedonia to most of Asia. He was a great leader and accomplished a lot while he was living and in while in rule. His legacy was impeccable and he is arguably the greatest conqueror that ever reigned. According to Vaughn (1999), “He founded more than 70 cities, became leader of the Greeks, pharaoh of Egypt and king of Asia” (p. A08). Alexander the Great died at the age of thirty two and he came into power at the age of twenty. Basically during a 12 year reign he was able to accomplish a lot. No one can name another conqueror that was able to do what he did. The likes of Julius Caesar, Hernan Cortes and Genghis Khan can’t even be compared to Alexander. Even though Alexander was a conqueror he wasn’t as ruthless as the others. The places that he ruled over he let them keep their own customs and run their territories they way they like. He did set a few ground rules for them to obey though so there would be balance and peace. He also spread his Greek culture and teachings to every country that he had conquered. According to Dugdale-Pinton (2005), “He had a huge impact on world history spreading the seeds of western culture and philosophy across the world and has legends about him in over 80 languages” ( Alexander the Great, para. 1). He is considered the most influential in his line of work and will forever have a great impact on western culture. Works Cited Vaughn, S. (1999, March 1). Alexander the Great. Investor's Business Daily (Los Angeles), p. a08. d Dugdale-Pointon...
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...article is called, “It's all ancient Greek to me; the latest design trend celebrates the power of modern goddesses while giving their inner women freedom to move,” by Edwina Ings-Chambers. Also summarizing the article mentioned above, this paper compares the article between the modern female divine images with mythic examples of feminine divine. Feminine divine in mythology relates to feminine goddesses. In some cultures, feminine goddesses were viewed of as supernatural immortal beings. Goddesses had special powers to control nature, fertility and agriculture among others. Many of these goddesses had similar figures to human women and were thought to also share some human emotions. In today’s general American culture, goddesses are believed by many to just be a myth. In contrast and as mentioned in Leonard & McClure, the discoveries of many ancient feminine shaped artifacts may contribute to several other groups believing that goddesses had previously existed. “A growing number of archaeologists and anthropologists and other scholars, including historians, theologians, literary critics, and social theorists, have seen in these artifacts proof than human societies worshiped an all-powerful Great Goddess from whom the many goddesses of the historical period are descended” (Leonard & McClure, 2004, p. 102). The article by Edwina Ings-Chambers is about modern day fashion which is inspired from garments supposedly worn by ancient Greek goddesses. The fashion styles...
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...Socrates was a great philosopher of the Greek world. He was quite an atypical and distinctive person. Being different from all the other philosophers of the land, Socrates was teaching his students ideas totally out of the ordinary from what the society believed was right. As a result, he displeased many people so much that they decided to get rid of him. Socrates was put to trial, accused of spoiling the youth of Athens, tried and sentenced to death. His personal defense is described in works two of his students: Xenophon and Plato. Both of them wrote papers called Apology, which is the Greek word for “defense”. In this essay I used Apology by Plato as the main resource, since it contents a more full account of the trial of Socrates and his words. Despite the fact that the philosopher attempted to defend himself and explain the reasons for saying and doing the things he did, it did not do any good for his justification. On the contrary, Socrates’ words seemed to make the jury harden their hearts and condemn him. The charges brought against the philosopher had nothing to do with true crime like we understand it today. He did not commit any physical or financial harm to anybody. Socrates insulted and angered many people more than any “legitimate” offense ever could. He said too many things that people around him did not like and could not forgive. One of the charges brought against him was corrupting the youth of Athens. Accordingly to the words of those who complained at...
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...Compare/Contrast Greek and Roman Art and Architecture Since the onset of Greek and Roman civilizations centuries ago we have seen the art and architectural worlds evolve into what we know them as today. In fact, many of the ancient Greek styles were duplicated by the Romans and modified to suit their needs. We can still see a lot of Greek and Roman influences in the present day, especially in the architectural world. Below I will cite some examples of Greek and Roman pieces of art and a structure from each culture and detail some similarities as well as some contrasting values. I’d like to begin by comparing some pieces of art. In The Fallen Warrior (Greece) and The Dying Gaul (Roman copy) both clearly represent a tragic event. Both subjects are leaning on the ground and seem to be dying but the reality of the event is more evident in the Gaul sculpture. The wound is clearly visible and the anguish of the subject is captured in his poise. Conversely the subject of the Warrior piece looks rather content and shows no visible injury. Both works are roughly the same size and represent a relatively perfect human structure with attention to muscular detail as well as an idealization of the human body. However, the Warrior sculpture shows less optical fact and more stylization as far as the eyes, mouth and beard are concerned when compared to the almost true to nature elements of the Gaul piece. This shows how some of the Greek foundation was carried along but modified by the...
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...Ancient Greece was made up of many other island. Mycenae was the first civilization in the continent of Europe. Most people in Ancient Greeks were farmers. They would grow vegetables with oxen to pull plows and then they'll start preparing the ground for sowing for the seeds. Families work from early morning to dusk due to cutting and storing grain. One of the most important cities in ancient Greece was called Athens. As the population in Greece grew, there was not enough land or food for everyone that lives there. Many people were sent away to start a new land or colonies. Cities sent pottery and other good to other colonies for trading. Ships will carry these items and sailed from either April until September. Greek sailors do not have compasses,...
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...ANCIENT THEATRE AT DELPHI, GREECE The ancient theatre at Delphi, Greece was built in the 4th century BC in the ancient town of Delphi and has 35 rows of seats that could seat 5,000 spectators. It is over 150 feet wide and was restored in the 2nd century BC. This is also the location of the most important Greek temple and the oracle of Apollo. It was located in the territory of Phocis on the lower slope of Mount Parnassus about 6 miles from the Gulf of Cornith. It has been inhabited since the Neolithic era and by the end of the Mycenaean period became an important religious and political center of influence. It was first a place of worship for Ge, the mother earth deity, but by the end of the eleventh century BC became the place of worship for Apollo. Delphi is located 112 miles northwest of Athens. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] THE THEATRE AT SPARTA, GREECE The theatre at Sparta, Greece was an immense theatre built into the side of a hill. It was constructed during the Hellenistic period in the city-state of Sparta. You can still see the outlines of the theatre clearly although the stone that made up the theatre is mostly gone after the theatre was hastily adapted for fortification as the Spartan’s power declined. Some of the masonry was also used later in the building of Byzantine Mystra. Above the theatre was the temple of Athina Halkiakou. The city of Sparta lies at the southern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of...
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...COMPARISION OF GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURES Element Greece Rome Art The Greeks developed 3 design elements. These elements were Corinthian, Ionic, and Doric. They also used pottery as an important form of expression and storytelling. This showed different aspects of their culture throughout the ages. The Romans were fond of using statues, paintings, and mosaics in their culture. The inspiration for these forms of expression came from the Greeks. The statues were purposely designed to tell stories of their history and culture. The Greeks used small figures as well as life size statues among other materials to tell of their culture, especially their heroes and gods, important event events, and culture. Roman statues were significant in telling of the history of the culture. Government The main forms of government in ancient Greece were Tyranny, Monarchy, Oligarchy, and Democracy. Kings were the first rulers of Greece leading way to Democracy. The first rulers of Rome were kings however the Romans developed a government which allowed citizens to elect their own consuls (officials). After years of this the power of the consuls gave way to an emperor. Philosophy There were three main contributors to Greek philosophy, Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle. The basic philosophic thoughts were based on subjects including ethics, logics, and rhetoric. Romans were influenced by the philosophical writings of the Greeks. Lucretius, Cicero, and Seneca were some of the first Romans...
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